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2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

8. The Role of Electricity Transmission Infrastructure

Author : Clemens Gerbaulet

Published in: Energiewende "Made in Germany"

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The infrastructure required to assure a reliable, clean, and economic electricity system is among the crucial conditions that have to be established for the energiewende to succeed. This chapter summarizes issues surrounding electricity transmission in the context of the energiewende. Even though infrastructure is an important ingredient of the energiewende, its importance has been exaggerated in the policy debate and in the public debate as well. Often hailed as a “critical factor” in the energiewende—and sometimes as the final nail in its coffin—transmission infrastructure has not been a demonstrable obstacle to the energiewende thus far, thanks to the highly developed network inherited from the old system and its continuous improvement over the last decade. Even in the medium term—that is, into the 2020s—no serious roadblocks for the energiewende are to be expected, provided that the transmission system operators (TSOs) and regulatory agencies stick to the path of transmission expansion that has proven reliable so far. Sections 8.2 and 8.3 describe network planning and development from its inception in the 2000s until today. Over this period, a new method of transmission planning has been implemented, creating more transparency for transmission policies, which had not been open to public scrutiny under the old system. Section 8.4 then traces a decade of network development in Germany. As elaborated in detail, rates of transmission investment remain consistent over the years, and important connections, such as links between the former GDR and West Germany have been completed. Section 8.5 discusses the current debate of introducing multiple price zones in Germany. Moreover, it summarizes results of a study on the effects of establishing multiple price zones in Germany suggesting that there is no need to split the German electricity market into zones. Section 8.6 details an interesting recent development: the explicit integration of carbon dioxide (CO2) constraints into network planning. Finally, Sect. 8.7 concludes.

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previous chapter Energy Efficiency: A Key Challenge of the Energiewende
next chapter Sector Coupling for an Integrated Low-Carbon Energy Transformation: A Techno-Economic Introduction and Application to Germany
Footnotes
1
This chapter does not consider electricity distribution infrastructure.
 
2
In 2015, the possibility of 3% curtailment of renewable electricity feed-in was introduced into the grid planning process, which reduced the need for investments that are needed only a very few hours per year to accommodate both high wind and photovoltaic (PV) feed-in.
 
3
See EC (1996). Directive 96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity.
 
4
EC (2003). Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC.
 
5
EnLAG (2009). Gesetz zum Ausbau von Energieleitungen (Energieleitungsausbaugesetz—EnLAG).
 
6
Hirschhausen, Christian von, Robert Wand, and Christina Beestermöller. 2010. “Bewertung der dena-Netzstudie II und des europäischen Infrastrukturprogramms.” Gutachten im Auftrag des WWF Deutschland. Berlin, Germany: TU Berlin.
 
7
See EC (2009). Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC.
 
8
The German Energy Law of 2005 (BGBl 2005, Part I, p. 1970 http://​www.​bgbl.​de/​xaver/​bgbl/​start.​xav?​startbk=​Bundesanzeiger_​BGBl&​jumpTo=​bgbl105s1970.​pdf), which implemented the Directive 2003/54/EC (EC, 2003b), was adapted in the Gesetz zur Neuregelung en ergiewirtschaftsrechtlicher Vorschriften (BGBl 2011, Part I, p. 1554 http://​www.​bgbl.​de/​xaver/​bgbl/​start.​xav?​startbk=​Bundesanzeiger_​BGBl&​jumpTo=​bgbl111041.​pdf) implementing the directive 2009/72/EC (see previous footnote). Since 2011, the planning process has been adapted, especially regarding the frequency of the planning procedures, see BGBl 2015, Part I, p. 2200 http://​www.​bgbl.​de/​xaver/​bgbl/​start.​xav?​startbk=​Bundesanzeiger_​BGBl&​jumpTo=​bgbl115s2194.​pdf
 
9
Some of these points are laid out in detail in Jarass und Obermair (2012).
 
10
For a survey and another concrete application see Kemfert et al. (2016).
 
11
The Brattle Group (2007): International Review of Transmission Planning Arrangements, p. 32.
 
12
See BNetzA (2011). BK4-11-304 Beschluss hinsichtlich der Festlegung von Eigenkapitalzinssätzen für Betreiber von Elektrizitäts- und Gasversorgungsnetzen für die zweite Regulierungsperiode in der Anreizregulierung as well as BNetza(2016). Bundesnetzagentur legt Eigenkapitalrenditen für Strom- und Gasnetze fest. https://​www.​bundesnetzagentu​r.​de/​SharedDocs/​Pressemitteilung​en/​DE/​2016/​161012_​EKZ.​html
 
13
NOVA, in German, stands for NetzOptimierung, -Verstärkung und –Ausbau (network optimization, strengthening, and expansion).
 
14
The pilot project of installing high-temperature conductors in 2013 was successful: the capacity of the 380 kV line between Remptendorf and Redwitz (East Germany to Bavaria) was increased by 400 MW or approx. 25%.
 
15
Agora Energiewende, and Energynautics. 2018. “Toolbox für die Stromnetze—Für die künftige Integration von Erneuerbaren Energien und für das Engpassmanagement.” Agora Energiewende.
 
16
In the Baltic Sea, the number of projects is considerably lower. BNetzA. 2018b. “Offshore-Monitoring Stand des Ausbaus nach dem vierten Quartal 2017.” Bonn, Germany: Bundesnetzagentur.
 
17
See ZEIT ONLINE (2011): “Erneuerbare Energien: Stromnetzbetreiber sieht Ausbau von Windparks gefährdet.” Die Zeit, November 16, sec. Wirtschaft. Last accessed September 19, 2016, at http://​www.​zeit.​de/​wirtschaft/​2011-11/​windparks-finanzierung
 
18
The dena I study had suggested a need for investment in 850 km of new-built lines, and 392 km of line upgrades.
 
19
The source states 4.4 TWh but accounts for upward and downward redispatch measures.
 
20
See the Monitoring Reports by BNetzA (2013, 2014, and 2016 for details).
 
21
See European Commission (2014): Draft: Commission Regulation: Network Code for Capacity Allocation and Congestion Management. Title II, Chap. 2, Bidding zone configuration. BNetzA. 2015. “Monitoringbericht 2015.” Bonn, Germany.
 
22
In 2018, the German regulator suggested that the one between South Germany and Austria be split, but details on the implementation were not provided.
 
23
This section is based on Mieth et al. (2015a, b) as well as findings from Gerbaulet et al. (2012a) and Reitz, Felix, Clemens Gerbaulet, von Hirschhausen, Claudia Kemfert, Casimir Lorenz, and Pao-Yu Oei. 2014. “Verminderte Kohleverstromung könnte zeitnah einen relevanten Beitrag zum deutschen Klimaschutzziel leisten.” 47. Wochenbericht. Berlin, Germany: DIW.
 
24
50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT, and TransnetBW. 2018. “Szenariorahmen für den Netzentwicklungsplan Strom 2030 (Version 2019)—Entwurf der Übertragungsnetzbetrreiber.”
 
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Metadata
Title
The Role of Electricity Transmission Infrastructure
Author
Clemens Gerbaulet
Copyright Year
2018
Book
Energiewende "Made in Germany"

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95125-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-95126-3

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95126-3_8