Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Studying Relations Among International Organizations in World Politics: Core Concepts and Challenges Read chapter Read first chapter

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

11. The Role of International Bureaucracies

Author : Rafael Biermann

Published in: Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter tries to shed light on the specific role of international bureaucracies when international intergovernmental organizations interact. It takes a holistic approach that accounts also for the role of member states and the resulting complex multilevel governance among a multitude of players networking across organizational and state boundaries when organizations interact. Studies systematically investigating the role of bureaucracies in inter-organizational affairs are extremely rare. Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to inspire research by connecting the study of inter-organizational relations more systematically with the research on international bureaucracies in general. The chapter first conceptualizes international bureaucracies. It then discusses the relevance of international bureaucracies for inter-organizational relations. Afterwards, four major theoretical perspectives on bureaucracies are screened, namely principal–agent theory, sociological institutionalism, the bureaucratic politics approach, and organization theory, in order to demonstrate how they might be employed and blended to research the role of international bureaucracies in inter-organizational relations. The conclusions offer some methodological recommendations of how to do so.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter The Evolvement of International Secretariats, Executive Heads and Leadership in Inter-Organizational Relations
next chapter The Principal–Agent Model and Inter-Organizational Relations
Literature
Abbott, K. W. and Snidal D. (1998) ‘Why States Act through Formal International Organizations’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42:1, 3–32.CrossRef
Aldrich, H. E. (1979) Organizations and Environments, Englewood-Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Aldrich, H. and Herker, D. (1977) ‘Boundary Spanning Roles and Organization Structure’, The Academy of Management Review, 2:2, 217–30.
Allison, G. T. (1971) Essence of Decision. Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2nd ed. 1999 with Philip Zelikow, New York: Longman.
Allison, G. T. (2002) ‘Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis’, in: Ikenberry, G. J. (ed.) American Foreign Policy. Theoretical Essays, 4th ed., New York: Longman, 396–441.
Alter, C. and Hage, J. (1993) Organizations Working Together, London: Sage.
Archer, C. (1993) International Organizations, 2nd ed., London: Routledge.
Art, R. (1973) ‘Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique’, Policy Sciences 4, 467–90.CrossRef
Barnett, M. and Coleman, L. (2005) ‘Designing Police: Interpol and the Study of Change in International Organizations’, International Studies Quarterly, 49:4, 593–619.CrossRef
Barnett, M. and Finnemore, M. (1999) ‘The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations’, International Organization, 53:4, 699–732.CrossRef
Barnett, M. and Finnemore, M. (2004) Rules of the World: International Organizations in Global Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Barnett, M. and Finnemore, M. (2005) ‘The Power of Liberal International Organizations’, in: Barnett, M. and Duvall, R. (eds.) Power in Global Governance, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 185–204.
Bauer, S., Biermann, F., Dingwerth, K. and Siebenhüner B. (2009) ‘Understanding International bureaucracies: Taking Stock’, in: Biermann, F. and Siebenhüner, B. (eds.) Managers of Global Change. The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 15 - 36.CrossRef
Bauer, S. and Weinlich, S. (2011) ‘International Bureaucracies: Organizing World Politics’, in: Reinalda, B. (ed.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors, Farnham: Ashgate, 250–62.
Beach, D. (2004) ‘The Unseen Hand in Treaty Reform Negotiations: the Role and Influence of the Council Secretariat’, Journal of European Public Policy, 11:3, 408–39.CrossRef
Bendor, J. and Hammond, T. H. (1992) ‘Rethinking Allison’s Models’, American Political Science Review, 86:2, 301–21.CrossRef
Biermann, R. (2008a) ‘Inter-Organizational Relations: An Emerging Research Program’, in: Reinalda, B. (ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors, Aldershot: Ashgate 2011, 173–84.
Biermann, R. (2008b) ‘Rivalry among International Organizations. The Downside of Institutional Choice’, Paper prepared for the Conference ‘Internationale Beziehungen und Organisationsforschung – Stand und Perspektiven’. Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center on Governance, Public Policy and Law, 18 September.
Biermann, R. (2011) ‘Designing Inter-Organizational Cooperation. The Quest for Autonomy and the Effectiveness-Control Dilemma’, Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Montreal, 27 August.
Biermann, R. (2015) ‘Designing cooperation among international organizations. Autonomy Concerns, the Dual Consensus Rule, and Cooperation Failure, Journal of International Organization Studies, 6:3, 45–66.
Biermann, F. and Siebenhüner, B. (eds., 2009a) Managers of Global Change. The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Biermann, F. and Siebenhüner, B. (2009b) ‘The Role and Relevance of International Bureaucracies: Setting the Stage’, in: ibid. (eds., 2009) Managers of Global Change. The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1–14.
Biermann, F. and Siebenhüner, B. (2009c) ‘The Influence of International Bureaucracies in World Politics: Findings from the MANUS Research Project’, in: ibid. (eds., 2009) Managers of Global Change. The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 319–50.
Biermann, F., Siebenhüner, B., Busch, P.-O., Campe, S., Dingwerth, K. Grothmann, T., Marschinski, R. and Tarradell, M. (2009) ‘Studying the Influence of International Bureaucracies: A Conceptual Framework’, in: Biermann, F. and Siebenhüner, B. (eds.) Managers of Global Change. The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 37–74.CrossRef
Chwieroth, J. M. (2008) ‘Normative Change From Within: The International Monetary Fund’s Approach to Capital Account Liberalization’, International Studies Quarterly 52, 129–58.CrossRef
Chwieroth, J.M. (2012) ‘“The Silent Revolution”’: How the Staff Exercise Informal Governance Over IMF Lending’, The Review of International Organizations, 8:2, 265–90.CrossRef
Cortell, A.P. and Peterson, S. (2006) ‘Dutiful agents, rogue actors, or both? Staffing, voting rules, and slack in the WHO and WTO’, in: Hawkins, D.G. et al. (eds.) Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 255–80.CrossRef
Cox, R. W. and Jacobson, H. K. (1973a) ‘The Framework for Inquiry’, in: ibid. (eds.) The Anatomy of Influence. Decision Making in International Organization, New Haven und London: Yale University Press, 1–36.
Cox, R. W. and Jacobson, H. K. (1973b) ‘The Anatomy of Influence’, in: ibid. (eds.) The Anatomy of Influence. Decision Making in International Organization, New Haven und London: Yale University Press, 371–430.
Davies, M. D. V. (2002) The Administration of International Organizations. Top down and bottom up, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Dijkstra, H. (2012) ‘The Influence of EU officials in European Security and Defence’, European Security, 21:3, 311–27.CrossRef
Dijkzeul, D. and Beigbeder, Y. (2003) Rethinking International Organizations. Pathology and Promise, New York: Berghahn.
Dingwerth, K., Kerwer, D. and Nölke, A. (2009) ‘Einleitung: Internationale Politik und Organisationen’, in: ibid. (eds.) Die Organisierte Welt. Internationale Beziehungen und Organisationsforschung, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Duffield, J. (2007) ‘What are International Institutions?’, International Studies Quarterly, 91:1, 1–22.
Ellis, D. C. (2010) ‘The Organizational Turn in International Organization Theory’, Journal of International Organization Studies, 1:1, 11–28.
Elsig, M. (2007) ‘The EU’s Choice of Regulatory Venues for Trade Negotiations: A Tale of Agency Power?’ Journal of Common Market Studies, 45:4, 927–48.CrossRef
Elsig, M. (2011) ‘Principal-agent theory and the World Trade Organization: Complex agency and ‘missing delegation”, European Journal of International Relations, 17:3, 495–517.CrossRef
Gordenker, L. (2005) The UN Secretary-General and the Secretariat, Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Gottfredson, L.S. and White, P.E. (1981) ‘Interorganizational agreements’, in: Nystrom, P. C. and Starbuck, W. H. (eds.) Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 471–86.
Gould, E. R. (2006) ‘Delegating IMF conditionality: understanding variations in control and conformity’, in: Hawkins, D. G. et al. (eds.) Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 281–311.CrossRef
Gowan, R. (2009) ‘ESDP and the United Nations’, in: Grevi, G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D. (eds.) European Security and Defense Policy: The first ten years (1999–2009), Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 117–26.
Gutner, T. (2005) ‘Explaining the Gaps between Mandate and Performance: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform’, Global Environmental Politics, 5:2, 10–36.CrossRef
Gutner, T. and Thompson, A. (2010) ‘The politics of IO performance: a framework’, Review of International Organizations, 5:3, 227–48.CrossRef
Haas, E. B. (1964) Beyond the Nation-State. Functionalism and International Organizations, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Haas, E. B. (1976) ‘Turbulent Fields and the Theory of Regional Integration’, International Organization, 30:2, 173–212.CrossRef
Haftel, Y. Z. and Thompson, A. (2006) ‘The Independence of International Organizations: Concept and Applications’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50:2, 253–75.CrossRef
Halperin, M. H. (1974) Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Halperin, M. H. and Kanter, A. (1973) Readings in American Foreign Policy. A Bureaucratic Perspective, Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Harsch, M. F. (2015) The Power of Dependence: NATO-UN Cooperation in Crisis Management, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Hawkins, D. G., Lake, D. A., Nielson, D. L. and Tierney, M. J. (2006) ‘Delegation under anarchy: states, international organizations, and principal-agent theory’, in: ibid. (eds.) Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–38.
Hawkins, D. G. and Jacoby, W. (2006) ‘How Agents Matter’, in: Hawkins, D. G., Lake, D. A., Nielson, D. L. and Tierney, M. J. (eds.) Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 199–228.CrossRef
Herrhausen, A. (2007) Coordination in United Nations Peacebuilding – A Theory-Guided Approach. Berlin: Social Science Research Center, Discussion Paper SPIV2007-301.
Jönsson, Christer (1986) ‘Interorganization Theory and International Organization’, International Studies Quarterly, 30:1, 39–57.CrossRef
Jönsson, C. (1993) ‘International organization and co-operation: An interorganizational perspective’, International Social Science Journal, 45:138, 463–77.
Kaarbo, J. (1998) ‘Power Politics in Foreign Policy: The Influence of Bureaucratic Minorities’, European Journal of International Relations, 4:1, 67–97.CrossRef
Karns, M. P and Mingst, K. A. (2010) International Organizations. The Politics and Processes of Global Governance, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Keohane, R. O. (1969) ‘Institutionalization in the United Nations General Assembly’, International Organization, 23:4, 859–96.CrossRef
Keohane, R. O. (1975) International Organization and the Crisis of Interdependence, International Organization, 29:2, 357–65.CrossRef
Keohane, R. O. (1980) ‘The Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Economic Regimes, 1967-1977’, in: Holsti, O. R., Siverson, R. M. and George, A. E. (eds.) Change in the International System, Boulder, CO: Westview, 131–62.
Keohane, R. O. (1984) After Hegemony. Power and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Keohane, R. (1989) International Institutions and State Power, Boulder: Westview Press.
Kille, K. J., and Hendrickson, R. C. (2010), ‘Secretary-General Leadership across the United Nations and NATO: Kofi Annan, Javier Solana, and Operation Allied Force’, Global Governance, 16, 505–23.
Klabbers, J. (2009) An Introduction to International Institutional Law, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Koch, M. (2006) Processes of Autonomization in/of International Organizations? The Case of the World Trade Organiation (WTO), Bielefeld: Institut für Weltgesellschaft (Working Paper Series).
Kolb, M. (2013) The European Union and the Council of Europe, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
Koops, J. A. (2012) ‘NATO’s Influence on the Evolution of the European Union as a Security Actor’, in: Joergensen, K.E. and Costa, O. (eds.), The Influence of International Institutions on the EU, Basingstoke, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 155–86.CrossRef
Koremnos, B., Lipson, C. and Snidal, D. (2001) ‘The Rational Design of International Institutions’, International Organization, 55:4, 761–99.CrossRef
Kozak, D. C. (1988) ‘The Bureaucratic Politics Approach: The Evolution of the Paradigm’, in: Kozak, D. C. and Keagle, J. M. (eds.) Bureaucratic Politics and National Security. Theory and Practice, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 3–15.
Krasner, S. D. (2002) ‘Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland)’, in: Ikenberry, G. J. (ed.) American Foreign Policy. Theoretical Essays, 4th ed., New York: Longman, 441–53.
Krasner, S. D. (1982) ‘Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables’, International Organization, 36:3, 185–205.CrossRef
Kratochwil, F. and Ruggie, J. G. (1986) ‘International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State’, International Organization, 40:4, 229–54.CrossRef
Liese, A. and Weinlich, S. (2006) ‘Verwaltungsstäbe internationaler Organisationen’, Politische Vierteljahresschrift (Special Edition 37), 491–524.
Lynch, D. (2009) ‘ESDP and the OSCE’, in: Grevi, G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D. (eds.) European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999–2009), Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 139–146.
Martin, L. M. (2006) ‘Distribution, information, and delegation to international organizations: the case of IMF conditionality’, in: Hawkins, D. G., Lake, D. A., Nielson, D. L. and Tierney, M. J. (eds.) Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 140–64.CrossRef
Martin, L. L. and Simmons, B. A. (2001) ‘Preface’, in: ibid. (eds.) International Institutions. An International Organization Reader, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, 1–3.
Mathiason, J. (2007) Invisible Governance: International Secretariats in Global Politics, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
Mayer, S. (ed., 2014) NATO’s Post-Cold Bureaucracy and the Changing Provision of Security, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994/95) ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International Security, 19:3, 5–50.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001) The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York: Norton & Company, Inc.
Megens, I. (1998) ‘The role of NATO’s bureaucracy in shaping and widening the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’, in: Reinalda, B. and Verbeek, B. (eds.) Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, London: Routledge, 120–133.
Moravcsik, A. (1997) ‘Taking Preferences Seriously. A Liberal Theory of International Politics’, International Organization, 51:4, 513–33.
Ness, G. D. and Brechin, S. R. (1988) ‘Bridging the gap: international organizations as organizations’, International Organization, 42:2, 245–73.
Nielson, D. L. and Tierney, M. J. (2003) ‘Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform’, International Organization, 57:2, 241–76.
Nielson, D. L., Tierney, M. J. and Weaver, C. E- (2006) ‘Bridging the rationalist-constructivist divide: re-engineering the culture of the World Bank’, Journal of International Relations and Development, 9, 107–139.
Peters, I. (2004) ‘The OSCE, NATO and the EU within the “Network of Interlocking European Security Institutions”: Hierarchization, Flexibilization, Marginalization’, in: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg (ed.) OSCE Yearbook 2003, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 381–402.
Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G. R. (2003) The External Control of Organizations. A Resource Dependence Perspective, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2nd ed.
Pollack, M. A. (1997) ‘Delegation, agency, and agenda setting in the European Community’, International Organization, 51:1, 99–134.
Reed, M. (2009) ‘Bureaucratic Theory and Intellectual Renewal in Contemporary Organization Studies’, in: Adler, P. S. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Sociology and Organization Studies: Classical Foundations, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reinalda, B. (2013) Routledge Handbook of International Organizations, Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Reinalda, B. and Verbeek, B. (2004) ‘The issue of decision making within international organizations’, in: ibid. (eds.) Decision Making Within International Organizations, London and New York: Routledge, 9–42.
Rittberger, V. and Zangl, B. (2006) International Organization. Polity, Politics and Policies, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rochester, J. M. (1986) ‘The rise and fall of international organization as a field of study’, International Organization, 40:4, 777–813.
Rosati, J. A. (1981) ‘Developing a Systematic Decision-Making Framework: Bureaucratic Politics in Perspective’, World Politics, 33:2, 234–52.
Schäferhoff, M. (2009) ‘Kooperation oder Konkurrenz? Zur Kooperationsbereitschaft internationaler Verwaltungsstäbe in transnationalen öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften’, in: Dingwerth, K., Kerwer D. and Nölke A. (eds.) Die Organisierte Welt. Internationale Beziehungen und Organisationsforschung, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 211–31.
Scheuermann, M. (2012) VN-EU-Beziehungen in der militärischen Friedenssicherung, Baden-Baden: Nomos.CrossRef
Schneider, G. (1997) ‘Die bürokratische Politik der Außenpolitikanalyse. Das Erbe Allisons im Lichte der gegenwärtigen Forschungspraxis’, Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, 4:1, 107–23.
Schopler, J. H. (1987) ‘Interorganizational Groups: Origins, Structure, and Outcomes’, The Academy of Management Review, 12:4, 702–13.
Scott, R. W. (1998) Organizations. Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Shanks, C., Jacobson, H. K. and Kaplan, J. H. (1996) ‘Inertia and change in the constellation of international governmental organizations, 1981–1992’, International Organization, 50:4, 593–627.CrossRef
Simmons, B. and Martin, L. (2002) ‘International Organizations and Institutions’, in: Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T. and Simmons, B. A. (eds.) Handbook of International Relations, Los Angeles: Sage, 192–211.CrossRef
Tardy, T. (2009) ‘EU-UN relations in military crisis management’, Studia Diplomatica, 62:3, 43–52.
Thompson, A. (2006) ‘Screening Power: International Organizations as Informative Agents’, in: Hawkins, D. G., Lake, D. A., Nielson, D. L. and Tierney, M. J. (eds.) Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 229–54.CrossRef
Trettin, F. and Junk, J. (2014) ‘Spoilers From Within: Bureaucratic Spoilers in United Nations Peace Operations’, Journal of International Organization Studies (Special Issue on Internal Dynamics and Dysfunctions of International Organizations), 5:1, 13–27.
Tudyka, K. P. (1998) ‘The margin beyond intergovernmentalism: The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe’, in: Reinalda, B. and Verbeek, B. (eds.) Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, London: Routledge, 108–19.
Tushman, M. L. and Scanlan, T. J. (1981) ‘Boundary Spanning Individuals: Their Role in Information Transfer and Their Antecedents’, The Academy of Management Journal, 24:2, 289–305.CrossRef
Vaubel, R. (2006) ‘Principal-agent problems in international organizations’, Review of International Organizations, 1:2, 125–138.CrossRef
Verbeek, B. (1998) ‘International organizations. The ugly duckling of international relations theory?’ in: Reinalda, B. and Verbeek, B. (eds.) Autonomous policy making by international organizations, London: Routledge, 11–26.
Weaver, C. (2008) Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRef
Weaver, C. and Leiteritz, R. J. (2005) ‘“Our Poverty is a World Full of Dreams”: Reforming the World Bank’, Global Governance, 11:3, 369–88.
Weinlich, S. (2011) Shaping Peace Operations: The Influence of the UN Secretariat, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Weiss, T. G. (1975) International Bureaucracy, Lexington, M.A.: Lexington Books.
Welch, D. A. (1992) ‘The Organizational Process and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigm: Retrospect and Prospect’, International Security, 17:2, 112–46.CrossRef
Welch, D. A. (1998) ‘A Positive Science of Bureaucratic Politics?’ Mershon International Studies Review, 42:2, 210–16.CrossRef
Weldes, J. (1998) ‘Bureaucratic Politics: A Critical Constructivist Assessment’, Mershon International Studies Review, 42:2, 216–25.CrossRef
Yost, D. S. (2007) NATO and International Organizations, Forum Paper No. 3, Rome: NATO Defense College.
Metadata
Title
The Role of International Bureaucracies
Author
Rafael Biermann
Copyright Year
2017
Book
Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics

Print ISBN: 978-1-137-36038-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-137-36039-7

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-36039-7_11