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2023 | Book

The Sharing Economy for Tackling Cybercrime

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About this book

This book explains Europol’s online sharing platforms efforts in three major cybercrime areas: ransomware, money laundering with cryptocurrencies, and online child sexual exploitation that Europol has already pushed private and public actors to cooperate.

Since the global financial crisis, online sharing economy platforms have made a significant impact on use of under-utilized resources. People who have a car (Uber) or a spare room (Airbnb) began to share their under-used assets with others for extra income. The success achieved by these online platforms that enable efficient use of limited resources raised a new discussion on whether a similar governance model can be implemented by public administrations where public resources are insufficient. Cybercrime is one of these fields where most law enforcement agencies have not got enough resources to tackle these crimes. They need the human and technical resources of the private sector for a safer society. This book, for the first time, seeks the answers to this question. It examines the feasibility of online sharing economy platforms to enhance public-private partnerships to tackle cybercrime. The European Union Policing Agency, Europol, is the first police organization to adopt a similar model to interact with policing agencies and private industry.

Drawing on extensive research, the book offers crucial insights for policymakers, researchers, and the public interested in new trends in sharing economy, innovative governance models, public-private partnerships, and cybercrime investigations.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. About the Book
Abstract
Since the rapid transformation in information technologies (IT) and the internet, socio-economic interaction between individuals has significantly transformed. People increasingly depend on digital technologies for socialisation, communication, and exchanging goods and services. The technological advantages in cyberspace, while facilitating connectivity and making life easier for individuals, also brought new problems. One of these problems is called cybercrime; all the criminal activities carried out in cyberspace. The easy accessibility and anonymity offered by the internet not only encourage offenders but also create a big challenge for those investigating cybercrime. Tackling cybercrime often requires specialised technical knowledge, skills, and resources.
Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert
Chapter 2. Cybercrime, Public-Private Partnership and Europol
Abstract
This chapter aims to outline some of the key terms and factors why public-private partnerships (P3) are necessary to tackle cybercrime, and, when and how Europol engaged with different P3 in this context. The chapter starts with the definition of cybercrime and P3. It continues by explaining the main factors of why P3 is needed and what the barriers to overcome for an effective P3 are. In the final section, the historical background of Europol’s P3 engagement is summarised to understand the progress that paved the way for the adaption of sharing economy as a new cybersecurity governance model.
Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert
Chapter 3. The Sharing Economy for a Public-Private Partnership
Abstract
This chapter examines the theoretical framework of the sharing economy and how it may work as a new P3 model while tackling cybercrime. The sharing economy concepts defined in this chapter will be utilised in the following empirical chapters to examine the effectiveness of Europol's different sharing economy platforms. This chapter starts by explaining sharing economy concept. It is followed by identifying the most prominent variables of sharing economy concept, namely low barrier accessibility, transaction cost and building trust.
Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert
Chapter 4. Mitigating Ransomware Victimisation Through the Sharing Economy
Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the ‘No More Ransom' platform on scarce resource sharing between the public and private sectors to mitigate ransomware victimisation. The chapter investigates the effectiveness of the platform with the most prominent sharing economy variables; low barrier accessibility, transaction cost, and trust-building. The chapter employs each sharing economy variable on three beneficiaries of the platform victims, law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and private companies. Based on Europol documents, semi-structured elite interviews and online expert webinars, the chapter's central argument is that the ‘No More Ransom' platform provides a low barrier to entry for victims, LEAs, and private companies to access the platform. It also reduces the transaction cost for all parties sharing decryption tools. However, for more efficient resource sharing, the addition of robust trust-building mechanisms in the platform for the private sector will reduce the possible trust issues between LEAs and the private sector and motivate and encourage more private sector participation. Increasing private sector participation, as a result, will reduce the transaction cost of obtaining decryption tools by victims.
Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert
Chapter 5. Tracing Crypto-Laundering Through the Sharing Economy
Abstract
This chapter examines the effectiveness of the Global Conference on Criminal Finances and Cryptocurrencies as a P3 initiative with a sharing economy model. The analysis is based on the claims presented in Europol documents and public statements of Europol executives that this initiative serves as a platform for knowledge exchange and building professional networks between public and private actors to tackle crypto-laundering. The chapter investigates the validity of these statements with the most prominent sharing economy concepts: low barrier accessibility, transaction cost and trust-building. The chapter employs each sharing economy concept on two beneficiaries of the platform: law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and non-governmental organizations. Based on Europol documents, an expert interview and participant observation of the 5th Global Cryptocurrency Conference, the chapter’s core argument is that these cryptocurrency conferences can be categorized as a sharing economy platform. They reduce the transaction cost for public and private actors to share knowledge about the latest trends and threats about crypto-laundering and reduce transaction costs for networking. However, co-founders should consider integrating robust trust-building mechanisms that allow low barrier entry to the conference, which will facilitate more inclusive and optimized P3.
Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert
Chapter 6. Crowdsourcing to Tackle Online Child Sexual Exploitation
Abstract
This chapter examines the crowdsourcing model of Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ (SCATO) platform on collecting tips provided by the public to tackle online child sexual exploitation. The chapter investigates the effectiveness of the platform with the most prominent sharing economy/crowdsourcing variables; low barrier accessibility, transaction cost and trust-building. Based on Europol documents and semi-structured elite interviews, the chapter’s core argument is that the SCATO provides a low barrier entry for the crowd to share tips with LEAs. However, to reduce the transaction cost of intelligence gathering, the item pictures shared on the platform should stimulate high-value reporting without compromising the victim’s anonymity. The platform also needs a clear guideline and feedback mechanism to encourage more public contribution.
Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert
Chapter 7. Conclusion
Abstract
As global cybercrime continues to grow, technical and financial obstacles the LEAs are facing necessitate efficient resource sharing with the private sector to tackle cybercrime.
Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
The Sharing Economy for Tackling Cybercrime
Authors
Ethem Ilbiz
Christian Kaunert
Copyright Year
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-20274-2
Print ISBN
978-3-031-20273-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20274-2

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