Top

Journal of Materials Science

Published in:

30-04-2024 | Composites & nanocomposites

Upgrading of thermosets and composites via sequential frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization and radical reactions

Authors: Qingyan Zhan, Po Yang

Published in: Journal of Materials Science | Issue 18/2024

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) shows promise for manufacturing thermosets and composites. To widen the applications, this work develops a novel approach for the upgrading of polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) and fiber-reinforced composites via sequential FROMP and radical reactions to achieve high performance. Herein, we mixed DCPD, Grubbs catalyst and radical initiators in one pot, and initiated FROMP, a self-perpetuating reaction, to obtain FROMP-prepared PDCPD. Then, the further radical reactions were carried out at elevated temperature. With our strategy, the performances of PDCPD and its composites were dramatically upgraded. For instance, the T_g of PDCPD could be significantly improved from ~171 °C to ~240 °C. The T_g, flexural strength and modulus of FROMP fabricated composite were successively increased from 141 °C, 135.3 MPa and 36.9 GPa to 262 °C, 467.1 MPa and 43.2 GPa, respectively. We believe that this novel strategy will greatly improve the performance of PDCPD and composites, and open new avenues to apply FROMP to wider applications.

Graphical Abstract

previous article Comparative study on effects of steel fiber and imitation steel fiber on dynamic tensile properties of ultra-high-performance cementitious composites

next article Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study on the effect of surfactants on the compatibility of P(S-DVB)-SO4/CeO2 composite interface

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Williams G, Trask R, Bond I (2007) A self-healing carbon fibre reinforced polymer for aerospace applications. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 38:1525–1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.01.013CrossRef

Ravishankar B, Nayak SK, Kader MA (2019) Hybrid composites for automotive applications–a review. J Reinf Plast Compos 38:835–845. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684419849708CrossRef

Manalo A, Aravinthan T, Fam A, Benmokrane B (2017) State-of-the-art review on FRP sandwich systems for lightweight civil infrastructure. J Compos Constr. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000729CrossRef

Brøndsted P, Lilholt H, Lystrup A (2005) Composite materials for wind power turbine blades. Annu Rev Mater Res 35:505–538. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.100303.110641CrossRef

Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR et al (2023) Frontal polymerizations: from chemical perspectives to macroscopic properties and applications. Chem Rev 123:3237–3298. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Robertson ID, Yourdkhani M, Centellas PJ et al (2018) Rapid energy-efficient manufacturing of polymers and composites via frontal polymerization. Nature 557:223–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0054-xCrossRefPubMed

White SR, Kim C (1993) A simultaneous lay-up and in situ cure process for thick composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 12:520–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168449301200503CrossRef

Naseri I, Yourdkhani M (2022) Rapid and energy-efficient frontal curing of multifunctional composites using integrated nanostructured heaters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14:50215–50224. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c15415CrossRef

Abliz D, Duan YG, Steuernagel L, Xie L, Li DC, Ziegmann G (2013) Curing methods for advanced polymer composites–a review. Polym Polym Compos 21:341–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/096739111302100602CrossRef

10.

Mariani A, Fiori S, Chekanov Y, Pojman JA (2001) Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene. Macromolecules 34:6539–6541. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0106999CrossRef

11.

Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Sanna D, Ruiu A, Mariani A (2016) Effect of limonene on the frontal ring opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 54:63–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27776CrossRef

12.

Ruiu A, Sanna D, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Mariani A (2014) Advances in the frontal ring opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 52:2776–2780. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27301CrossRef

13.

Robertson ID, Pruitt EL, Moore JS (2016) Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization of exo-dicyclopentadiene for low catalyst loadings. ACS Macro Lett 5:593–596. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00227CrossRefPubMed

14.

Mauldin TC, Rule JD, Sottos NR, White SR, Moore JS (2007) Self-healing kinetics and the stereoisomers of dicyclopentadiene. J R Soc Interface 4:389–393. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0200CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Wang HM, Suslick BA, Lessard JJ et al (2023) Frontal polymerization of stereoisomers: distinct microstructures and properties in endo- and exo-dicyclopentadiene thermosets. Macromolecules 57:142–149. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02177CrossRef

16.

Dean LM, Wu Q, Alshangiti O, Moore JS, Sottos NR (2020) Rapid synthesis of elastomers and thermosets with tunable thermomechanical properties. ACS Macro Lett 9:819–824. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00233CrossRefPubMed

17.

Liu H, Wei H, Moore JS (2019) Frontal ring-opening metathesis copolymerization: deviation of front velocity from mixing rules. ACS Macro Lett 8:846–851. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00367CrossRefPubMed

18.

Goli E, Robertson ID, Agarwal H et al (2018) Frontal polymerization accelerated by continuous conductive elements. J Appl Polym Sci 136:846. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47418CrossRef

19.

Stawiasz KJ, Paul JE, Schwarz KJ, Sottos NR, Moore JS (2020) Photoexcitation of Grubbs’ second-generation catalyst initiates frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 9:1563–1568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00486CrossRefPubMed

20.

Stawiasz KJ, Wendell CI, Suslick BA, Moore JS (2022) Photoredox-initiated frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 11:780–784. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00248CrossRefPubMed

21.

Suslick BA, Yazdani AN, Cencer MM et al (2022) Storable, dual-component systems for frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Macromolecules 55:5459–5473. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00775CrossRef

22.

Suslick BA, Stawiasz KJ, Paul JE, Sottos NR, Moore JS (2021) Survey of catalysts for frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Macromolecules 54:5117–5123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00566CrossRef

23.

Goli E, Parikh NA, Yourdkhani M et al (2020) Frontal polymerization of unidirectional carbon-fiber-reinforced composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 130:5117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105689CrossRef

24.

Topkaya T, Gao Y, Geubelle PH (2022) Frontal polymerization in short-fiber-reinforced thermoset composites. ACS Appl Polym Mater 4:6880–6886. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c00818CrossRef

25.

Lloyd EM, Feinberg EC, Gao Y et al (2021) Spontaneous patterning during frontal polymerization. ACS Cent Sci 7:603–612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00110CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Garg M, Aw JE, Zhang X et al (2021) Rapid synchronized fabrication of vascularized thermosets and composites. Nat Commun 12:2836. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23054-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Alzate-Sanchez DM, Cencer MM, Rogalski M, Kersh ME, Sottos N, Moore JS (2022) Anisotropic foams via frontal polymerization. Adv Mater 34:e2105821. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105821CrossRefPubMed

28.

Davydovich O, Paul JE, Feist JD et al (2022) Frontal polymerization of dihydrofuran comonomer facilitates thermoset deconstruction. Chem Mater 34:8790–8797. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02045CrossRef

29.

Lloyd EM, Cooper JC, Shieh P et al (2022) Efficient manufacture, deconstruction, and upcycling of high-performance thermosets and composites. ACS Appl Eng Mater. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.2c00115CrossRef

30.

Leguizamon SC, Monk NT, Hochrein MT et al (2022) Photoinitiated olefin metathesis and stereolithographic printing of polydicyclopentadiene. Macromolecules 55:8273–8282. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01244CrossRef

31.

Zhang Z, Liu R, Li W et al (2021) Frontal polymerization-assisted 3D printing of short carbon fibers/dicyclopentadiene composites. J Manuf Process 71:753–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.10.014CrossRef

32.

Ziaee M, Naseri I, Johnson JW, Franklin KA, Yourdkhani M (2023) Frontal polymerization and three-dimensional printing of thermoset polymers with tunable thermomechanical properties. ACS Appl Polym Mater 5:1715–1724. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c01736CrossRef

33.

Wang P, Yang L, Gao S et al (2021) Enhanced dielectric properties of high glass transition temperature PDCPD/CNT composites by frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 4:639–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00287-0CrossRef

34.

Wang P, Yang L, Ling J et al (2022) Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerized polydicyclopentadiene carbon nanotube/graphene aerogel composites with enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 5:2066–2077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00543-xCrossRef

35.

Hergenrother PM (1990) Perspectives in the development of high-temperature polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 29:1262–1268. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199012621CrossRef

36.

Hergenrother PM (2003) The use, design, synthesis, and properties of high performance/high temperature polymers: an overview. High Perform Polym 15:3–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/095400830301500101CrossRef

37.

Ivanoff DG, Sung J, Butikofer SM, Moore JS, Sottos NR (2020) Cross-linking agents for enhanced performance of thermosets prepared via frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Macromolecules 53:8360–8366. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01530CrossRef

38.

Huangfu F, Li W, Yang Z, You J, Yang P (2022) Bulk ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of dicyclopentadiene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene: mixing rules, polymerization behaviors and properties. J Polym Res 29:8360–8366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03268-zCrossRef

39.

Zhan Q, Huangfu F, Yang P (2024) Achieving performance-advantaged polydicyclopentadiene via sequential ROMP and radical reaction. Polym Int. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6619CrossRef

40.

Davidson TA, Wagener KB (1998) The polymerization of dicyclopentadiene: an investigation of mechanism. J Mol Catal A Chem 133:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1169(98)00091-0CrossRef

41.

Davidson TA, Wagener KB, Priddy DB (1996) Polymerization of dicyclopentadiene: a tale of two mechanisms. Macromolecules 29:786–788. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma950852xCrossRef

42.

Cuthbert TJ, Li T, Speed AWH, Wulff JE (2018) Structure of the thermally induced cross-link in c-linked methyl ester-functionalized polydicyclopentadiene (fPDCPD). Macromolecules 51:2038–2047. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02750CrossRef

43.

Mecerreyes D, Moineau G, Dubois P et al (1998) Simultaneous dual living polymerizations: a novel one-step approach to block and graft copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed 37:1274–1276. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980518)37:9%3c1274::Aid-anie1274%3e3.0.Co;2-jCrossRef

44.

Heffelfinger MT, Langsam M (1985) Vinyl-chloride vinyl-acetate kinetic modeling. I. Determination of radical efficiency factor. J Appl Polym Sci 30:3377–3384. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300820CrossRef

45.

Yoon WJ, Choi KY (1992) Kinetics of free-radical styrene polymerization with the symmetrical bifunctional initiator 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(2-ethyl hexanoyl peroxy)hexane. Polymer 33:4582–4591. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)90417-UCrossRef

46.

Cheng C, Zhang C, Chen Z, Zhou F, Sun Z, Yu M (2022) Newly designed polydicyclopentadiene and its continuous carbon fiber composites: preparation and mechanical properties assessment. Polymer 262:4582–4591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125481CrossRef

47.

Bazhenov SL, Kuperman AM, Zelenskii ES, Berlin AA (1992) Compression failure of unidirectional glass-fibre-reinforced plastics. Compos Sci Technol 45:201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(92)90080-MCrossRef

48.

Zhang Q, Liang S, Sui G, Yang X (2015) Influence of matrix modulus on the mechanical and interfacial properties of carbon fiber filament wound composites. RSC Adv 5:25208–25214. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00098jCrossRef

49.

Kim J-H, Kwon D-J, Shin P-S et al (2018) Evaluation of interfacial and mechanical properties of glass fiber and p-DCPD composites with surface treatment of glass fiber. Compos B Eng 153:420–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.007CrossRef

Title: Upgrading of thermosets and composites via sequential frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization and radical reactions
Authors: Qingyan Zhan
Po Yang
Publication date: 30-04-2024
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Materials Science / Issue 18/2024
Print ISSN: 0022-2461
Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-09674-6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 18/2024

Designing an ultrahigh-strength and ductile Ni-based alloy with a partially recrystallized structure

Review: interaction of water vapour with wood and other hygro-responsive materials

Investigation of hot deformation behavior of forged 42CrMoA steel by cellular automata method based on topological deformation technique

Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study on the effect of surfactants on the compatibility of P(S-DVB)-SO4/CeO2 composite interface

Thermomechanical fatigue behavior and its life prediction of AlSi9Cu3.5 cast alloy

Effect of NdCl3 on characteristics of micro-arc oxidation coating formed on TC4 alloy

Premium Partners