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2014 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. The Basics

Author : Magnus Lie Hetland

Published in: Python Algorithms

Publisher: Apress

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Footnotes
1
The Entscheidungsproblem is a problem posed by David Hilbert, which basically asks whether an algorithm exists that can decide, in general, whether a mathematical statement is true or false. Turing (and Alonzo Church before him) showed that such an algorithm cannot exist.
 
2
There are also Turing machines that don’t solve any problems—machines that simply never stop. These still represent what we might call programs, but we usually don’t call them algorithms.
 
3
Because input and output are of the same type, we could actually just specify a relation between A and A.
 
4
For an “out-of-the-box” solution for inserting objects at the beginning of a sequence, see the black-box sidebar on deque in Chapter 5.
 
5
For the “Cubic” and “Polynomial” row, this holds only when k ≥ 3.
 
6
Interestingly, once a problem is shown to have a polynomial solution, an efficient polynomial solution can quite often be found as well.
 
7
I’m using lg rather than log here, but either one is fine.
 
8
If the elements are ints, the running time of each += is constant. However, Python also support big integers, or longs, which automatically appear when your integers get big enough. This means you can break the constant-time assumption by using really huge numbers. If you’re using floats, that won’t happen (but see the discussion of float problems near the end of the chapter).
 
9
Spoiler: The complexity of this example is still Θ(n 2).
 
12
No, not the network kind, which is discussed later in this chapter. The other kind—plots of some measurement for every value of some parameter.
 
13
With IDREFs and symlinks, respectively, XML documents and directory hierarchies are actually general graphs.
 
14
Sets were introduced in Python 2.3, in the form of the sets module. The built-in set type has been available since Python 2.4.
 
15
This, a dictionary with adjacency lists, is what Guido van Rossum uses in his article “Python Patterns—Implementing Graphs,” which is found online at https://www.python.org/doc/essays/graphs/ .
 
16
This expression is guaranteed to work from Python 2.6 onward. In earlier versions, special floating-point values were platform-dependent, although float('inf') or float('Inf') should work on most platforms.
 
17
That is, the comments are inadequate and are presented to demonstrate the problem with most explanations.
 
18
This kind of trouble has led to disaster more than once (see, for example, www.ima.umn.edu/∼arnold/455.f96/disasters.html).
 
20
Sage is a tool for mathematical computation in Python and is available from http://sagemath.org .
 
Metadata
Title
The Basics
Author
Magnus Lie Hetland
Copyright Year
2014
Publisher
Apress
Book
Python Algorithms

Print ISBN: 978-1-4842-0056-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4842-0055-1

Copyright Year: 2014

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-0055-1_2

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