Skip to main content
Top

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

The Importance of Skip Connections in Biomedical Image Segmentation

Authors : Michal Drozdzal, Eugene Vorontsov, Gabriel Chartrand, Samuel Kadoury, Chris Pal

Published in: Deep Learning and Data Labeling for Medical Applications

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this paper, we study the influence of both long and short skip connections on Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN) for biomedical image segmentation. In standard FCNs, only long skip connections are used to skip features from the contracting path to the expanding path in order to recover spatial information lost during downsampling. We extend FCNs by adding short skip connections, that are similar to the ones introduced in residual networks, in order to build very deep FCNs (of hundreds of layers). A review of the gradient flow confirms that for a very deep FCN it is beneficial to have both long and short skip connections. Finally, we show that a very deep FCN can achieve near-to-state-of-the-art results on the EM dataset without any further post-processing.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Al-Rfou, R., Alain, G., Almahairi, A., et al.: Theano: a python framework for fast computation of mathematical expressions. CoRR abs/1605.02688 (2016) Al-Rfou, R., Alain, G., Almahairi, A., et al.: Theano: a python framework for fast computation of mathematical expressions. CoRR abs/1605.02688 (2016)
3.
go back to reference Brosch, T., Tang, L.Y.W., Yoo, Y., et al.: Deep 3D convolutional encoder networks with shortcuts for multiscale feature integration applied to multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation. IEEE TMI 35(5), 1229–1239 (2016) Brosch, T., Tang, L.Y.W., Yoo, Y., et al.: Deep 3D convolutional encoder networks with shortcuts for multiscale feature integration applied to multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation. IEEE TMI 35(5), 1229–1239 (2016)
4.
go back to reference Chen, H., Qi, X., Cheng, J., Heng, P.A.: Deep contextual networks for neuronal structure segmentation. In: Proceedings of the 13th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 12–17 February 2016, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, pp. 1167–1173 (2016) Chen, H., Qi, X., Cheng, J., Heng, P.A.: Deep contextual networks for neuronal structure segmentation. In: Proceedings of the 13th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 12–17 February 2016, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, pp. 1167–1173 (2016)
6.
go back to reference Ciresan, D., Giusti, A., Gambardella, L.M., Schmidhuber, J.: Deep neural networks segment neuronal membranes in electron microscopy images. In: NIPS, vol. 25, pp. 2843–2851. Curran Associates, Inc. (2012) Ciresan, D., Giusti, A., Gambardella, L.M., Schmidhuber, J.: Deep neural networks segment neuronal membranes in electron microscopy images. In: NIPS, vol. 25, pp. 2843–2851. Curran Associates, Inc. (2012)
7.
go back to reference Havaei, M., Davy, A., Warde-Farley, D., et al.: Brain tumor segmentation with deep neural networks. CoRR abs/1505.03540 (2015) Havaei, M., Davy, A., Warde-Farley, D., et al.: Brain tumor segmentation with deep neural networks. CoRR abs/1505.03540 (2015)
8.
go back to reference He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. CoRR abs/1512.03385 (2015) He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. CoRR abs/1512.03385 (2015)
9.
go back to reference He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Identity mappings in deep residual networks. CoRR abs/1603.05027 (2016) He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Identity mappings in deep residual networks. CoRR abs/1603.05027 (2016)
10.
go back to reference Kendall, A., Badrinarayanan, V., Cipolla, R.: Bayesian segNet: model uncertainty in deep convolutional encoder-decoder architectures for scene understanding. CoRR abs/1511.02680 (2015) Kendall, A., Badrinarayanan, V., Cipolla, R.: Bayesian segNet: model uncertainty in deep convolutional encoder-decoder architectures for scene understanding. CoRR abs/1511.02680 (2015)
11.
go back to reference Liu, T., Jones, C., Seyedhosseini, M., Tasdizen, T.: A modular hierarchical approach to 3D electron microscopy image segmentation. J. Neurosci. Methods 226, 88–102 (2014)CrossRef Liu, T., Jones, C., Seyedhosseini, M., Tasdizen, T.: A modular hierarchical approach to 3D electron microscopy image segmentation. J. Neurosci. Methods 226, 88–102 (2014)CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Long, J., Shelhamer, E., Darrell, T.: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In: CVPR, November 2015 (to appear) Long, J., Shelhamer, E., Darrell, T.: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In: CVPR, November 2015 (to appear)
14.
go back to reference Romero, A., Ballas, N., Kahou, S.E., Chassang, A., Gatta, C., Bengio, Y.: FitNets: hints for thin deep nets. CoRR abs/1412.6550 (2014) Romero, A., Ballas, N., Kahou, S.E., Chassang, A., Gatta, C., Bengio, Y.: FitNets: hints for thin deep nets. CoRR abs/1412.6550 (2014)
15.
go back to reference Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. CoRR abs/1505.04597 (2015) Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. CoRR abs/1505.04597 (2015)
16.
go back to reference Saxe, A., Koh, P.W., Chen, Z., Bhand, M., Suresh, B., Ng, A.Y.: On random weights and unsupervised feature learning. In: Getoor, L., Scheffer, T. (eds.) Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-11), pp. 1089–1096. ACM, New York (2011) Saxe, A., Koh, P.W., Chen, Z., Bhand, M., Suresh, B., Ng, A.Y.: On random weights and unsupervised feature learning. In: Getoor, L., Scheffer, T. (eds.) Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-11), pp. 1089–1096. ACM, New York (2011)
17.
go back to reference Stollenga, M.F., Byeon, W., Liwicki, M., Schmidhuber, J.: Parallel multi-dimensional LSTM, with application to fast biomedical volumetric image segmentation. CoRR abs/1506.07452 (2015) Stollenga, M.F., Byeon, W., Liwicki, M., Schmidhuber, J.: Parallel multi-dimensional LSTM, with application to fast biomedical volumetric image segmentation. CoRR abs/1506.07452 (2015)
18.
go back to reference Styner, M., Lee, J., Chin, B., et al.: 3D segmentation in the clinic: a grand challenge II: MS lesion segmentation, November 2008 Styner, M., Lee, J., Chin, B., et al.: 3D segmentation in the clinic: a grand challenge II: MS lesion segmentation, November 2008
19.
go back to reference Szegedy, C., Ioffe, S., Vanhoucke, V.: Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning. CoRR abs/1602.07261 (2016) Szegedy, C., Ioffe, S., Vanhoucke, V.: Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning. CoRR abs/1602.07261 (2016)
20.
go back to reference Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S.E., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., Rabinovich, A.: Going deeper with convolutions. CoRR abs/1409.4842 (2014) Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S.E., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., Rabinovich, A.: Going deeper with convolutions. CoRR abs/1409.4842 (2014)
21.
go back to reference Tieleman, T., Hinton, G.: Lecture 6.5—RmsProp: divide the gradient by a running average of its recent magnitude. COURSERA: Neural Netw. Mach. Learn. (2012) Tieleman, T., Hinton, G.: Lecture 6.5—RmsProp: divide the gradient by a running average of its recent magnitude. COURSERA: Neural Netw. Mach. Learn. (2012)
22.
go back to reference Uzunbaş, M.G., Chen, C., Metaxsas, D.: Optree: a learning-based adaptive watershed algorithm for neuron segmentation. In: Golland, P., Hata, N., Barillot, C., Hornegger, J., Howe, R. (eds.) MICCAI 2014, Part I. LNCS, vol. 8673, pp. 97–105. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2014) Uzunbaş, M.G., Chen, C., Metaxsas, D.: Optree: a learning-based adaptive watershed algorithm for neuron segmentation. In: Golland, P., Hata, N., Barillot, C., Hornegger, J., Howe, R. (eds.) MICCAI 2014, Part I. LNCS, vol. 8673, pp. 97–105. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2014)
23.
go back to reference Wu, X.: An iterative convolutional neural network algorithm improves electron microscopy image segmentation. CoRR abs/1506.05849 (2015) Wu, X.: An iterative convolutional neural network algorithm improves electron microscopy image segmentation. CoRR abs/1506.05849 (2015)
Metadata
Title
The Importance of Skip Connections in Biomedical Image Segmentation
Authors
Michal Drozdzal
Eugene Vorontsov
Gabriel Chartrand
Samuel Kadoury
Chris Pal
Copyright Year
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46976-8_19

Premium Partner