1 Introduction
Reference | Correlation | year |
---|---|---|
Castro et al. (2009) | K = 0.840*e0.09P | 2009 |
Kevern et al. (2009) | K = 19.17*e0.14P | 2009 |
Neithalath et al. (2010) | K = (0.40*e11.3P)10–10 | 2010 |
Tho-in et al. (2012) | K = 0.0447*e0.1388P | 2011 |
Bhutta et al. (2012) | K = 0.2927*P—4.97 | 2011 |
Maguesvari and Narasimha (2013) | K = 0.067*e7.246P | 2013 |
Ibrahim et al. (2014) | K = 0.8074 + 0.0109*Cement content + 0.2714* water/cement + 0.0707*water + 0.0015*Aggregate (4.50 mm (+ 0.0024*Aggregate (9.50 mm) + 0.0019*Aggregate (19.5 mm) | 2014 |
2 Strategy of the Study
3 Experimental Program
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Cement
Component | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Na2O | K2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion % | 16.90 | 4.70 | 5.44 | 34.66 | 1.74 | 1.53 | 0.77 | 0.41 |
Specific Gravity | Fineness, (Blaine test) cm2/gm | Compressive strength MPa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
3 days | 7 days | 28 days | ||
3.15 | 3200 | 18 | 26 | 37 |
3.1.2 Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Property | Fine Aggregate (Sand) | Coarse Aggregate (Crushed basalt) |
---|---|---|
Effective grain size, D10 (mm) | 0.23 | 1.20 |
Average grain size, D30 (mm) | 0.38 | 2.50 |
Average grain size, D60 (mm) | 0.60 | 4.20 |
Uniformity coefficient, Cu | 2.60 | 3.50 |
Coefficient of curvature, Cc | 1.04 | 1.24 |
Maximum dry unit weight, γd max (kN/m3) | 18.48 | 19.68 |
Minimum dry unit weight, γd min (kN/m3) | 16.77 | 17.07 |
Maximum void ratio, emax | 0.571 | 0.571 |
Minimum void ratio, emin | 0.399 | 0.399 |
Specific gravity, Gs | 2.65 | 2.67 |
Classification (USCS, ASTM) | Poorly graded sand (SP) | Poorly graded gravel (GP) |
3.1.3 Bentonite
Components | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | K2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion % | 59.90 | 16.51 | 5.31 | 4.55 | 2.41 | 3.54 | 1.08 |
Specific Gravity | Ph (5% Con.) | Moisture Content % | Dry Screen Analysis Passing No 100 % | Wet Screen Analysis Passing No 200 % | Sand Content % | Liquid Limit % | Plastic Limit % | Plasticity Index % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.60 | 10 | 10 | 99 | 98.5 | 0.20 | 450 | 30 | 420 |
3.1.4 Mixing Water
3.2 Plastic Concrete Mixtures Design
Group | Weight | Ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement (kg) | Sand (kg) | Bentonite (kg) | Water (kg) | B/S | B/C | W/C | |
I | 30 | 105 | – | 15.00 | – | – | 0.50 |
II | 30 | 105 | 5.25 | 35.00 | 0.050 | 0.175 | 1.10 |
III | 30 | 105 | 7.35 | 35.00 | 0.0750 | 0.2625 | 1.10 |
IV | 30 | 105 | 10.5 | 35.00 | 0.100 | 0.350 | 1.10 |
V | 30 | 105 | 13.125 | 35.00 | 0.125 | 0.4375 | 1.10 |
3.3 Test Methods
3.3.1 Cubes
3.3.2 Cylinders
3.3.3 Specimens’ Porosity
3.3.4 Failing Head Test Set-up
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Compressive Strength
Group | 7 days | % decrease | 14 days | % decrease | Compressive Strength (MPa) | % decrease | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 days | % decrease | 28 days | % decrease | 120 days | ||||||
I | 7.09 | – | 11.27 | – | 11.58 | – | 12.09 | – | 12.22 | – |
II | 4.13 | 42 | 5.33 | 53 | 7.20 | 38 | 9.51 | 21 | 10.09 | 17 |
III | 3.91 | 45 | 4.67 | 59 | 6.71 | 42 | 8.31 | 31 | 8.84 | 28 |
IV | 3.9 | 45 | 4.52 | 60 | 5.33 | 54 | 6.84 | 43 | 7.02 | 43 |
V | 2.02 | 72 | 3.29 | 71 | 3.78 | 67 | 4.00 | 67 | 4.44 | 64 |
4.2 Compressive Strain
4.3 Splitting Tensile Strength
Group | 7 days | % decrease | 14 days | % decrease | Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa) | % decrease | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 days | % decrease | 28 days | % decrease | 120 days | ||||||
I | 0.76 | – | 0.94 | – | 0.96 | – | 0.97 | – | 0.98 | – |
II | 0.38 | 50 | 0.40 | 57 | 0.59 | 38 | 0.77 | 20 | 0.83 | 15 |
III | 0.35 | 54 | 0.39 | 59 | 0.42 | 56 | 0.45 | 53 | 0.49 | 50 |
IV | 0.30 | 61 | 0.33 | 65 | 0.34 | 64 | 0.37 | 61 | 0.38 | 61 |
V | 0.24 | 68 | 0.26 | 72 | 0.28 | 70 | 0.29 | 70 | 0.30 | 69 |
4.4 Relationship Between the Splitting Tensile Strength and the Compressive Strength
Group | Bentonite / Sand | Compressive strength (MPa) | Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental | Experimental (EXP) | Theoretical (THE) | THE / EXP | ||
Control concrete | 0 | 7.09 | 0.76 | 1.59 | 2.09 |
11.27 | 0.94 | 2.01 | 2.13 | ||
11.58 | 0.96 | 2.04 | 2.12 | ||
12.09 | 0.97 | 2.08 | 2.14 | ||
12.22 | 0.98 | 2.09 | 2.13 | ||
Average | 2.12 | ||||
Standard deviation | 0.02 | ||||
Coefficient of variation (COV) | 0.94% |
Group | B/S | Compressive strength (MPa) | Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental | Experimental (EXP) | Theoretical (THE) | THE / EXP | ||
Plastic concrete | 0.05 | 4.13 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 1.00 |
5.33 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 1.08 | ||
7.20 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.85 | ||
9.51 | 0.77 | 0.58 | 0.75 | ||
10.09 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.72 | ||
0.075 | 3.91 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 1.03 | |
4.67 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 1.00 | ||
6.71 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 1.12 | ||
8.31 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 1.18 | ||
8.84 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 1.12 | ||
0.10 | 3.90 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 1.17 | |
4.52 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 1.15 | ||
5.33 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 1.21 | ||
6.84 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 1.27 | ||
7.02 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 1.24 | ||
0.125 | 2.02 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 1.00 | |
3.29 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 1.19 | ||
3.78 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 1.21 | ||
4.00 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 1.21 | ||
4.44 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 1.20 | ||
Average | 1.08 | ||||
Standard deviation | 0.16 | ||||
Coefficient of variation (COV) | 15% |
4.5 Porosity
Mix Group | I | II | III | IV | V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 22 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 15 |
14 days | 22 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 14 |
21 days | 20 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 14 |
28 days | 18 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 13 |
120 days | 18 | 17 | 14 | 15 | 12 |
Average | 20 | 18.6 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 13.6 |
Standard deviation | 2 | 1.3 | 1.30 | 1.1 | 1.14 |
Coefficient of variation (%) | 10 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 5.7 |
4.6 Hydraulic Conductivity
Mix Group | I | II | III | IV | V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 7.38E−08 | 3.48E−08 | 3.11E−08 | 2.75E−08 | 1.69E−08 |
14 days | 3.11E−08 | 2.75E−08 | 2.40E−08 | 2.04E−08 | 1.69E−08 |
21 days | 2.40E−08 | 2.04E−08 | 1.69E−08 | 1.35E−08 | 1.35E−08 |
28 days | 2.04E−08 | 1.69E−08 | 1.35E−08 | 1.01E−08 | 6.68E−09 |
120 days | 1.69E−08 | 1.69E−08 | 1.35E−08 | 6.68E−09 | 6.68E−09 |
Average | 3.32E−08 | 2.33E−08 | 1.98E−08 | 1.56E−08 | 1.21E−08 |
Standard deviation | 2.32E−08 | 7.74E−09 | 7.66E−09 | 8.39E−09 | 5.19E−09 |
Coefficient of variation (%) | 69.86 | 33.14 | 38.63 | 53.57 | 42.73 |
4.7 Recorded Hydraulic Conductivity Versus Previous Analytical Equations.
Experimental (EXP) | Analytical models (ANA) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Castro et al. (2009) | Kevern et al. (2009) | Neithalath et al. (2010) | Tho-in et al. (2012) | Bhutta et al. (2012) | Maguesvari and Narasimha (2013) | |
7.38E−08 | 0.85679775 | 19.76962279 | 4.80525E−10 | 0.046086 | 4.905606 | 0.329907601 |
3.11E−08 | 0.85679775 | 19.76962279 | 4.80525E−10 | 0.046086 | 4.905606 | 0.329907601 |
2.40E−08 | 0.8552569 | 19.71434527 | 3.83324E−10 | 0.0459583 | 4.91146 | 0.285400261 |
2.04E−08 | 0.85371882 | 19.65922231 | 3.05784E−10 | 0.0458309 | 4.917314 | 0.246897339 |
1.69E−08 | 0.85371882 | 19.65922231 | 3.05784E−10 | 0.0458309 | 4.917314 | 0.246897339 |
3.48E−08 | 0.8552569 | 19.71434527 | 3.83324E−10 | 0.0459583 | 4.91146 | 0.285400261 |
2.75E−08 | 0.8552569 | 19.71434527 | 3.83324E−10 | 0.0459583 | 4.91146 | 0.285400261 |
2.04E−08 | 0.85371882 | 19.65922231 | 3.05784E−10 | 0.0458309 | 4.917314 | 0.246897339 |
1.69E−08 | 0.85371882 | 19.65922231 | 3.05784E−10 | 0.0458309 | 4.917314 | 0.246897339 |
1.69E−08 | 0.85295082 | 19.63171866 | 2.73111E−10 | 0.0457673 | 4.920241 | 0.229639944 |
3.11E−08 | 0.85295082 | 19.63171866 | 2.73111E−10 | 0.0457673 | 4.920241 | 0.229639944 |
2.40E−08 | 0.85295082 | 19.63171866 | 2.73111E−10 | 0.0457673 | 4.920241 | 0.229639944 |
1.69E−08 | 0.85218351 | 19.60425348 | 2.4393E−10 | 0.0457038 | 4.923168 | 0.213588789 |
1.35E−08 | 0.85141689 | 19.57682673 | 2.17866E−10 | 0.0456404 | 4.926095 | 0.198659563 |
1.35E−08 | 0.85065096 | 19.54943835 | 1.94587E−10 | 0.0455771 | 4.929022 | 0.184773845 |
2.75E−08 | 0.85295082 | 19.63171866 | 2.73111E−10 | 0.0457673 | 4.920241 | 0.229639944 |
2.04E−08 | 0.85295082 | 19.63171866 | 2.73111E−10 | 0.0457673 | 4.920241 | 0.229639944 |
1.35E−08 | 0.85141689 | 19.57682673 | 2.17866E−10 | 0.0456404 | 4.926095 | 0.198659563 |
1.01E−08 | 0.85141689 | 19.57682673 | 2.17866E−10 | 0.0456404 | 4.926095 | 0.198659563 |
6.68E−09 | 0.85141689 | 19.57682673 | 2.17866E−10 | 0.0456404 | 4.926095 | 0.198659563 |
1.69E−08 | 0.85141689 | 19.57682673 | 2.17866E−10 | 0.0456404 | 4.926095 | 0.198659563 |
1.69E−08 | 0.85065096 | 19.54943835 | 1.94587E−10 | 0.0455771 | 4.929022 | 0.184773845 |
1.35E−08 | 0.85065096 | 19.54943835 | 1.94587E−10 | 0.0455771 | 4.929022 | 0.184773845 |
6.68E−09 | 0.84988572 | 19.52208828 | 1.73796E−10 | 0.0455139 | 4.931949 | 0.171858699 |
EXP /Castro et al | EXP/Kevern et al | EXP/Neithalath et al | EXP/Tho-in et al | EXP/Bhutta et al | EXP/Maguesvari and Narasimha | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | 2.44E−08 | 1.06E−09 | 7.13E + 01 | 4.54E−07 | 4.23E−09 | 8.59E−08 |
Standard deviation | 1.6E−08 | 6.8E−10 | 25.4 | 2.9E−07 | 2.7E−09 | 3.8E−08 |
Coefficient of variation (%) | 6.4E + 01 | 6.4E + 01 | 3.6E + 01 | 6.4E + 01 | 6.5E + 01 | 4.4E + 01 |
Maximum EXP/ANA | 8.6E−08 | 3.7E−09 | 153.6 | 1.6E−06 | 1.5E−08 | 2.2E−07 |
Minimum EXP/ANA | 7.8E−09 | 3.4E−10 | 30.7 | 1.5E−07 | 1.4E−09 | 3.4E−08 |