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2018 | Book

Turkish Cultural Policies in a Global World

Editors: Prof. Muriel Girard, Prof. Jean-François Polo, Dr. Clémence Scalbert-Yücel

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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About this book

This book provides a multidisciplinary analysis of the production of Turkish cultural policies in the context of globalization and of the circulation of knowledge and practices. Focusing on circulations, the book proposes an innovative approach to the transfer of cultural policies, considering them in terms of co-production and synchrony. This argument is developed through an examination of circulations at the international, national, and local levels; employing original empirical data and case study analyses.
Divided into three parts the book first examines the Kemalist legacy, before turning to the cultural policies developed under the AKP’s leadership, and concludes by investigating the production of cultural policies in the outlying regions of Turkey. The authors shed new light on the particular importance of culture to the understanding of the societal upheavals in contemporary Turkey. By considering exchanges as circulations rather than one-way impositions, this book also advances our understanding of how territories are (re)defined by culture and makes a significant contribution to the interrogation of the concept of “Westernization”.
This book brings into clear focus the reconfigurations currently taking place in Turkish cultural policy, demonstrating that while they are driven by the ruling party, they are also the work of civil society actors. It convincingly argues that an authoritarian turn need not necessarily spell the end of the cultural scene, and highlights the innovative adaptations and resistance strategies used in this context. This book will appeal to students and scholars of public policy, sociology and cultural studies.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Introduction: Turkish Cultural Policies in a Global World—Circulations, Territories, and Actors
Abstract
This introductory chapter presents this volume’s objective: to provide a multidisciplinary analysis of Turkish cultural policies in a context of globalization and of the circulation of peoples, ideas, funds, models, and modes of action. Focusing on circulations, the book proposes a decentered approach to the transfer of cultural policies: it does not consider them in terms of imposition or importation from point A to point B (e.g. from Europe to Turkey) but in terms of coproduction and synchrony. It considers the circulations at the international, national, and local levels and the entanglement of scales. The chapter offers a review of the literature on Turkish cultural policy, followed by a presentation of its approach in terms of circulation and transfer, and an introduction to the other chapters.
Muriel Girard, Jean-François Polo, Clémence Scalbert-Yücel

The Kemalist Legacy

Frontmatter
Circulation of Humanism and Classicism During the Second World War in Turkey: The Case of the Painters’ Homeland Tours (1938–1946)
Abstract
This chapter examines how a project for artists patronized by the ruling party came to be in line with the discourses of humanism and classicism during the Second World War in Turkey. In 1938, Hasan-Âli Yücel implemented a cultural policy entitled “Turkish humanism”. By conceptualizing Turkish humanism as nationalism taken to a universal level, Yücel aspired to bring nationalism and Westernist ideals together. Humanism was thus seen as key to Westernization. In the same period, the Republican People’s Party initiated and sponsored the “Painters’ Homeland Tours” project (1938–1946). Initially a result of populist, nationalist and patronizing state policy, these tours were also in line with Turkey’s international politics.
Bengü Aydın Dikmen
Post-Ottoman Heritage(s), “Kemalist” Tourism and Cultural Policies in the Balkans
The Visibility and Hybridity of Mustapha Kemal Atatürk’s Places of Memory in Greece and the Republic of Macedonia
Abstract
In Balkan countries, the term “Ottoman heritage” evokes a contradictory set of perceptions, between awareness of a common cultural landscape and rejection or suspicion of remnants of the “Turkish yoke”. This chapter questions this ambivalence by focusing on Mustapha Kemal Atatürk’s places of memory in Thessaloniki, Greece, and Bitola, Republic of Macedonia. Part of wider spaces and territories, scales and stakes, Atatürk’s places of memory in the Balkans question ways of coping with a past—and heritages—at once shared and contested, at the crossroads of post-Ottoman cultural policies, urban renewal and regional development.
Olivier Givre, Pierre Sintès

Cultural Policy Under the AKP’s Leadership

Frontmatter
Turkish Cultural Policy: In Search of a New Model?
Abstract
By considering the models of cultural policies, this chapter explores changes to Turkish cultural policies since 2002. To do so it distinguishes between aspects stemming from a political project and those relating more to sectorial changes affecting cultural policy observable elsewhere in the world. It argues that while we are witnessing the depoliticization of cultural policy in Europe, the Justice and Development Party’s cultural policy is governed by a desire to display a separation from certain parts of the Kemalist reference framework and to promote Ottoman heritage instead. Against the backdrop of social and political polarization, culture has become a powerful policy instrument enabling the government to present its project as a break with the past, thanks to its symbolic dimensions.
Jean-François Polo
Converted Spaces, Converted Meanings: Looking at New Cultural Spaces in Istanbul through a Cultural Policy Lens
Abstract
Building cultural centers in line with egalitarian ideals may have been part of the Turkish modernization project. However, their (re)construction has continued increasingly in the last 20 years. This chapter examines the role of such centers and the meanings attributed to them under the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government. In doing so it discusses the uses of culture under this government and makes an assessment of cultural policy during 15 years of AKP rule. Examples are chosen specifically from the converted cultural centers in Istanbul in order to show that rebuilding cultural centers is a political act. Each of these cases helps to identify the different aims (neoliberal pragmatism, centralization of state powers, and conservative Islam as an ideology) behind the AKP’s cultural policy-making.
Ayça İnce
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Art and Vocational Training Courses: A Matrix for Reviving Arts and Handicrafts, Constructing Local Values, and Reworking National Culture
Abstract
This chapter analyses the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Art and Vocational Training Courses (İSMEK), as an actor of the reinvention of the “traditional arts and handicrafts”. It argues that İSMEK may be seen as a matrix for promoting Ottoman heritage, Islam, and Turkishness. It shows how a local though powerful institution can act as a powerful operator of social and cultural change. İSMEK places the twinned notions of tradition and modernity at the heart of its mechanisms. Its action in the field of arts and handicrafts may thus be seen as a heritage enterprise of inventing tradition. By examining the instruments, actors, and narratives involved, the chapter shows how İSMEK is actively constructing a new heritage sphere, which feeds into redefinitions of locality.
Muriel Girard
“Cultural Action” as Mode of Domination: Islamic Businessmen’s International Trade Fair and Configurations of Turkey’s Cultural Model
Abstract
This chapter questions the diversification of actors and spaces of the elaboration of a specific “cultural action” model through the analysis of an international event organized by businessmen. The Association of Independent Industrialists and Businessmen (Müstakil Sanayici ve İsṃadamları Derneği, MÜSIAD), the representative of Turkish Islamic businessmen close to the power elite, organized its 15th International Fair in November 2014 in Istanbul. International fairs are complex events whose political configurations count as much as business objectives. Their study shows that international economic action is not politically neutral, neither in relation to its objectives nor in relation to its practices. Backed by the government, MÜSIAD’s industrial exposition serves to display the Justice and Development Party’s power and becomes a vector of international circulation of the new dominant cultural model of Turkey.
Dilek Yankaya

Territorial Cultural Policies

Frontmatter
The Dream of a Village: The Yeşil Yayla Festival and the Making of a World of Culture in the Town of Arhavi
Abstract
This chapter takes the Culture, Art, and Environment Yesṃil Yayla Festival as a locus of observation of the making of a world of culture around the town of Arhavi in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. The analysis pays specific attention to the movements of associations and the dynamics of transfer, importation, and circulations of models and ways of doing. The chapter shows that there is no strongly designed and implemented cultural policy: the world of culture is rather constituted through a variety of cultural actions and is shaped by interactions, negotiations, and contingences. It argues that the world of culture coalesces or stabilizes at this specific point in time around what can be termed “rural heritage”.
Clémence Scalbert-Yücel
Tradition Makers. The Recognition Process of a Local Dance: From the Village to the Institutions
Abstract
This chapter examines a specific local folk dance tradition called zeybek. It details various aspects of the set-up of the local cultural scene around zeybek folk dances while observing the indexation of a local dance (in this case the zeybek) from the village of Eğridere (Tire) to the national folk dance repertoire. Emblematic of the Aegean region, the zeybek musical and choreographic repertoire symbolizes both the regional spirit and a national anchorage in the cultural institutions of the Turkish state. The chapter questions the consequences of performing “traditional dances” outside of their original context. It argues that zeybek cultural activities are playing a significant role in the communication between urban centers and rural areas, and it sketches a regional network of individuals, associations, and state regional institutions.
Lydia Zeghmar
World Heritage Manufacture in Turkey and the Introduction of a New Public Policy System
Abstract
This chapter analyses the administrative and political processes of both application to World Heritage status and management of World Heritage sites. It endeavors to establish whether one may speak of a Turkish United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO policy. It examines how a UNESCO project emerges, is drawn up, and leads to a site being inscribed on the World Heritage List. It explores local, national, and international levels of action, and identifies the different actors (political, administrative, and expert) involved in each stage of the process running from drawing up a tentative list (amounting to a national selection of potential candidates) through to the final decision by the World Heritage Committee. The chapter examines the case study of Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape.
Julien Boucly
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Turkish Cultural Policies in a Global World
Editors
Prof. Muriel Girard
Prof. Jean-François Polo
Dr. Clémence Scalbert-Yücel
Copyright Year
2018
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-63658-0
Print ISBN
978-3-319-63657-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63658-0

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