Top

Published in:

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. The \(\text {LaAlO}_3\)/\(\text {SrTiO}_3\) Interface: The Origin of the 2D Electron Liquid and the Fabrication

Authors : S. Gariglio, C. Cancellieri

Published in: Spectroscopy of Complex Oxide Interfaces

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

This chapter discusses the formation of the 2D electron liquid at the LAO/STO interface. The first part presents the theoretical proposals aimed at explaining the origin of the charge at the interface. The second part focuses on the importance of the growth techniques and parameters like temperature, oxygen pressure, post-deposition annealing and their influence on the electronic transport properties.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Introduction: Interfaces as an Object of Photoemission Spectroscopy

next chapter Transport Properties of TMO Interfaces

Given the similar O 2p nature of the valence bands of \({\text {SrTiO}}_{3}\) and \({\text {LaAlO}}_{3}\), the tops of these bands are aligned in energy at the interface.

K. Müller, H. Burkard, SrTiO\(_3\): An intrinsic quantum paraelectric below 4 K. Phys. Rev. B 19, 3593 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.19.3593

D. Bäuerle, D. Wagner, M. Wöhlecke, B. Dorner, H. Kraxenberger, Soft modes in semiconducting SrTiO\(_3\): II. The ferroelectric mode. Zeitschrift für Physik B Conden. Mat. 38, 335 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01315325

M. Itoh, R. Wang, Y. Inaguma, T. Yamaguchi, Y.J. Shan, T. Nakamura, Ferroelectricity Induced by Oxygen Isotope Exchange in Strontium Titanate Perovskite. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3540–3543 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3540

S.E. Rowley, L.J. Spalek, R.P. Smith, M.P.M. Dean, M. Itoh, J.F. Scott, G.G. Lonzarich, S.S. Saxena, Ferroelectric quantum criticality. Nat. Phys. 10, 367 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2924

A. Spinelli, M.A. Torija, C. Liu, C. Jan, C. Leighton, Electronic transport in doped SrTiO\(_3\) : Conduction mechanisms and potential applications. Phys. Rev. B 81, 155110 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.155110

J.F. Schooley, W.R. Hosler, M.L. Cohen, Superconductivity in semiconducting SrTiO\(_3\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 474 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.474

C.S. Koonce, M.L. Cohen, J.F. Schooley, W.R. Hosler, E.R. Pfeiffer, Superconducting transition temperatures of semiconducting SrTiO\(_3\). Phys. Rev. 163, 380 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.163.380

A. Verma, A.P. Kajdos, T.A. Cain, S. Stemmer, D. Jena, Intrinsic mobility limiting mechanisms in lanthanum-doped Strontium Titanate. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 216601 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.216601

M. Kawasaki, K. Takahashi, T. Maeda, R. Tsuchiya, M. Shinohara, O. Ishiyama, T. Yonezawa, M. Yoshimoto, H. Koinuma, Atomic control of the SrTiO\(_3\) crystal surface. Science 266, 1540 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5190.1540

10.

G. Koster, B.L. Kropman, G.J.H.M. Rijnders, D.H.A. Blank, H. Rogalla, Quasi-ideal strontium titanate crystal surfaces through formation of strontium hydroxide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2920 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.122630

11.

A. Ohtomo and H. Y. Hwang. A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface. Nature 427, 423 (2004). http://doi.org/10.1038/nature02308

12.

J. Nishimura, A. Ohtomo, A. Ohkubo, Y. Murakami, and M. Kawasaki. Controlled Carrier Generation at a Polarity-Discontinued Perovskite Heterointerface. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, L1032 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.43.L1032

13.

W. Harrison, E. Kraut, J. Waldrop, and R. Grant. Polar heterojunction interfaces. Phys. Rev. B 18, 4402 (1978).https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.18.4402

14.

C. Cantoni, J. Gazquez, F. Miletto Granozio, M. P. Oxley, M. Varela, A. R. Lupini, S. J. Pennycook, C. Aruta, U. Scotti di Uccio, P. Perna, and D. Maccariello. Electron Transfer and Ionic Displacements at the Origin of the 2D Electron Gas at the LAO/STO Interface: Direct Measurements with Atomic-Column Spatial Resolution. Adv. Mater. 24, 3952 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200667

15.

N. Nakagawa, H. Y. Hwang, and D. A. Muller. Why some interfaces cannot be sharp. Nat. Mater. 5, 204 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1569

16.

P. Willmott, S. Pauli, R. Herger, C. Schlepütz, D. Martoccia, B. Patterson, B. Delley, R. Clarke, D. Kumah, C. Cionca, Y. Yacoby, Structural basis for the conducting interface between LaAlO\(_3\) and SrTio\(_3\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 155502 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.155502

17.

M. Salluzzo, S. Gariglio, D. Stornaiuolo, V. Sessi, S. Rusponi, C. Piamonteze, G.M. De Luca, M. Minola, D. Marré, A. Gadaleta, H. Brune, F. Nolting, N.B. Brookes, G. Ghiringhelli, Origin of interface magnetism in BiMnO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) and LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 087204 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.087204

18.

M. Stengel, D. Vanderbilt, Berry-phase theory of polar discontinuities at oxide-oxide interfaces. Phys. Rev. B 80, 241103 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.241103

19.

Z. Popović, S. Satpathy, R. Martin, Origin of the two-dimensional electron gas carrier density at the LaAlO\(_3\) on SrTiO\(_3\) Interface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 256801 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.256801

20.

R. Pentcheva, W.E. Pickett, Electronic phenomena at complex oxide interfaces: insights from first principles. J. Phys. Condens. Mater. 22, 043001 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/4/043001

21.

P. Delugas, A. Filippetti, V. Fiorentini, D.I. Bilc, D. Fontaine, Ph. Ghosez, Spontaneous 2-Dimensional carrier confinement at the n-Type SrTiO\(_3\)/LaAlO\(_3\) interface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 166807 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.166807

22.

S. Thiel, G. Hammerl, A. Schmehl, C.W. Schneider, J. Mannhart, Tunable quasi-two-dimensional electron gases in oxide heterostructures. Science 313, 1942 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131091

23.

C. Cen, S. Thiel, G. Hammerl, C.W. Schneider, K.E. Andersen, C.S. Hellberg, J. Mannhart, J. Levy, Nanoscale control of an interfacial metal-insulator transition at room temperature. Nat. Mater. 7, 298 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2136

24.

Y. Xie, Y. Hikita, Ch. Bell, H.Y. Hwang, Control of electronic conduction at an oxide heterointerface using surface polar adsorbates. Nat. Commun. 2, 494 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1501

25.

N.C. Bristowe, P.B. Littlewood, E. Artacho, Surface defects and conduction in polar oxide heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 83, 205405 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.205405

26.

L. Yu, A. Zunger, A polarity-induced defect mechanism for conductivity and magnetism at polarnonpolar oxide interfaces. Nat. Commun. 5, 5118 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6118

27.

I.M. Dildar, M. Neklyudova, Q. Xu, H.W. Zandbergen, S. Harkema, D. Boltje, J. Aarts, Growing LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTio\(_3\) interfaces by sputter deposition. AIP Advances 5, 067156 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4923285

28.

J.P. Podkaminer, T. Hernandez, M. Huang, S. Ryu, C.W. Bark, S.H. Baek, J.C. Frederick, T.H. Kim, K.H. Cho, J. Levy, M.S. Rzchowski, C.B. Eom, Creation of a two-dimensional electron gas and conductivity switching of nanowires at the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTio\(_3\) interface grown by 90\(^\circ \) off-axis sputtering. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 071604 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4817921

29.

I.M. Dildar, D.B. Boltje, M.H.S. Hesselberth, J. Aarts, Q. Xu, H.W. Zandbergen, S. Harkema, Non-conducting interfaces of LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) produced in sputter deposition: The role of stoichiometry. Appl. Phys. Lett.102, 121601 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4798828

30.

L. Qiao, T. Droubay, T. Varga, M. Bowden, V. Shutthanandan, Z. Zhu, T.C. Kaspar, S. Chambers, Epitaxial growth, structure, and intermixing at the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interface as the film stoichiometry is varied. Phys. Rev. B 83, 085408 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.085408

31.

J.W. Park, D.F. Bogorin, C. Cen, D.A. Felker, Y. Zhang, C.T. Nelson, C.W. Bark, C.M. Folkman, X.Q. Pan, M.S. Rzchowski, J. Levy, C.B. Eom, Creation of a two-dimensional electron gas at an oxide interface on silicon. Nat. Commun. 1, 94 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1096

32.

C. Cancellieri, N. Reyren, S. Gariglio, A.D. Caviglia, A. Fłte, J.-M. Triscone, Influence of the growth conditions on the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interface electronic properties. EPL 91, 17004 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/91/17004

33.

R. Eason (ed), Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films: Applications-Led Growth of Functional Materials. Wiley (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/0470052120

34.

D.H.A. Blank, M. Dekkers, G. Rijnders, Pulsed laser deposition in Twente: from research tool towards industrial deposition. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 47, 034006 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/3/034006

35.

G. Herranz, M. Basletic, M. Bibes, C. Carrétéro, E. Tafra, E. Jacquet, K. Bouzehouane, C. Deranlot, A. Hamzic, J.-M. Broto, A. Barthélémy, A. Fert, High Mobility in LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) Heterostructures: Origin, Dimensionality, and Perspectives. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 216803 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.216803

36.

A. Brinkman, M. Huijben, M. van Zalk, J. Huijben, U. Zeitler, J. C. Maan, W. G. van derWiel, G. Rijnders, D. H. A. Blank, H. Hilgenkamp, Magnetic effects at the interface between non-magnetic oxides. Nat. Mater. 6, 493 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1931

37.

W. Siemons, G. Koster, H. Yamamoto, W. A. Harrison, G. Lucovsky, T. H. Geballe, D. H. A. Blank, M. R. Beasley, Origin of Charge Density at LaAlO\(_3\) on SrTiO\(_3\) Heterointerfaces: Possibility of Intrinsic Doping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 196802 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.196802

38.

M. Basletic, J.-L. Maurice, C. Carrétéro, G. Herranz, O. Copie, M. Bibes, E. Jacquet, K. Bouzehouane, S. Fusil, A. Barthélémy, Mapping the spatial distribution of charge carriers in LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterostructures. Nat. Mater. 7, 621 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2223

39.

A. Kalabukhov, R. Gunnarsson, J. Borjesson, E. Olsson, T. Claeson, D. Winkle, Effect of oxygen vacancies in the SrTiO\(_3\) substrate on the electrical properties of the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interface. Phys. Rev. B 75, 121404 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.121404

40.

N. C. Plumb, M. Salluzzo, E. Razzoli, M. Månsson, M. Falub, J. Krempasky, C. E. Matt, J. Chang, M. Schulte, J. Braun, H. Ebert, J. Minár, B. Delley, K.-J. Zhou, T. Schmitt, M. Shi, J. Mesot, L. Patthey M. Radović, Mixed Dimensionality of Confined Conducting Electrons in the Surface Region of SrTiO\(_3\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 086801 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.086801

41.

A. F. Santander-Syro, O. Copie, T. Kondo, F. Fortuna, S. Pailhès, R. Weht, X. G. Qiu, F. Bertran, A. Nicolaou, A. Taleb-Ibrahimi, P. Le Fèvre, G. Herranz, M. Bibes, N. Reyren, Y. Apertet, P. Lecoeur, A. Barthélémy, M. J. Rozenberg, Two-dimensional electron gas with universal subbands at the surface of SrTiO\(_3\). Nature 469, 189 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09720

42.

W. Meevasana, P. D. C. King, R. H. He, S.-K. Mo, M. Hashimoto, A. Tamai, P. Songsiriritthigul, F. Baumberger Z.-X. Shen, Creation and control of a two-dimensional electron liquid at the bare SrTiO\(_3\) surface. Nat. Mater. 10, 114 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2943

43.

M. Huijben, A. Brinkman, G. Koster, G. Rijnders, H. Hilgenkamp, D. H. A. Blank, Structure-Property Relation of SrTiO\(_3\)/LaAlO\(_3\) Interfaces. Adv. Mater. 21, 1665 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200801448

44.

N. Reyren, S. Thiel, A. D. Caviglia, L. Fitting Kourkoutis, G. Hammerl, C. Richter, C. W. Schneider, T. Kopp, A.-S. Rüetschi, D. Jaccard, M. Gabay, D. A. Muller, J.-M. Triscone, J. Mannhart, Superconducting interfaces between insulating oxides. Science 317, 1196 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1146006

45.

S. Gariglio, N. Reyren, A. D. Caviglia, J.-M. Triscone. Superconductivity at the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interface. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21, 164213 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/16/164213

46.

S. Thiel, C. Schneider, L. Kourkoutis, D. Muller, N. Reyren, A. Caviglia, S. Gariglio, J.-M. Triscone, J. Mannhart, Electron Scattering at Dislocations in LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) Interfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 046809 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.046809

47.

T. Fix, F. Schoofs, Z. Bi, A. Chen, H. Wang, J. L. MacManus-Driscoll, M. G. Blamire, Influence of SrTiO\(_3\) substrate miscut angle on the transport properties of LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 022103 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3609785

48.

C. Bell, S. Harashima, Y. Hikita, H. Y. Hwang, Thickness dependence of the mobility at the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interface. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 222111 2009. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3149695

49.

A. Fête, C. Cancellieri, D. Li, D. Stornaiuolo, A. D. Caviglia, S. Gariglio, J.-M. Triscone, Growth-induced electron mobility enhancement at the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interface. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 051604 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907676

50.

M. Ben Shalom, A. Ron, A. Palevski, Y. Dagan, Shubnikov-De Haas Oscillations in SrTiO\(_3\)/LaAlO\(_3\) Interface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 206401 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.206401

51.

S. Lerer, M. Ben Shalom, G. Deutscher, and Y. Dagan. Low-temperature dependence of the thermomagnetic transport properties of the SrTiO3/LaAlO3 interface. Phys. Rev. B 84, 075423 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.075423

52.

W.-J. Son, E. Cho, B. Lee, J. Lee, S. Han, Density and spatial distribution of charge carriers in the intrinsic n-type LaAlO\(_3\)-SrTiO\(_3\) interface. Phys. Rev. B 79, 245411 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.245411

53.

R. Pentcheva, W. E. Pickett. Charge localization or itineracy at LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interface: hole polarons, oxygen vacancies, and mobile electrons. Phys. Rev. B 74, 035112 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.74.035112

54.

H. K. Sato, C. Bell, Y. Hikita, H. Y. Hwang. Stoichiometry control of the electronic properties of the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterointerface. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 251602 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812353

55.

C. Xu, S. Wicklein, A. Sambri, S. Amoruso, M. Moors, R. Dittmann. Impact of the interplay between nonstoichiometry and kinetic energy of the plume species on the growth mode of SrTiO\(_3\) thin films. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 47, 034009 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/3/034009

56.

T. Ohnishi, M. Lippmaa, T. Yamamoto, S. Meguro, H. Koinuma. Improved stoichiometry and misfit control in perovskite thin film formation at a critical fluence by pulsed laser deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 241919 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2146069

57.

Y. Tokuda, S. Kobayashi, T. Ohnishi, T. Mizoguchi, N. Shibata, Y. Ikuhara, T. Yamamoto, Growth of Ruddlesden-Popper type faults in Sr-excess SrTiO\(_3\) homoepitaxial thin films by pulsed laser deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 173109 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3656340

58.

E. Breckenfeld, N. Bronn, J. Karthik, A. R. Damodaran, S. Lee, N. Mason, L. W. Martin. Effect of growth induced (non)stoichiometry on interfacial conductance in LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 196804 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.196804

59.

M. Golalikhani, Q. Y. Lei, G. Chen, J. E. Spanier, H. Ghassemi, C. L. Johnson, M. L. Taheri, X. X. Xi, Stoichiometry of LaAlO\(_3\) films grown on SrTiO\(_3\) by pulsed laser deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 114, 027008 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4811821

60.

M. P. Warusawithana, C. Richter, J. A. Mundy, P. Roy, J. Ludwig, S. Paetel, T. Heeg, A. A. Pawlicki, L. F. Kourkoutis, M. Zheng, M. Lee, B. Mulcahy, W. Zander, Y. Zhu, J. Schubert, J. N. Eckstein, D. A. Muller, C. Stephen Hellberg, J. Mannhart, D. G. Schlom. LaAlO\(_3\) stoichiometry is key to electron liquid formation at LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interfaces. Nat. Commun. 4, 2351 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3351

61.

K. Momma, F. Izumi, VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 47, 1272–1276 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889811038970

Title: The / Interface: The Origin of the 2D Electron Liquid and the Fabrication
Authors: S. Gariglio
C. Cancellieri
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Spectroscopy of Complex Oxide Interfaces
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74988-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-74989-1

Copyright Year: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74989-1_2

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners