Skip to main content
Top

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. The Nature of Intelligence Requirements, Internal Roles and Relations in the Twenty-First Century

Authors : Ingeborg Guldvik Grongstad, Kenneth L. Lasoen

Published in: Intelligence Relations in the 21st Century

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter argues that the concept for producing strategic intelligence needs to be updated and adjusted to current conditions. Systems and processes for producing strategic intelligence are still dominated by Cold War concepts of strategic intelligence, although modern conditions make these concepts ineffective. By examining the strategic intelligence concept of the Cold War, and that of tactical and operational intelligence, in light of the current conditions of strategic intelligence, this chapter will demonstrate that current conditions of numerous, shifting and interconnected requirements demand agile practice and a cooperative culture. Furthermore, strategic intelligence has become more dynamic than operational and tactical intelligence. However, the analytical approach is still very different, as strategic intelligence is more theory-based. This influences the intelligence process and especially the relationship between the core functions: direction, collection, analysis and dissemination. The requirements emphasize management and coordinating functions similar to those of tactical and operational intelligence to ensure efficient integration and unity of purpose and effort. However, these functions, such as Intelligence Requirement Management and Collection Management (IRM&CM), need to be adapted to the conditions of strategic intelligence.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
All-source/multidiscipline intelligence.
 
2
Intelligence Collection Plan (ICP) lists Prioritized Intelligence Requirements (PIRs), Specific Information Requirements (SIRs) and Essential Elements of Information (EEIs) and indicates which collection capabilities best suited to satisfy the intelligence requirements.
 
3
Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR)/Intelligence Requirement (IR) should be precise and ideally formulated as a question.
 
Literature
go back to reference Agrell, Wilhelm. 2009. Intelligence Analysis after the Cold War – New Paradigm or Old Anomalies? In National Intelligence Systems. Current Research and Future Prospects, ed. Gregory Treverton and Wilhelm Agrell, 93–114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Agrell, Wilhelm. 2009. Intelligence Analysis after the Cold War – New Paradigm or Old Anomalies? In National Intelligence Systems. Current Research and Future Prospects, ed. Gregory Treverton and Wilhelm Agrell, 93–114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Agrell, Wilhelm. 2014. The Next 100 Years? Reflections on the Future of Intelligence. In The Future of Intelligence. Challenges in the 21st Century, ed. Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Ben de Jong, and Joop van Reijn, 133–148. London and New York: Routledge. Agrell, Wilhelm. 2014. The Next 100 Years? Reflections on the Future of Intelligence. In The Future of Intelligence. Challenges in the 21st Century, ed. Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Ben de Jong, and Joop van Reijn, 133–148. London and New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Andrew, Christopher. 2018. The Secret World. A History of Intelligence. London: Allen Lane. Andrew, Christopher. 2018. The Secret World. A History of Intelligence. London: Allen Lane.
go back to reference Baudet, Floribert, Eleni Braat, Jeoffrey van Woensel, and Aad Wever. 2017. Military Intelligence: From Telling Truth to Power to Bewilderment? In Perspectives on Military Intelligence from the First World War to Mali: Between Learning and Law, ed. Floribert Baudet, Eleni Braat, Jeoffrey van Woensel, and Aad Wever, 1–21. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. Baudet, Floribert, Eleni Braat, Jeoffrey van Woensel, and Aad Wever. 2017. Military Intelligence: From Telling Truth to Power to Bewilderment? In Perspectives on Military Intelligence from the First World War to Mali: Between Learning and Law, ed. Floribert Baudet, Eleni Braat, Jeoffrey van Woensel, and Aad Wever, 1–21. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
go back to reference Betts, Richard K. 2007. Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security. New York: Columbia University Press. Betts, Richard K. 2007. Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security. New York: Columbia University Press.
go back to reference Clark, Robert M. 2010. The Technical Collection of Intelligence. Washington, DC: SAGE. Clark, Robert M. 2010. The Technical Collection of Intelligence. Washington, DC: SAGE.
go back to reference Clark, Robert M. 2016. Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. 5th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press. Clark, Robert M. 2016. Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. 5th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
go back to reference Dandeker, Christopher. 2006. Surveillance and Military Transformation: Organizational Trends in Twenty-first Century Armed Services. In The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility, ed. K. Haggerty and R. Ericson, 225–249. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Dandeker, Christopher. 2006. Surveillance and Military Transformation: Organizational Trends in Twenty-first Century Armed Services. In The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility, ed. K. Haggerty and R. Ericson, 225–249. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
go back to reference Davies, H.J. 2020. Ideas of Intelligence: Diverging Concepts and Institutions. In Secret Intelligence. A Reader, ed. Christopher Andrew, Richard J. Aldrich, and Wesley K. Wark, 2nd ed., 13–18. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor and Francis Group. Davies, H.J. 2020. Ideas of Intelligence: Diverging Concepts and Institutions. In Secret Intelligence. A Reader, ed. Christopher Andrew, Richard J. Aldrich, and Wesley K. Wark, 2nd ed., 13–18. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor and Francis Group.
go back to reference Dearlove, Richard. 2010. National Security and Public Anxiety: Our Changing Perceptions. In The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 33–39. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dearlove, Richard. 2010. National Security and Public Anxiety: Our Changing Perceptions. In The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 33–39. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Degaut, Marcos. 2016. Spies and Policymakers: Intelligence in the Information Age. Intelligence and National Security 31 (4): 509–531. Degaut, Marcos. 2016. Spies and Policymakers: Intelligence in the Information Age. Intelligence and National Security 31 (4): 509–531.
go back to reference Ferris, John. 2004. Netcentric Warfare, C4ISR and Information Operations: Towards a Revolution in Military Intelligence? In Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-first Century: Journeys in Shadows, ed. Len Scott and Peter Jackson, 54–77. London and New York: Routledge. Ferris, John. 2004. Netcentric Warfare, C4ISR and Information Operations: Towards a Revolution in Military Intelligence? In Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-first Century: Journeys in Shadows, ed. Len Scott and Peter Jackson, 54–77. London and New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Fingar, Thomas. 2011a. Analysis in the U.S. Intelligence Community: Missions, Masters, and Methods. In Intelligence Analysis. Behavioral and Social Scientific Foundations, ed. Baruch Fischhoff and C. Chauvin, 3–27. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Fingar, Thomas. 2011a. Analysis in the U.S. Intelligence Community: Missions, Masters, and Methods. In Intelligence Analysis. Behavioral and Social Scientific Foundations, ed. Baruch Fischhoff and C. Chauvin, 3–27. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
go back to reference Fingar, Thomas. 2011b. Reducing Uncertainty. Intelligence Analysis and National Security. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Fingar, Thomas. 2011b. Reducing Uncertainty. Intelligence Analysis and National Security. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
go back to reference Gardiner, Keith. 2020. Squaring the Circle: Dealing with Intelligence-policy Breakdowns. In Secret Intelligence. A Reader, ed. Christopher Andrew, Richard J. Aldrich, and Wesley K. Wark, 2nd ed., 151–160. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor and Francis Group. Gardiner, Keith. 2020. Squaring the Circle: Dealing with Intelligence-policy Breakdowns. In Secret Intelligence. A Reader, ed. Christopher Andrew, Richard J. Aldrich, and Wesley K. Wark, 2nd ed., 151–160. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor and Francis Group.
go back to reference Goodman, Michael. 2014. The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee Volume I. From the Approach of the Second World War to the Suez Crisis. London and New York: Routledge. Goodman, Michael. 2014. The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee Volume I. From the Approach of the Second World War to the Suez Crisis. London and New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Greenberg, Harold M. 2007. Intelligence of the Past; Intelligence for the Future. In Strategic Intelligence Volume I: Understanding the Hidden Side of Government, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 169–180. London: Praeger. Greenberg, Harold M. 2007. Intelligence of the Past; Intelligence for the Future. In Strategic Intelligence Volume I: Understanding the Hidden Side of Government, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 169–180. London: Praeger.
go back to reference Gressang, Daniel. 2007. The Shortest Distance Between Two Points Lies in Rethinking the Question. Intelligence and the Information Age Technology Challenge. In Strategic Intelligence II. The Intelligence Cycle, ed. Loch Johnson, 123–142. Praeger: London. Gressang, Daniel. 2007. The Shortest Distance Between Two Points Lies in Rethinking the Question. Intelligence and the Information Age Technology Challenge. In Strategic Intelligence II. The Intelligence Cycle, ed. Loch Johnson, 123–142. Praeger: London.
go back to reference Hedley, John H. 2007. Analysis for Strategic Intelligence. In Handbook of Intelligence Studies, ed. Loch Johnson, 211–225. London and New York: Routledge. Hedley, John H. 2007. Analysis for Strategic Intelligence. In Handbook of Intelligence Studies, ed. Loch Johnson, 211–225. London and New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Herman, Michael. 1996. Intelligence Power in Peace and War. 14th ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Institute of International Affairs, Cambridge University Press. Herman, Michael. 1996. Intelligence Power in Peace and War. 14th ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Institute of International Affairs, Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Herman, Michael. 2001. Intelligence Services in the Information Age. London: Frank Cass. Herman, Michael. 2001. Intelligence Services in the Information Age. London: Frank Cass.
go back to reference Heuer, Richards J. 1999. Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. Heuer, Richards J. 1999. Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency.
go back to reference Honig, Arthur. 2007. A New Direction for Theory-Building in Intelligence Studies. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 20 (4): 699–716. Honig, Arthur. 2007. A New Direction for Theory-Building in Intelligence Studies. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 20 (4): 699–716.
go back to reference Hulnick, Arthur S. 2006. What’s Wrong with the Intelligence Cycle. Intelligence and National Security 21 (6): 959–979. Hulnick, Arthur S. 2006. What’s Wrong with the Intelligence Cycle. Intelligence and National Security 21 (6): 959–979.
go back to reference Inglis, Chris. 2018. Illuminating a New Domain. The Role and Nature of Military Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance in Cyberspace. In Bytes, Bombs, and Spies. The Strategic Dimensions of Offensive Cyber Operations, ed. Herbert Lin and Amy Zegart, 19–44. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Inglis, Chris. 2018. Illuminating a New Domain. The Role and Nature of Military Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance in Cyberspace. In Bytes, Bombs, and Spies. The Strategic Dimensions of Offensive Cyber Operations, ed. Herbert Lin and Amy Zegart, 19–44. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
go back to reference Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. 2018. The 2017 Attacks: What Needs to Change? London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. 2018. The 2017 Attacks: What Needs to Change? London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
go back to reference Joint Doctrine Publication 2-00 Understanding and Intelligence Support to Joint Operations. 2011. 3rd ed. Ministry of Defence. Joint Doctrine Publication 2-00 Understanding and Intelligence Support to Joint Operations. 2011. 3rd ed. Ministry of Defence.
go back to reference Kelly, Justin, and Michael J. Brennan. 2010. The Leavenworth Heresy and the Pervasion of Operational Art. Joint Forces Quarterly 56: 109–116. Kelly, Justin, and Michael J. Brennan. 2010. The Leavenworth Heresy and the Pervasion of Operational Art. Joint Forces Quarterly 56: 109–116.
go back to reference Kleinsmith, Erik. 2020. Intelligence Operations. Understanding Data, Tools, People, and Processes. San Diego: Cognella. Kleinsmith, Erik. 2020. Intelligence Operations. Understanding Data, Tools, People, and Processes. San Diego: Cognella.
go back to reference Lasoen, Kenneth L. 2020. Geheim België. Geschiedenis van de inlichtingendiensten, 1830–2020 [Secret Belgium. History of the Intelligence Services]. Tielt: Lannoo. Lasoen, Kenneth L. 2020. Geheim België. Geschiedenis van de inlichtingendiensten, 1830–2020 [Secret Belgium. History of the Intelligence Services]. Tielt: Lannoo.
go back to reference Lockhart, John B. 1987. Intelligence: A British View. In British and American Approaches to Intelligence, ed. K. Robertson, 37–52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Lockhart, John B. 1987. Intelligence: A British View. In British and American Approaches to Intelligence, ed. K. Robertson, 37–52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Lonsdale, David J. 2012. Intelligence Reform: Adapting to the Changing Security Environment. Comparative Strategy 31: 430–442. Lonsdale, David J. 2012. Intelligence Reform: Adapting to the Changing Security Environment. Comparative Strategy 31: 430–442.
go back to reference Lowenthal, Mark M. 2017. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. 7th ed. Los Angeles: CQ Press, Sage Publications Inc. Lowenthal, Mark M. 2017. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. 7th ed. Los Angeles: CQ Press, Sage Publications Inc.
go back to reference Lowenthal, Mark M., and Robert M. Clark. 2016. The Five Disciplines of Intelligence Collection. Washington, DC: SAGE and CQ Press. Lowenthal, Mark M., and Robert M. Clark. 2016. The Five Disciplines of Intelligence Collection. Washington, DC: SAGE and CQ Press.
go back to reference Maddrell, Paul. 2015. The Image of the Enemy: Intelligence Analysis of Adversaries Since 1945. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Maddrell, Paul. 2015. The Image of the Enemy: Intelligence Analysis of Adversaries Since 1945. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
go back to reference Marchio, Jim. 2016. “How Good Is Your Batting Average?” Early IC Efforts to Assess the Accuracy of Estimates. Studies in Intelligence 60 (4): 3–13. Marchio, Jim. 2016. “How Good Is Your Batting Average?” Early IC Efforts to Assess the Accuracy of Estimates. Studies in Intelligence 60 (4): 3–13.
go back to reference Marrin, Stephen. 2007. Adding Value to the Intelligence Product. In Handbook of Intelligence Studies, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 199–210. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor & Francis Group. Marrin, Stephen. 2007. Adding Value to the Intelligence Product. In Handbook of Intelligence Studies, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 199–210. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor & Francis Group.
go back to reference Marrin, Stephen. 2011. Improving Intelligence Analysis: Bridging the Gap Between Scholarship and Practice. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor & Francis Group. Marrin, Stephen. 2011. Improving Intelligence Analysis: Bridging the Gap Between Scholarship and Practice. London and New York: Routledge and Taylor & Francis Group.
go back to reference Medina, Carmen. 2008. The New Analysis. In Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations, ed. Roger Z. George and James B. Bruce, 238–248. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Medina, Carmen. 2008. The New Analysis. In Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations, ed. Roger Z. George and James B. Bruce, 238–248. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
go back to reference Mercado, Stephen. 2004. Sailing the Sea of OSINT in the Information Age. Studies in Intelligence 48 (3): 45–55. Mercado, Stephen. 2004. Sailing the Sea of OSINT in the Information Age. Studies in Intelligence 48 (3): 45–55.
go back to reference Moore, David T. 2011. Sensemaking. A Structure for an Intelligence Revolution. Washington, DC: National Defense Intelligence College Press. Moore, David T. 2011. Sensemaking. A Structure for an Intelligence Revolution. Washington, DC: National Defense Intelligence College Press.
go back to reference Morgan, Gareth. 1997. Images of Organizations. 2nd ed. Sage Publications Inc. Morgan, Gareth. 1997. Images of Organizations. 2nd ed. Sage Publications Inc.
go back to reference National Research Council. 2011. Intelligence Analysis for Tomorrow. Advances from the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2011. Intelligence Analysis for Tomorrow. Advances from the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press.
go back to reference Omand, David. 2010. Securing the State. London: Hurst. Omand, David. 2010. Securing the State. London: Hurst.
go back to reference Phythian, Mark. 2013. Understanding the Intelligence Cycle. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Phythian, Mark. 2013. Understanding the Intelligence Cycle. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
go back to reference Richards, Julian. 2010. The Art and Science of Intelligence Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Richards, Julian. 2010. The Art and Science of Intelligence Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Rishikof, Harvey, and Roger Z. George. 2011. Navigating the Labyrinth of the National Security Enterprise. In The National Security Enterprise. Navigating the Labyrinth, ed. Roger Z. George and Harvey Rishikof, 331–350. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Rishikof, Harvey, and Roger Z. George. 2011. Navigating the Labyrinth of the National Security Enterprise. In The National Security Enterprise. Navigating the Labyrinth, ed. Roger Z. George and Harvey Rishikof, 331–350. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
go back to reference Rolington, Alfred. 2013. Strategic Intelligence for the 21st Century. The Mosaic Method. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rolington, Alfred. 2013. Strategic Intelligence for the 21st Century. The Mosaic Method. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Showalter, Dennis E. 1991. Intelligence on the Eve of Transformation. Methodology, Organization, and Application. In The Intelligence Revolution. A Historical Perspective. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Military History Symposium, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs October 12–14, 1988, ed. W. Hitchcock, 15–37. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. Showalter, Dennis E. 1991. Intelligence on the Eve of Transformation. Methodology, Organization, and Application. In The Intelligence Revolution. A Historical Perspective. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Military History Symposium, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs October 12–14, 1988, ed. W. Hitchcock, 15–37. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
go back to reference Svendsen, Adam. 2017. Intelligence Engineering. Operating Beyond the Conventional. London: Rowman & Littlefield. Svendsen, Adam. 2017. Intelligence Engineering. Operating Beyond the Conventional. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
go back to reference Treverton, Gregory F. 2001. Reshaping National Intelligence for an Age of Information. Kindle. Cambridge, UK: Rand, Cambridge University Press. Treverton, Gregory F. 2001. Reshaping National Intelligence for an Age of Information. Kindle. Cambridge, UK: Rand, Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Treverton, Gregory F. 2005. The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Treverton, Gregory F. 2005. The Next Steps in Reshaping Intelligence. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
go back to reference Treverton, Gregory F. 2009. Approaching Threat Convergence from an Intelligence Perspective. In Unconventional Weapons and International Terrorism. Challenges and Approaches, ed. Magnus Ranstorp and Magnus Normark, 141–162. London and New York: Routledge. Treverton, Gregory F. 2009. Approaching Threat Convergence from an Intelligence Perspective. In Unconventional Weapons and International Terrorism. Challenges and Approaches, ed. Magnus Ranstorp and Magnus Normark, 141–162. London and New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Treverton, Gregory F., and C. Bryan Gabbard. 2008. Assessing the Tradecraft of Intelligence Analysis. Technical Report. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Treverton, Gregory F., and C. Bryan Gabbard. 2008. Assessing the Tradecraft of Intelligence Analysis. Technical Report. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
go back to reference Treverton, Gregory F., Seth G. Jones, Boraz Steven, and Phillip Lipscy. 2006. Towards a Theory of Intelligence. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Treverton, Gregory F., Seth G. Jones, Boraz Steven, and Phillip Lipscy. 2006. Towards a Theory of Intelligence. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
go back to reference Walsh, James I. 2010. The International Politics of Intelligence Sharing. New York: Columbia University Press. Walsh, James I. 2010. The International Politics of Intelligence Sharing. New York: Columbia University Press.
go back to reference Warner, Michael. 2014. The Rise and Fall of Intelligence. An International Security History. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Warner, Michael. 2014. The Rise and Fall of Intelligence. An International Security History. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
go back to reference Wippl, Joseph W. 2019. Interview with Joseph W. WipplSkype, May 6. Wippl, Joseph W. 2019. Interview with Joseph W. WipplSkype, May 6.
go back to reference Wirtz, James J. 2010. The Sources and Methods of Intelligence Studies. In The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 87–103. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wirtz, James J. 2010. The Sources and Methods of Intelligence Studies. In The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence, ed. Loch K. Johnson, 87–103. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Metadata
Title
The Nature of Intelligence Requirements, Internal Roles and Relations in the Twenty-First Century
Authors
Ingeborg Guldvik Grongstad
Kenneth L. Lasoen
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34004-9_2