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An Introduction to Companion-Technology Read chapter Read first chapter

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. User-Centered Planning

Authors : Pascal Bercher, Daniel Höller, Gregor Behnke, Susanne Biundo

Published in: Companion Technology

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

User-centered planning capabilities are core elements of Companion-Technology. They are used to implement the functional behavior of technical systems in a way that makes those systems Companion-able—able to serve users individually, to respect their actual requirements and needs, and to flexibly adapt to changes in their situation and environment. This chapter presents various techniques we have developed and integrated to realize user-centered planning. They are based on a hybrid planning approach that combines key principles also humans rely on when making plans: stepwise refining complex tasks into executable courses of action and considering causal relationships between actions. Since the generated plans impose only a partial order on actions, they allow for a highly flexible execution order as well. Planning for Companion-Systems may serve different purposes, depending on the application for which the system is created. Sometimes, plans are just like control programs and executed automatically in order to elicit the desired system behavior; but sometimes they are made for humans. In the latter case, plans have to be adequately presented and the definite execution order of actions has to coincide with the user’s requirements and expectations. Furthermore, the system should be able to smoothly cope with execution errors. To this end, the plan generation capabilities are complemented by mechanisms for plan presentation, execution monitoring, and plan repair.

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previous chapter Modeling Aspects in Human-Computer Interaction: Adaptivity, User Characteristics and Evaluation
next chapter Addressing Uncertainty in Hierarchical User-Centered Planning
Footnotes
1
More technically, it uses not just s init as effect, but—because s init consists only of positive literals due to the closed world assumption—also all negative ground literals that unify with any negative precondition that are not contradicting s init . Otherwise, there might be a negative task precondition literal that could not be protected by a causal link rooting in the initial state.
 
2
Delete-relaxation means ignoring negative literals in the effects and, optionally, in the preconditions of any action.
 
3
Assuming there are no not-yet executed actions that are inserted due to the underlying action hierarchy; cf. Solution Criterion 1a.
 
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Metadata
Title
User-Centered Planning
Authors
Pascal Bercher
Daniel Höller
Gregor Behnke
Susanne Biundo
Copyright Year
2017
Book
Companion Technology

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43664-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-43665-4

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43665-4_5

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