Skip to main content
Top

2014 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Three-Way Decisions Versus Two-Way Decisions on Filtering Spam Email

Authors : Xiuyi Jia, Lin Shang

Published in: Transactions on Rough Sets XVIII

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

A three-way decisions solution and a two-way decisions solution for filtering spam emails are examined in this paper. Compared to two-way decisions, the spam filtering is no longer viewed as a binary classification problem, and each incoming email is accepted as a legitimate or rejected as a spam or undecided as a further-examined email in the three-way decisions. One advantage of the three-way decisions solution for spam filtering is that it can reduce the error rate of classifying a legitimate email to spam with minimum misclassification cost. The other one is that the solution can provide a more meaningful decision procedure for users while it is not restricted to a specific classifier. Experimental results on several corpus show that the three-way decisions solution can get a lower error rate and a lower misclassification cost.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Androutsopoulos, I., Paliouras, G., Karkaletsis, V., Sakkis, G., Spyropoulos, C.D., Stamatopoulos, P.: Learning to filter spam e-mail: a comparison of a naive bayesian and a memory-based approach. In: 4th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, pp. 1–13 (2000) Androutsopoulos, I., Paliouras, G., Karkaletsis, V., Sakkis, G., Spyropoulos, C.D., Stamatopoulos, P.: Learning to filter spam e-mail: a comparison of a naive bayesian and a memory-based approach. In: 4th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, pp. 1–13 (2000)
2.
go back to reference Benevenuto, F., Magno, G., Rodrigues, T., Almeida, V.: Detecting spammers on twitter. In: 7th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference (2010) Benevenuto, F., Magno, G., Rodrigues, T., Almeida, V.: Detecting spammers on twitter. In: 7th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference (2010)
3.
go back to reference Carreras, X., Marquez, L.: Boosting trees for anti-spam email filtering. In: European Conference on Recent Advances in NLP (2001) Carreras, X., Marquez, L.: Boosting trees for anti-spam email filtering. In: European Conference on Recent Advances in NLP (2001)
4.
go back to reference Chow, C.K.: On optimum recognition error and reject tradeoff. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 16(1), 41–46 (1970)CrossRef Chow, C.K.: On optimum recognition error and reject tradeoff. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 16(1), 41–46 (1970)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference DeBarr, D., Wechsler, H.: Spam detection using clustering, random forests, and active learning. In: 6th Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (2009) DeBarr, D., Wechsler, H.: Spam detection using clustering, random forests, and active learning. In: 6th Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (2009)
6.
go back to reference Domingos, P., Pazzani, M.: Beyond independence: conditions for the optimality of the simple Bayesian classifier. In: 13th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 105–112 (1996) Domingos, P., Pazzani, M.: Beyond independence: conditions for the optimality of the simple Bayesian classifier. In: 13th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 105–112 (1996)
7.
go back to reference Drucker, H., Wu, D.H., Vapnik, V.N.: Support vector machines for spam categorization. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 10(5), 1048–1054 (1999)CrossRef Drucker, H., Wu, D.H., Vapnik, V.N.: Support vector machines for spam categorization. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 10(5), 1048–1054 (1999)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Elkan, C.: The foundations of cost-sensitive learning. In: 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 973–978 (2001) Elkan, C.: The foundations of cost-sensitive learning. In: 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 973–978 (2001)
9.
go back to reference Fiumara, G., Marchi, M., Pagano, R., Provetti, A., Spada, N.: A rule-based system for end-user e-mail annotations. In: 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference, pp. 102–108 (2011) Fiumara, G., Marchi, M., Pagano, R., Provetti, A., Spada, N.: A rule-based system for end-user e-mail annotations. In: 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference, pp. 102–108 (2011)
10.
go back to reference Halder, S., Wei, C., Sprague, A.: Overview of existing methods of spam mining and potential usefulness of sender’s name as parameter for fuzzy string matching. ACEEE Int. J. Inf. Techonol. 1(1), 25–28 (2011) Halder, S., Wei, C., Sprague, A.: Overview of existing methods of spam mining and potential usefulness of sender’s name as parameter for fuzzy string matching. ACEEE Int. J. Inf. Techonol. 1(1), 25–28 (2011)
11.
go back to reference Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., Witten, I.H.: The WEKA data mining software: an update. SIGKDD Explor. 11(1), 130–133 (2009)CrossRef Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., Witten, I.H.: The WEKA data mining software: an update. SIGKDD Explor. 11(1), 130–133 (2009)CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Khonji, M., Jones, A., Iraqi, Y.: A study of feature subset evaluators and feature subset searching methods for phishing classification. In: 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Coference, pp. 135–144 (2011) Khonji, M., Jones, A., Iraqi, Y.: A study of feature subset evaluators and feature subset searching methods for phishing classification. In: 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Coference, pp. 135–144 (2011)
13.
go back to reference Khorsi, A.: An overview of content-based spam filtering techniques. Informatica 31, 269–277 (2007)MATH Khorsi, A.: An overview of content-based spam filtering techniques. Informatica 31, 269–277 (2007)MATH
14.
go back to reference Metsis, V., Androutsopoulos, I., Paliouras, G.: Spam filtering with naive bayes-which naive bayes? In: 3rd Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (2006) Metsis, V., Androutsopoulos, I., Paliouras, G.: Spam filtering with naive bayes-which naive bayes? In: 3rd Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (2006)
15.
go back to reference Mitchell, T.M.: Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill, New York (1997)MATH Mitchell, T.M.: Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill, New York (1997)MATH
16.
go back to reference Pauker, S.G., Kassirer, J.P.: The threshold approach to clinical decision making. N. Engl. J. Med. 302, 1109–1117 (1980)CrossRef Pauker, S.G., Kassirer, J.P.: The threshold approach to clinical decision making. N. Engl. J. Med. 302, 1109–1117 (1980)CrossRef
17.
18.
go back to reference Perez-Diaz, N., Ruano-Ordas, D., Mendez, J.R., Galvez, J.F., Fdez-Riverola, F.: Rough sets for spam filtering: selecting appropriate decision rules for boundary e-mail classification. Appl. Soft Comput. 12(11), 3671–3682 (2012)CrossRef Perez-Diaz, N., Ruano-Ordas, D., Mendez, J.R., Galvez, J.F., Fdez-Riverola, F.: Rough sets for spam filtering: selecting appropriate decision rules for boundary e-mail classification. Appl. Soft Comput. 12(11), 3671–3682 (2012)CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Sahami, M., Dumais, S., Heckerman, D., Horvitz, E.: A bayesian approach to filtering junk e-mail. In: Learning for Text Categorization-Papers from the AAAI Workshop, pp. 55–62 (1996) Sahami, M., Dumais, S., Heckerman, D., Horvitz, E.: A bayesian approach to filtering junk e-mail. In: Learning for Text Categorization-Papers from the AAAI Workshop, pp. 55–62 (1996)
20.
go back to reference Schneider, K.M.: A comparison of event models for Naive Bayes anti-spam e-mail filtering. In: 10th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 307–314 (2003) Schneider, K.M.: A comparison of event models for Naive Bayes anti-spam e-mail filtering. In: 10th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 307–314 (2003)
21.
go back to reference Wei, C., Sprague, A., Warner, G., Skjellum, A.: Identifying new spam domains by hosting IPs: improving domain blacklisting. In: 7th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Coference (2010) Wei, C., Sprague, A., Warner, G., Skjellum, A.: Identifying new spam domains by hosting IPs: improving domain blacklisting. In: 7th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Coference (2010)
22.
go back to reference Yao, Y.Y., Wong, S.K.M., Lingras, P.: A decision-theoretic rough set model. Methodol. Intell. Syst. 5, 17–24 (1992) Yao, Y.Y., Wong, S.K.M., Lingras, P.: A decision-theoretic rough set model. Methodol. Intell. Syst. 5, 17–24 (1992)
24.
go back to reference Zhao, W., Zhu, Y.: An email classification scheme based on decision-theoretic rough set theory and analysis of email security. In: 2005 IEEE Region 10 TENCON, pp. 1–C6 (2005) Zhao, W., Zhu, Y.: An email classification scheme based on decision-theoretic rough set theory and analysis of email security. In: 2005 IEEE Region 10 TENCON, pp. 1–C6 (2005)
25.
go back to reference Zhou, B., Yao, Y.Y., Luo, J.G.: A three-way decision approach to email spam filtering. In: 23th Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 28–39 (2010)CrossRef Zhou, B., Yao, Y.Y., Luo, J.G.: A three-way decision approach to email spam filtering. In: 23th Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 28–39 (2010)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Three-Way Decisions Versus Two-Way Decisions on Filtering Spam Email
Authors
Xiuyi Jia
Lin Shang
Copyright Year
2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44680-5_5

Premium Partner