Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Tribology Letters 1/2014

01-01-2014 | Original Paper

Understanding the Deformation of Soot Particles/Agglomerates in a Dynamic Contact: TEM In Situ Compression and Shear Experiments

Authors: Imène Lahouij, Fabrice Dassenoy, Béatrice Vacher, Kaustav Sinha, David A. Brass, Maryann Devine

Published in: Tribology Letters | Issue 1/2014

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This work investigates the effect of compression and sliding on diesel soot in a confined space. Experiments were conducted in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope equipped with an in situ nanoindenter mounted with a truncated diamond tip to manipulate single soot particles and agglomerates. It was shown that both, agglomerates and single particles, were quite resistant to load. Agglomerates did not break during the compression tests; instead, partially reversible compaction of the particles to fill the free space was witnessed, proving that strong cohesive forces exist between the soot particles. The primary particles exhibited good elastic behavior under compression, and the agglomerates mirrored this behavior. Sliding tests have shown the ability of both the agglomerates and single primary particles to roll in the contact zone. This work showed that diesel soot is highly resilient to stress.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Clague, D.H., Donnet, J.B., Wang, T.K., Peng, J.C.M.: A comparison of diesel engine soot with carbon black. Carbon 37, 1553–1565 (1999)CrossRef Clague, D.H., Donnet, J.B., Wang, T.K., Peng, J.C.M.: A comparison of diesel engine soot with carbon black. Carbon 37, 1553–1565 (1999)CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Esagbedo, C., Boehman, A.L., Perez, J.M.: Characteristics of diesel engine soot that lead to excessive oil thickening. Tribol. Int. 47, 194–203 (2012)CrossRef Esagbedo, C., Boehman, A.L., Perez, J.M.: Characteristics of diesel engine soot that lead to excessive oil thickening. Tribol. Int. 47, 194–203 (2012)CrossRef
3.
go back to reference LaRocca, A., DiLiberto, G., Shayler, P.J., Fay, M.W.: The nanostructure of soot-in-oil particles and agglomerates from an automotive diesel engine. Tribol. Int. 61, 80–87 (2013)CrossRef LaRocca, A., DiLiberto, G., Shayler, P.J., Fay, M.W.: The nanostructure of soot-in-oil particles and agglomerates from an automotive diesel engine. Tribol. Int. 61, 80–87 (2013)CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Bhowmick, H., Biswas, S.K.: Relationship between physical structure and tribology of single soot particles generated by burning ethylene. Tribol. Lett. 44, 139–149 (2011)CrossRef Bhowmick, H., Biswas, S.K.: Relationship between physical structure and tribology of single soot particles generated by burning ethylene. Tribol. Lett. 44, 139–149 (2011)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Buseck, P.R., Huang, B.J.: Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite during metamorphism. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 2003–2016 (1985)CrossRef Buseck, P.R., Huang, B.J.: Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite during metamorphism. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 2003–2016 (1985)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Bhowmick, H., Majumdar, S.K., Biswas, S.K.: Tribology of ethylene–air diffusion flame soot under dry and lubricated contact conditions. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44, 485401 (2011)CrossRef Bhowmick, H., Majumdar, S.K., Biswas, S.K.: Tribology of ethylene–air diffusion flame soot under dry and lubricated contact conditions. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44, 485401 (2011)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Shooto, N.D., Dikio, E.D.: Synthesis and characterization of diesel, kerosene and candle wax soot’s. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7, 4335–4344 (2012) Shooto, N.D., Dikio, E.D.: Synthesis and characterization of diesel, kerosene and candle wax soot’s. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7, 4335–4344 (2012)
8.
go back to reference Chen, Y., Shah, N., Braun, A., Huggins, F.E., Huffman, G.P.: Electron microscopy investigation of carbonaceous particulate matter generated by combustion of fossil fuels. Energy Fuels 19, 1644–1651 (2005)CrossRef Chen, Y., Shah, N., Braun, A., Huggins, F.E., Huffman, G.P.: Electron microscopy investigation of carbonaceous particulate matter generated by combustion of fossil fuels. Energy Fuels 19, 1644–1651 (2005)CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Ishiguro, T., Takatori, Y., Akithama, K.: Microstructure of diesel soot particles probed by electron microscopy: first observation of inner core and outer shell. Combust. Flame 108, 231–234 (1997)CrossRef Ishiguro, T., Takatori, Y., Akithama, K.: Microstructure of diesel soot particles probed by electron microscopy: first observation of inner core and outer shell. Combust. Flame 108, 231–234 (1997)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Rounds, F.G.: Carbon: cause of diesel engine wear? SAE 770829 (1977) Rounds, F.G.: Carbon: cause of diesel engine wear? SAE 770829 (1977)
11.
go back to reference Ryason, P.R., Chan, I., Gilmore, J.: Polishing wear by soot. Wear 137, 15–24 (1990)CrossRef Ryason, P.R., Chan, I., Gilmore, J.: Polishing wear by soot. Wear 137, 15–24 (1990)CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Kim, C., Passut, C., Zang, D.: Relationships among oil composition, combustion-generated soot, and diesel engine valve train wear. SAE 922199 (1992) Kim, C., Passut, C., Zang, D.: Relationships among oil composition, combustion-generated soot, and diesel engine valve train wear. SAE 922199 (1992)
13.
go back to reference Nagai, I., Endo, H., Nakamura, H., Yano, H.: Soot and valve train wear in passenger car diesel engines. SAE 831757 (1983) Nagai, I., Endo, H., Nakamura, H., Yano, H.: Soot and valve train wear in passenger car diesel engines. SAE 831757 (1983)
14.
go back to reference George, S., Balla, S., Gautam, M.: Effect of diesel soot contaminated oil on engine. Wear 262, 1113–1122 (2007)CrossRef George, S., Balla, S., Gautam, M.: Effect of diesel soot contaminated oil on engine. Wear 262, 1113–1122 (2007)CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Bardasz, E.A., Carrick, V.A., Ebeling, V.L., George, H.F., Graf, M.M., Kornbrekke, R.E., Pocinki, S.B.: Understanding soot mediated oil thickening through designed experimentation-part 2. GM 6.5 L. SAE 952527 (1995) Bardasz, E.A., Carrick, V.A., Ebeling, V.L., George, H.F., Graf, M.M., Kornbrekke, R.E., Pocinki, S.B.: Understanding soot mediated oil thickening through designed experimentation-part 2. GM 6.5 L. SAE 952527 (1995)
16.
go back to reference Ratoi, M., Spikes, H.A.: The influence of soot and dispersant on ZDDP film thickness and friction. Lubricat. Sci. 17(1), 25–43 (2004)CrossRef Ratoi, M., Spikes, H.A.: The influence of soot and dispersant on ZDDP film thickness and friction. Lubricat. Sci. 17(1), 25–43 (2004)CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Chinas-Castillo, F., Spikes, H.A.: The behavior of diluted sooted oils in lubricated contacts. Tribol. Lett. 16(4), 317–322 (2004)CrossRef Chinas-Castillo, F., Spikes, H.A.: The behavior of diluted sooted oils in lubricated contacts. Tribol. Lett. 16(4), 317–322 (2004)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Van Dam, W., Willis, W.W., Cooper, M.W.: The impact of lubricant composition and rheology on wear in heavy duty diesel engines. W.J. Bartz (ed.), Proceedings of the 12th International Colloquium Tribology 2000-Plus, vol. 1, Technische Akademie Esslingen, Jan, 515–525 (2000) Van Dam, W., Willis, W.W., Cooper, M.W.: The impact of lubricant composition and rheology on wear in heavy duty diesel engines. W.J. Bartz (ed.), Proceedings of the 12th International Colloquium Tribology 2000-Plus, vol. 1, Technische Akademie Esslingen, Jan, 515–525 (2000)
19.
go back to reference Needelman, W., Madhavan, P.: Review of lubricant contamination and diesel engine wear. SAE 881827 (1988) Needelman, W., Madhavan, P.: Review of lubricant contamination and diesel engine wear. SAE 881827 (1988)
20.
go back to reference Cadman, W., Johnson, J.: The study of the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on engine wear in a heavy-duty diesel engine using analytical ferrography. SAE 860378 (1986). Cadman, W., Johnson, J.: The study of the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on engine wear in a heavy-duty diesel engine using analytical ferrography. SAE 860378 (1986).
21.
go back to reference Gautam, M., Chitoor, K., Durbha, M., Summers, J.C.: Effect of diesel soot contaminated oil on engine wear—investigation of novel oil formulations. Tribol. Int. 32, 687–699 (1999)CrossRef Gautam, M., Chitoor, K., Durbha, M., Summers, J.C.: Effect of diesel soot contaminated oil on engine wear—investigation of novel oil formulations. Tribol. Int. 32, 687–699 (1999)CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Gautam, M., Durbha, M., Chitoor, K., Jaraiedi, M., Mariwalla, N., Ripple D.: Contribution of soot contaminated oils to wear. SAE 981406 (1998) Gautam, M., Durbha, M., Chitoor, K., Jaraiedi, M., Mariwalla, N., Ripple D.: Contribution of soot contaminated oils to wear. SAE 981406 (1998)
23.
go back to reference Gautam, M., Chitoor, K., Balla, S., Keane, M.: Contribution of soot contaminated oils to wear-part II. SAE 1999-01-1519 (1999) Gautam, M., Chitoor, K., Balla, S., Keane, M.: Contribution of soot contaminated oils to wear-part II. SAE 1999-01-1519 (1999)
24.
go back to reference Jao, T.C., Li, S., Yatsunami, K., Chen, S.J., Csontos, A.A., Howe, J.M.: Soot characterization and diesel engine wear. Lubricat. Sci. 16(2), 111–126 (2004)CrossRef Jao, T.C., Li, S., Yatsunami, K., Chen, S.J., Csontos, A.A., Howe, J.M.: Soot characterization and diesel engine wear. Lubricat. Sci. 16(2), 111–126 (2004)CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Howe, J.M., Mori, H., Wang, Z.L.: In situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in the study of nanomaterials and properties. MRS Bull. 33(2), 115–121 (2008)CrossRef Howe, J.M., Mori, H., Wang, Z.L.: In situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in the study of nanomaterials and properties. MRS Bull. 33(2), 115–121 (2008)CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Minor, A.M., Morris Jr, J.W., Stach, E.A.: Quantitative in situ nanoindentation in an electron microscope. App. Phys. Lett. 79, 1625–1627 (2001)CrossRef Minor, A.M., Morris Jr, J.W., Stach, E.A.: Quantitative in situ nanoindentation in an electron microscope. App. Phys. Lett. 79, 1625–1627 (2001)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Stach, E.A., Freeman, T., Minor, A.M., Owen, D.K., Cumings, J., Wall, M.A., Chraska, T., Hull, R., Morris Jr, J.W., Zettl, A., Dahmen, U.: Development of a nanoindenter for in situ transmission electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 7, 507–517 (2001) Stach, E.A., Freeman, T., Minor, A.M., Owen, D.K., Cumings, J., Wall, M.A., Chraska, T., Hull, R., Morris Jr, J.W., Zettl, A., Dahmen, U.: Development of a nanoindenter for in situ transmission electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 7, 507–517 (2001)
28.
go back to reference Li, N., Wang, J., Huang, J.Y., Misra, A., Zhang, X.: In situ TEM observations of room temperature dislocation climb at interfaces in nanolayered Al/Nb composites. Scr. Mater. 63, 363–366 (2010)CrossRef Li, N., Wang, J., Huang, J.Y., Misra, A., Zhang, X.: In situ TEM observations of room temperature dislocation climb at interfaces in nanolayered Al/Nb composites. Scr. Mater. 63, 363–366 (2010)CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Wang, Z.L., Poncharal, P., de Heer, W.A.: Measuring physical and mechanical properties of individual carbon nanotubes by in situ TEM. J. Phys. Chem. 61, 1025–1030 (2000) Wang, Z.L., Poncharal, P., de Heer, W.A.: Measuring physical and mechanical properties of individual carbon nanotubes by in situ TEM. J. Phys. Chem. 61, 1025–1030 (2000)
30.
go back to reference Han, X., Zheng, K., Zhang, Y.F., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z.L.: Low-temperature in situ large-strain plasticity of silicon nanowires. Adv. Mater. 19, 2112–2118 (2007)CrossRef Han, X., Zheng, K., Zhang, Y.F., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z.L.: Low-temperature in situ large-strain plasticity of silicon nanowires. Adv. Mater. 19, 2112–2118 (2007)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Asthana, A., Momeni, K., Prasad, A., Yap, Y.K., Yassar, R.S.: In situ observation of size-scale effects on the mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology 22, 265712 (2011)CrossRef Asthana, A., Momeni, K., Prasad, A., Yap, Y.K., Yassar, R.S.: In situ observation of size-scale effects on the mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology 22, 265712 (2011)CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Deneen, J., Mook, W.M., Minor, A.M., Gerberich, W.W., Carter, C.B.: In situ deformation of silicon nanospheres. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 4477–4483 (2006)CrossRef Deneen, J., Mook, W.M., Minor, A.M., Gerberich, W.W., Carter, C.B.: In situ deformation of silicon nanospheres. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 4477–4483 (2006)CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Shan, Z.W., Adesso, G., Cabot, A., Sherburne, M.P., Syed Asif, S.A., Warren, O.L., Chrzan, D.C., Minor, A.M., Alivisatos, A.P.: Ultrahigh stress and strain in hierarchically structured hollow nanoparticles. Nat Mat 7, 947–952 (2008)CrossRef Shan, Z.W., Adesso, G., Cabot, A., Sherburne, M.P., Syed Asif, S.A., Warren, O.L., Chrzan, D.C., Minor, A.M., Alivisatos, A.P.: Ultrahigh stress and strain in hierarchically structured hollow nanoparticles. Nat Mat 7, 947–952 (2008)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Lockwood, A.J., Inkson, B.J.: In situ TEM nanoindentation and deformation of Si-nanoparticle clusters. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 42, 035410 (2009)CrossRef Lockwood, A.J., Inkson, B.J.: In situ TEM nanoindentation and deformation of Si-nanoparticle clusters. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 42, 035410 (2009)CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Carlton, C.E., Ferreira, P.J.: In situ TEM nanoindentation of nanoparticles. Micron 43, 1134–1139 (2012)CrossRef Carlton, C.E., Ferreira, P.J.: In situ TEM nanoindentation of nanoparticles. Micron 43, 1134–1139 (2012)CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Lahouij, I., Dassenoy, F., De Knoop, L., Martin, J.M., Vacher, B.: In situ TEM observation of the behavior of an individual fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticle in a dynamic contact. Tribol. Lett. 42, 133–140 (2011)CrossRef Lahouij, I., Dassenoy, F., De Knoop, L., Martin, J.M., Vacher, B.: In situ TEM observation of the behavior of an individual fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticle in a dynamic contact. Tribol. Lett. 42, 133–140 (2011)CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Lahouij, I., Dassenoy, F., Vacher, B., Martin, J.M.: Real time imaging of compression and shear of single fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticle. Tribol. Lett. 45, 131–141 (2012)CrossRef Lahouij, I., Dassenoy, F., Vacher, B., Martin, J.M.: Real time imaging of compression and shear of single fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticle. Tribol. Lett. 45, 131–141 (2012)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Understanding the Deformation of Soot Particles/Agglomerates in a Dynamic Contact: TEM In Situ Compression and Shear Experiments
Authors
Imène Lahouij
Fabrice Dassenoy
Béatrice Vacher
Kaustav Sinha
David A. Brass
Maryann Devine
Publication date
01-01-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Tribology Letters / Issue 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1023-8883
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2711
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0246-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Tribology Letters 1/2014 Go to the issue

Premium Partners