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2016 | Book

Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

Urban Resilience for Emergency Response and Recovery

Fundamental Concepts and Applications

Author: Gian Paolo Cimellaro

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This book introduces the concepts of Resilience-Based Design (RBD) as an extension of Performance-Based Design. It provides readers with a range of cutting-edge methodologies for evaluating resilience and clarifies the difference between resilience, vulnerability and sustainability. Initially, the book focuses on describing the different types of uncertainty that arise in the context of resilience evaluation. This is followed by an entire chapter dedicated to the analytical and experimental recovery functions. Then, starting from the definition of resilience provided by MCEER, an extension of the methodology is provided that introduces the seven dimensions of Community Resilience, summarized in the acronym PEOPLES. They are: Population and Demographics, Environmental/Ecosystem, Organized Governmental Services, Physical infrastructures, Lifestyle and Community Competence, Economic Development, and Socio-Cultural Capital. For each dimension, components and subcomponents are defined and the related indices are provided.
Underlining the importance of the physical infrastructure dimension, the book provides several examples of applications for transportation, hydraulic, gas and power networks. The problem of interdependencies and the domino effect is also taken into account during the analysis. One of the book’s closing chapters focuses on different methodologies for improving disaster preparedness and engineering mitigation strategies, while the last chapter describes the different computer platforms available on the market for evaluating Community Resilience.
The book offers readers an extensive introduction to the concept of Resilience-Based Design, together with selected advanced applications for specialists. No prerequisite knowledge is needed in order to understand the book, and the Appendix offers valuable supplemental information on e.g. the probabilistic concepts. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for graduate students, young engineers and researchers who are interested in the topic, and can also be used as a supplementary text in graduate level Disaster Resilience courses.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Definition and Quantification of Theoretical Framework to Evaluate Resilience

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to indicate the prominent function and necessity of resilience in different dimensions of a community against natural and manmade hazards by highlighting some examples of recent natural and manmade disasters. It is presented a broad definition of resilience concepts in different sciences by means of an extensive literature review. Different frameworks available in literature are described and compared. Finally, the concept of Resilience-Based design is presented as an extension of Performance-Based Design.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 2. Resilience-Based Design (RBD)
Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts of Resilience-Based Design (RBD) as an extension of Performance-Based Design (PBD) starting from the MCEER definition of Resilience. The four attributes of resilience are introduced: Rapidity, Robustness, Redundancy and Resoucefulness. A state of art of the different methodologies to assess resilience is provided clarifying the differences among Resilience, Vulnerability, Sustainability and Risk. Some considerations on how to communicate risk on RBD are also provided.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 3. Resilience Indicators
Abstract
This chapter analyzes and classifies the different resilience indicators available in literature, since there is no a widely accepted type of indicator that should be used to measure resilience. A list of existing resilience indicators is provided together with different classification methods, which are based on the hazard type, the temporal scale, the measurement method etc.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 4. Damage Losses Assessment Models
Abstract
The chapter focuses on the definition of a loss function which has been one of the first indicators used to determine resilience. Different models to evaluate the damage losses are provided, approaching the problem in probabilistic terms using fragility functions and analyzing the different type of uncertainties which appear in the resilience assessment.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 5. Downtime and Recovery Models
Abstract
The chapter addresses different recovery models for communities and infrastructures. The recovery models have been categorized by distinguishing between analytical and empirical recovery models. Finally the definition of downtime is provided together with a state-of-the-art of the different models available for downtime assessment.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 6. PEOPLES Resilience Framework
Abstract
This chapter is proposing a framework for measuring community resilience at different spatial and temporal scales. Seven dimensions are identified for measuring the community resilience: Population and Demographics, Environmental/Ecosystem, Organized Governmental Services, Physical Infrastructures, Lifestyle and Community Competence, Economic Development, and Social-Cultural Capital. They are summarized with the acronym PEOPLES. Each dimension is characterized by a corresponding performance metric that is combined with the other dimensions using a multi-layered approach. Therefore, once a hybrid model of the community is defined, the proposed framework can be applied to measure its performance against any type of extreme event during emergency and in long term post-disaster phases. A resilience index can be determined to reflect all, or part, of the dimensions influencing the events.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 7. A Comprehensive Methodology for the Evaluation of Infrastructure Interdependencies
Abstract
The chapter defines different types of infrastructure interdependencies, and provides a literature review of existing interdependent models. A reference nomenclature for infrastructures based on the analysis of the literatures in the field is proposed. Finally, a method for the analysis of the degree of interdependency among the infrastructures (lifelines) of a community is proposed. An index is evaluated using a matrix approach that takes into account the effect that any infrastructure can have on another through the use of temporal networks. Finally the method is applied to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro

Applications of Resilience Concepts to Different Networks

Frontmatter
Chapter 8. The Physical Infrastructure Dimension of Community Resilience Framework
Abstract
Part 2 of the book from Chap. 8 to Chap. 12 focuses on applications of the PEOPLES framework which was presented on Chap. 6 In particular this chapter focuses on the evaluation of Resilience metrics for physical infrastructures. Several examples of applications of the PEOPLES framework are provided for the transportation, water, gas and communication network.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 9. The Physical Infrastructure Dimension Taking into Account Interdependencies
Abstract
Interdependencies between infrastructures can generate cascading failures or amplification effects, which can affect the restoration measures right after an extreme event and generate a reduction of the resilience index. In the chapter, is proposed a method to evaluate a resilience index of physical infrastructures taking into account their interdependencies. The weights assigned to each infrastructure, which are used to determine the resilience index, are evaluated using the degree of interdependency indicators, determined by the time series analysis. The advantage of the proposed method consists in the capacity to identify the critical lifelines, being unbiased from subjective judgment. However, when the time series is including coupled events, the coupling effect generates distortion in the evaluation of the cross correlation coefficient S i, j . This is the case for example when there are strong aftershocks during the lifeline restoration phase right after the main shock. A method to overcome this problem is presented and applied to the physical infrastructure restoration curves recorded during March 11th 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 10. Applications of Seismic Resilience for Health Care Facilities and School Buildings
Abstract
In the recent earthquakes in Chile, New Zealand, and Japan, a great number of critical facilities, including hospitals, schools, bridges, factories, etc. experienced extensive damage resulting in loss of functionality, and consequently substantial economic losses. The recovery process is estimated to last from several years to few decades in these regions. As a result, increased attention is being placed on strategies to design facilities that are both safe and damage resistant. It is often presumed that such an approach increases costs to an unacceptable level. In this chapter Performance-based earthquake evaluation tools are used to estimate repair costs and times for five different hazard levels considering two occupancy types critical for recovery: health-care and school building. A typical three-story steel building is used considering two design levels: conventional fixed-base and damage resistant base-isolated moment resisting frame system. The buildings are located in a seismic region in western North America. It is shown that using seismic isolation to enhance damage resistance results in significantly smaller repair cost, repair time, and improved resilience for the base-isolated alternative compared to a conventional fixed-base design.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 11. A Model to Evaluate Disaster Resilience of an Emergency Department
Abstract
Hospitals are critical infrastructures which are vulnerable to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, manmade disasters and mass causalities events. During an emergency, the hospital might also incur in structural and non-structural damage, have limited communication and resources, so they might not be able to treat the large number of incoming patients. For this reason, the majority of medium and large size hospitals have an emergency plan that expands their services quickly beyond normal operating conditions to meet an increased demand for medical care, but it is impossible for them to test it before an emergency occurs. In this chapter is presented a simplified model that can describe the ability of the Hospital Emergency Department to provide service to all patients after a natural disaster or any other emergency. The waiting time is the main response parameter used to measure hospital resilience to disasters. The analytical model has been built using the following steps. First, a discrete event simulation model of the Emergency Department in a hospital located in Italy is developed taking into account the hospital resources, the emergency rooms, the circulation patterns and the patient codes. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations show that the waiting time for yellow codes, when the emergency plan is applied, are reduced by 96 %, while for green codes by 75 %. Then, using the results obtained from the simulations, a general metamodel has been developed, which provides the waiting times of patients as function of the seismic input and the number of the available emergency rooms. The proposed metamodel is general and it can be applied to any type of hospital.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 12. Application of Economic Resiliency of Communities Affected by Natural Disasters
Abstract
The chapter is proposing a model that describes the economic effects and characteristics that should be taken into account to predict the monetary impact of natural disasters, focusing in particular on the economic interdependencies of industries and lifelines. Different losses are considered using real economic data provided by surveys on natural disasters such as Northridge earthquake, Des Moines flood, etc. The Economic Resilience Index provided in the PEOPLES framework is adopted and applied to the specific case study of the San Francisco Bay Area using the data provided by HAZUS for the physical damage. Sensitivity analysis is performed for each economic sector considered in the analysis.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro

Resilience Mitigation Actions and Tools

Frontmatter
Chapter 13. Building More Resilient Communities
Abstract
After the description of the methods to assess resilience (part 1) and show some applications (part 2) the goal of this chapter is to shows what actions should be taken to make communities more resilient. After categorizing the different interventions according to the structural type, and presenting the three international frameworks for disaster risk management (Yokohama, Hyogo and Sendai framework), the chapter focuses on the different initiatives developed in New York City after Hurricane Sandy to make the region more resilient.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Chapter 14. Computational Tools and Software for Resilience Assessment
Abstract
The first part of the chapter describes the current commercial software and research tools available in literature to assess resilience of critical infrastructures against extreme event. The second part of the chapter focuses on the comparison of different virtual city simulators considering their capability to model different types of infrastructures, hazards and their visualization capabilities.
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Urban Resilience for Emergency Response and Recovery
Author
Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Copyright Year
2016
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-30656-8
Print ISBN
978-3-319-30655-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30656-8