Top

Published in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. The Global South

Authors : Robert Cervero, Erick Guerra, Stefan Al

Published in: Beyond Mobility

Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development met in Quito, Ecuador, in October 2016 to launch a new global commitment to sustainable urban development. Habitat III, as the conference is called, resulted in the adoption of the New Urban Agenda, which prioritizes the relationship between urbanization and sustainable development and promotes a global vision of just, safe, healthy, accessible, affordable, resilient, and sustainable cities for all. These objectives fit well with the call for planning beyond mobility. However, as the New Urban Agenda emphasizes, the challenges of sustainable urban development in the Global South can be daunting. High poverty rates and poor access to jobs and education hinder economic and social opportunities. Achieving a better balance between mobility and place might seem less important in places where there is not enough investment in mobility or place, not to mention education or other infrastructure. Nevertheless, poor design around new transportation infrastructure increases travel times, decreases safety, and encourages a shift to private cars. By ignoring the safety and comfort of pedestrians and cyclists, local governments not only treat poorer residents like second-class citizens but virtually guarantee that they will switch to cars and motorcycles as they get wealthier.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Road Contraction

next chapter Emerging Technologies

United Nations Population Division, “World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision,” 2014, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/.

WardsAuto Web site, 2012, http://wardsauto.com/.

“China Overtakes US as World’s Biggest Car Market,” The Guardian, January 8, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes.

Boris Pushkarev, Jeffrey Zupan, and Robert Cumella, Urban Rail in America: An Exploration of Criteria for Fixed-Guideway Transit (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy, “Urban Design to Reduce Automobile Dependence,” Opolis 2, no. 1 (2006): 35–52; Erick Guerra and Robert Cervero, “Cost of a Ride: The Effects of Densities on Fixed-Guideway Transit Ridership and Costs,” Journal of the American Planning Association 77, no. 3 (2011): 267–90, doi:10.1080/01944363.2011.589767.

Somik Vinay Lall, J. Vernon Henderson, and Anthony J. Venables, Africa’s Cities (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017), https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25896.

INEGI, “Encuesta Intercensal 2015,” 2015, http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/Proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/.

Roger Behrens, Dorothy McCormick, and David Mfinanga, eds., Paratransit in African Cities: Operations, Regulation and Reform (London and New York: Routledge, 2016), 11.

UN Habitat, Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements (Nairobi, Kenya: UN Habitat, 2013).

Ibid.

Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad de Bogotá, “Informe de Indicadores. Encuesta de Movilidad de Bogotá 2011” (Bogotá: Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá (DC), 2013).

Hua Zhang, Susan A. Shaheen, and Xingpeng Chen, “Bicycle Evolution in China: From the 1900s to the Present,” International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 8, no. 5 (2014): 317–35, doi:10.1080/15568318.2012.699999.

John Pucher and Ralph Buehler, “Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany,” Transport Reviews 28, no. 4 (2008): 495–528, doi:10.1080/01441640701806612.

Deike Peters, “Gender and Sustainable Urban Mobility,” Thematic Study Prepared for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements, 2013, http://civitas-initiative.eu/sites/default/files/unhabitat_gender_surbanmobilitlity_0.pdf.

International Transport Forum, “Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders,” ITF Research Reports (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2015).

“Dinas Pendapatan Dan Pengelolaan Aset Daerah Provinsi Jawa Tengah,” 2015, http://dppad.jatengprov.go.id.

Teik Hua Law, Hussain Hamid, and Chia Ning Goh, “The Motorcycle to Passenger Car Ownership Ratio and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis,” Journal of Transport Geography 46 (2015): 122–28, doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.06.007.

Shuhei Nishitateno and Paul J. Burke, “The Motorcycle Kuznets Curve,” Journal of Transport Geography 36 (2014): 116–23, doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.03.008.

Shlomo Angel et al., “The Dimensions of Global Urban Expansion: Estimates and Projections for All Countries, 2000–2050,” Progress in Planning 75, no. 2 (2011): 53–107, doi:10.1016/j.progress.2011.04.001; Shlomo Angel, Stephen C. Sheppard, and Daniel L. Civco, “The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion” (Washington, DC: The World Bank, Transport and Urban Development Department, 2005), https://www.citiesalliance.org/ca/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/CA_Docs/resources/upgrading/urban-expansion/1.pdf.

Erick Guerra, “The Geography of Car Ownership in Mexico City: A Joint Model of Households’ Residential Location and Car Ownership Decisions,” Journal of Transport Geography 43 (2015): 171–80, doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.014.

James E. Rosenbaum, “Changing the Geography of Opportunity by Expanding Residential Choice: Lessons from the Gautreaux Program,” Housing Policy Debate 6, no. 1 (1995): 231–69, doi:10.1080/10511482.1995.9521186; Sako Musterd and Roger Andersson, “Housing Mix, Social Mix, and Social Opportunities,” Urban Affairs Review 40, no. 6 (2005): 761–90, doi:10.1177/1078087405276006; George Galster et al., “Does Neighborhood Income Mix Affect Earnings of Adults? New Evidence from Sweden,” Journal of Urban Economics 63, no. 3 (2008): 858–70, doi:10.1016/j.jue.2007.07.002; Tama Leventhal and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, “Moving to Opportunity: An Experimental Study of Neighborhood Effects on Mental Health,” American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 9 (2003): 1576–82; Anne C. Case and Lawrence F. Katz, “The Company You Keep: The Effects of Family and Neighborhood on Disadvantaged Youths,” Working Paper (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991), http://www.nber.org/papers/w3705.

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Mortgage Debt Outstanding, June 2016,” 2016, https://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/releases/mortoutstand/current.htm; U.S. Census Bureau, “American Community Survey (ACS),” 2015, http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/.

Gilles Duranton and Erick Guerra, “Developing a Common Narrative on Urban Accessibility: An Urban Planning Perspective” (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2017).

Figures vary somewhat by favela definition and by source.

Shack/Slum Dwellers International, “SDI’s Practices for Change,” 2015, http://sdinet.org/about-us/sdis-practices-for-change/.

Jose Brakarz and Wanda Aduan, “Favela-Bairro: Scaled-Up Urban Development in Brazil” (Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2004), http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00819C/WEB/PDF/BRAZIL_F.PDF.

Ayse Pamuk and Paulo Fernando A Cavalieri, “Alleviating Urban Poverty in a Global City: New Trends in Upgrading Rio-de-Janeiro’s Favelas,” Habitat International 22, no. 4 (1998): 449–62, doi:10.1016/S0197-3975(98)00022-8; Elizabeth Riley, Jorge Fiori, and Ronaldo Ramirez, “Favela Bairro and a New Generation of Housing Programmes for the Urban Poor,” Geoforum, Urban Brazil, 32, no. 4 (2001): 521–31, doi:10.1016/S0016-7185(01)00016-1; Brakarz and Aduan, “Favela-Bairro”; Roberto Segre, “Formal–Informal Connections in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro: The Favela-Bairro Programme,” in Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America, ed. Felipe Hernandez, Peter Kellet, and Lea K. Allen, Remapping Cultural History 11 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2009), 163; Inter-American Development Bank, “Development Effectiveness Overview 2010” (Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2010), https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/2133/Development%20Effectiveness%20Overview%202010.pdf?sequence=1; Fernando Luiz Lara, “Favela Upgrade in Brazil: A Reverse of Participatory Processes,” Journal of Urban Design 18, no. 4 (2013): 553–64, doi:10.1080/13574809.2013.824363.

World Bank, “Vietnam: Urban Upgrading Project” (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/105001468762926749/Vietnam-Urban-Upgrading-Project; IEG Review Team, “Vietnam: Urban Upgrading Project” (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/850671467056929965/Vietnam-Urban-Upgrading-Project.

Inter-American Development Bank, “Development Effectiveness Overview 2010.pdf,” 99–102.

David Gouverneur, Planning and Design for Future Informal Settlements: Shaping the Self-Constructed City (New York: Routledge, 2015); Shlomo Angel, Planet of Cities (Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2012), http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/PlanetofCities_Shlomo_Web_Chapter.pdf.

Peter Land, The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: Design and Technology in a New Neighborhood (Bogotá: Universidad de Los Andes, 2015); Gouverneur, Planning and Design for Future Informal Settlements.

Cedric Pugh, “Housing Policy Development in Developing Countries,” Cities 11, no. 3 (1994): 159–80, doi:10.1016/0264-2751(94)90057-4.

Michael Cohen, “Aid, Density, and Urban Form: Anticipating Dakar,” Built Environment 33, no. 2 (May 31, 2007): 145–56, doi:10.2148/benv.33.2.145; The World Bank, “Senegal: Sites and Services Project. Project Completion Report” (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1983), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/525191468777917949/Senegal-Sites-and-Services-Project.

Cohen, “Aid, Density, and Urban Form.”

Ministère de l’Urbanisme et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, “Plan Directeur d’Urbanisme de la Région de Dakar, Horizon 2025-Bilan du PDU de Dakar 2001” (Dakar: Ministère de l’Urbanisme et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, 2001).

McGuirk, Justin, “PREVI: The Metabolist Utopia,” Domus Magazine, April 21, 2011, http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2011/04/21/previ-the-metabolist-utopia.html; Gouverneur, Planning and Design for Future Informal Settlements.

Ministère de l’Urbanisme et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, “Plan Directeur d’Urbanisme de la Région de Dakar.”

The World Bank, “Housing: Enabling Markets to Work” (Washington, DC: The World Bank, April 30, 1993), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/387041468345854972/Housing-enabling-markets-to-work; Cedric Pugh, “Urbanization in Developing Countries: An Overview of the Economic and Policy Issues in the 1990s,” Cities 12, no. 6 (1995): 381–98, doi:10.1016/0264-2751(95)00083-X; Cecilia Zanetta, “The Evolution of the World Bank’s Urban Lending in Latin America: From Sites and Services to Municipal Reform and Beyond,” Habitat International 25, no. 4 (2001): 513–33, doi:10.1016/S0197-3975(01)00022-4.

The World Bank, “Senegal: Sites and Services Project”; The World Bank, “Senegal: Municipal and Housing Development Project” (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/309091468760177120/Senegal-Municipal-and-Housing-Development-Project.

Maguemati Wabgou, “Governance of Migration in Senegal: The Role of Government in Formulating Migration Policies,” in International Migration and National Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. Aderanti Adepojou, Ton Van Naerssen, and Annalies Zoomers (Boston: Brill, 2007), 141–60; Mona Serageldin and Erick Guerra, “Migration, Remittances and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa” (Cambridge, MA: Institute for International Urban Development, 2008).

Paavo Monkkonen, “The Housing Transition in Mexico Expanding Access to Housing Finance,” Urban Affairs Review 47, no. 5 (2011): 672–95, doi:10.1177/1078087411400381; Paavo Monkkonen, “Housing Finance Reform and Increasing Socioeconomic Segregation in Mexico,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 36, no. 4 (2011): 757–72, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01085.x; María del Carmen Pardo and Ernesto Velasco Sánchez, El Proceso de Modernización en el Infonavit 2001–2006: Estrategia, Redes y Liderazgo (México, D.F.: Colegio de México, 2006).

Monkkonen, “The Housing Transition in Mexico Expanding Access to Housing Finance.”

Ibid.; Monkkonen, “Housing Finance Reform and Increasing Socioeconomic Segregation in Mexico.”

Ibid.

Erick Guerra, “Has Mexico City’s Shift to Commercially Produced Housing Increased Car Ownership and Car Use?,” Journal of Transport and Land Use 8, no. 2 (2015): 171–89.

Beatriz García Peralta and Andreas Hofer, “Housing for the Working Class on the Periphery of Mexico City: A New Version of Gated Communities,” Social Justice 33, no. 3 (January 1, 2006): 129–41.

World Resources Institute, Statement: Development Banks Announce “Game Changer” for Sustainable Transport at Rio+20, 2012, http://www.wri.org/news/2012/06/statement-development-banks-announce-game-changer-sustainable-transport-rio20.

Hiroaki Suzuki, Robert Cervero, and Kanako Iuchi, Transforming Cities with Transit: Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development (World Bank Publications, 2013).

Robert Cervero, The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1998).

Robert Cervero, “Linking Urban Transport and Land Use in Developing Countries,” Journal of Transport and Land Use 6, no. 1 (2013): 7–24.

Robert Cervero and Jennifer Day, “Suburbanization and Transit-Oriented Development in China,” Transport Policy 15, no. 5 (2008): 315–23, doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2008.12.011.

Cervero, “Linking Urban Transport and Land Use in Developing Countries.”

Ming Zhang, “Chinese Edition of Transit-Oriented Development,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2038 (2007): 120–27, doi:10.3141/2038-16; Cervero and Day, “Suburbanization and Transit-Oriented Development in China.”

Georges Darido, Mariana Torres-Montoya, and Shomik Mehndiratta, “Urban Transport and CO₂ Emissions: Some Evidence from Chinese Cities” (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009).

Ming Zhang, “Chinese Edition of Transit-Oriented Development,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2038 (2007): 120–27, doi:10.3141/2038-16.

Jinling Liu and Yong Zhang, “Analysis to Passenger Volume Effect of Land Use along Urban Rail Transit,” Urban Transport of China 2 (2004): 54–57.

Zhang, “Chinese Edition of Transit-Oriented Development.”

Robert Cervero and Jin Murakami, “Rail and Property Development in Hong Kong: Experiences and Extensions,” Urban Studies 46, no. 10 (2009): 2019–43, doi:10.1177/0042098009339431.

Wen-ling Li and Jing Huang, “The Conception of Transit Metropolis in Guangzhou,” in 2010 International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering, 2010, 20, doi:10.1109/MACE.2010.5535305.

Hiroaki Suzuki et al., Financing Transit-Oriented Development with Land Values: Adapting Land Value Capture in Developing Countries (Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 2015).

Herbert Levinson et al., “Bus Rapid Transit: Synthesis of Case Studies,” Transportation Research Record 1841 (2003): 1–11, doi:10.3141/1841-01; Dario Hidalgo, “TransMilenio: El Sistema de Transporte Masivo en Bogotá,” in Urban Mobility for All, Tenth International CODATU Conference (Lome, Togo: Coopération pour le Développement et l’Amélioration des Transport Urbains et Périurbains, 2002).

Dario Hidalgo and Luis Gutiérrez, “BRT and BHLS around the World: Explosive Growth, Large Positive Impacts and Many Issues Outstanding,” Research in Transportation Economics 39, no. 1 (2013): 8–13, doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2012.05.018; Robert Cervero, “Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): An Efficient and Competitive Mode of Public Transport,” 20th ACEA, Scientific Advisory Group Report (Brussels, 2013), http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sn2f5wc.pdf.

Suzuki, et al., Transforming Cities with Transit.

Robert L. Knight and Lisa L. Trygg, “Evidence of Land Use Impacts of Rapid Transit Systems,” Transportation 6, no. 3 (1977): 231–47; Samuel Seskin, Robert Cervero, and Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, “Transit and Urban Form. Volume 1, Part 1: Transit, Urban Form and the Built Environment: A Summary of Knowledge,” 1996, http://pubsindex.trb.org/view.aspx?id=467996; Robert Cervero and John Landis, “Twenty Years of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System: Land Use and Development Impacts,” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 31, no. 4 (1997): 309–33, doi:10.1016/S0965-8564(96)00027-4.

Robert Cervero and Danielle Dai, “BRT TOD: Leveraging Transit Oriented Development with Bus Rapid Transit Investments,” Transport Policy 36 (2014): 127–38, doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.08.001.

Suzuki et al., Transforming Cities with Transit.

Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, “Improving Access for Guangzhou’s Urban Villages,” Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, August 24, 2015, https://www.itdp.org/improving-access-for-guangzhous-urban-villages/.

Hidalgo and Gutiérrez, “BRT and BHLS around the World.”

Ibid.

Manish Shirgaokar, “Expanding Cities and Vehicle Use in India: Differing Impacts of Built Environment Factors on Scooter and Car Use in Mumbai,” Urban Studies 53, no. 15 (2016): 3296–3316.

Erick Guerra, “Mexico City’s Suburban Land Use and Transit Connection: The Effects of the Line B Metro Expansion,” Transport Policy 32 (2014): 105–14, doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.12.011.

Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, “Metro de La Ciudad de México,” 2016, http://www.metro.cdmx.gob.mx/operacion/afluencia.html.

Juan Pablo Bocarejo et al., “An Innovative Transit System and Its Impact on Low Income Users: The Case of the Metrocable in Medellín,” Journal of Transport Geography 39 (July 2014): 49–61, doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.06.018; Peter Brand and Julio D. Dávila, “Mobility Innovation at the Urban Margins: Medellín’s Metrocables,” City 15, no. 6 (2011): 647–661.

Dirk Heinrichs and Judith S. Bernet, “Public Transport and Accessibility in Informal Settlements: Aerial Cable Cars in Medellín, Colombia,” Transportation Research Procedia 4 (2014): 55–67, doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2014.11.005.

Brand and Dávila, “Mobility Innovation at the Urban Margins”; Heinrichs and Bernet, “Public Transport and Accessibility in Informal Settlements.”

Heinrichs and Bernet, “Public Transport and Accessibility in Informal Settlements.”

Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang, “Telecommunications and Economic Growth,” unpublished paper, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009.

Title: The Global South
Authors: Robert Cervero
Erick Guerra
Stefan Al
Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
Book: Beyond Mobility
Print ISBN: 978-1-61091-928-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-61091-835-0

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-835-0_9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"