16. Ultrasonic Sensors for a K44DAS

Typical characteristics of ultrasonic sensors for parking assistance systems in automobiles are described. The chapter includes the principles of sound conversion into electrical energy and vice versa, material and production of piezoceramic transducer elements, acoustic design, as well as structure, setup, and installation of complete sensor elements into a vehicle. Simulation, measurement, and evaluation techniques for obstacle detection and distance calculation in the close range around the car are another major focus of this chapter. Performance characteristics and robustness factors together with a summary about current and future application in various configurations for advanced parking systems on the way to fully automated parking represent a roundup at the end.