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2018 | Book

The Web Was Done by Amateurs

A Reflection on One of the Largest Collective Systems Ever Engineered

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About this book

This book stems from the desire to systematize and put down on paper essential historical facts about the Web, a system that has undoubtedly changed our lives in just a few decades. But how did it manage to become such a central pillar of modern society, such an indispensable component of our economic and social interactions? How did it evolve from its roots to today? Which competitors, if any, did it have to beat out? Who are the heroes behind its success?

These are the sort of questions that the book addresses. Divided into four parts, it follows and critically reflects on the Web’s historical path. “Part I: The Origins” covers the prehistory of the Web. It examines the technology that predated the Web and fostered its birth. In turn, “Part II: The Web” describes the original Web proposal as defined in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee and the most relevant technologies associated with it. “Part III: The Patches” combines a historical reconstruction of the Web’s evolution with a more critical analysis of its original definition and the necessary changes made to the initial design. In closing, “Part IV: System Engineering” approaches the Web as an engineered infrastructure and reflects on its technical and societal success.

The book is unique in its approach, combining historical facts with the technological evolution of the Web. It was written with a technologically engaged and knowledge-thirsty readership in mind, ranging from curious daily Web users to undergraduate computer science and engineering students.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Web Was Done by Amateurs
A 2012 Reflection of Alan Kay
Abstract
In 2012, the ACM Turing Award winner Alan Kay released an interview with Dr. Dobb’s Journal in which he stated “the Web was done by amateurs.” In this first chapter, we look at possible motivations for such a statement and we introduce three important characters that recur throughout the book: the inventor of the Web, Tim Berners-Lee; hypertext pioneer, Ted Nelson; and Alan Kay.
Marco Aiello
Correction to: The Web Was Done by Amateurs
Marco Aiello

The Origins

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. The Pacific-Ocean Internet
A Few Decades that Changed Society
Abstract
The Web is an application running on top of the Internet. In this chapter, we briefly overview the history of the Internet, from the ARPANET project all the way to current issues of Net neutrality.
Marco Aiello
Chapter 3. Hypermedia Until the Web
From Microfilms to Electronic Links
Abstract
Writers have been experimenting with text fruition and trying to go beyond the traditional book format for several decades. In this chapter, we overview the history of hypertextuality, focusing on computer systems that utilize it as their core principle. These include Engelbart’s 1960s onLineSystem, Nelson’s Xanadu, Atkinson’s HyperCard, and, obviously, Berners-Lee’s Web.
Marco Aiello

The Web

Frontmatter
Chapter 4. The Original Web Pattern
URL, HTTP, and
Abstract
Three protocols lie at the core of the original Web proposal: the Uniform Resource Locator, the HyperText Transfer Protocol, and the HyperText Markup Language. This chapter is dedicated to their introduction and illustrates the basics of their way of working.
Marco Aiello
Chapter 5. The Browser Lament
And the Browser Wars
Abstract
The first browser was built by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. With the growing popularity of the Web, many more were released, and given the economic implications of having a dominating browser, strong competition occurred between the companies developing them. This competition has been at times so fierce as to deserve being called the “browser wars.” In this chapter, we consider the evolution and success of Web browsers such as Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer, and Chrome.
Marco Aiello

The Patches

Frontmatter
Chapter 6. Patching the Web
Abstract
The original design of the Web is based on stateless interactions and users following textual hyperlinks. Early in the history of the Web, this approach showed limitations and called for additions to the original set of Web protocols. We define some crucial additions as patches and present three major computational ones.
Marco Aiello
Chapter 7. Patch IV: Web Services
Web∗
Abstract
Web services are composable, autonomous computational units that can be accessed via the Internet. They can be seen as an extension to the Web that bypasses the HTML presentation layer and exploits the Web and the Internet as a computational infrastructure. We consider this to be the fourth computational patch to the Web.
Marco Aiello
Chapter 8. The Unexploited Patch
ONTOΛOΓIA for Everything
Abstract
The Semantic Web is an extension to enable the semantic annotation of textual pages. It is a patch to the Web as it addresses the uplifting of the hypertextual system to a system of concepts, to words with well-defined meaning. In this chapter, we overview Semantic Web concepts and technologies and we relate them to the general evolution of the Web.
Marco Aiello

System Engineering

Frontmatter
Chapter 9. The Self-Organizing Web
One Web, an Infinity of Spiders
Abstract
One of the beauties of the Web is its lack of centralized control and the possibility for anyone to contribute content and functionalities. The Web is therefore a self-organizing system. In this chapter, we look at the Web through the lenses of self-organization and its implications on the Web’s growth, structure, success, and ways of searching for information.
Marco Aiello
Chapter 10. The Pervasive Future
At the Edge of a Web of Things
Abstract
The Web has evolved tremendously in its relatively short 30 years of existence. In this chapter, we consider current trends in Web-related technologies. In particular, we consider the trend toward mobile and the role of Artificial Intelligence.
Marco Aiello
Chapter 11. Should a New Web Be Designed?
The Greenfield Utopia
Abstract
In this final chapter of the book, we reflect on the history of the Web and its possible future evolutions.
Marco Aiello
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
The Web Was Done by Amateurs
Author
Prof. Dr. Marco Aiello
Copyright Year
2018
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-90008-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-90007-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90008-7

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