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Published in:
Urban Village Redevelopment: The Paradox of Social Inclusion Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Villagers’ Understanding of Social Inclusion

Author : Xiaoqing Zhang

Published in: In the Name of Inclusion

Publisher: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

This chapter explores how the notion of inclusion is understood by villages in terms of citizenship as identity and as the process of struggle for rights. After sketching out a general socioeconomic picture of the six studies cases, it discusses how villages look at themselves as being urban citizens based on their self-identify. Villagers’ sense of inclusion is generally aligned with their financial status; in cases where villagers have a strong financial status, they also show a high level of sense of inclusion; besides, the sense of inclusion is also influenced by how villagers participate in the process of redevelopment. Finally, a study on the process of villagers’ struggle for rights demonstrates that what villagers strive for is not only a fair compensation for a secured livelihood, but also the rights to have a say and to not being displaced from urban life in renewed centrality.

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previous chapter Government’s Understanding of Social Inclusion
next chapter Making a Difference: Inclusion Through Active Participation
Footnotes
1
According to the “Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education,” which took effect in 1986, the primary (compulsory) education in China spans nine years, which includes six years of primary education and three years of junior secondary stage. Therefore, younger villagers tend to obtain higher educational level in comparison with their elders.
 
2
The “20 minutes’ walking distance” is based on the sustainable urban design concept of walkability, which is a measure of “the extent to which the built environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping, visiting, enjoying or spending time in an area” (refer to Abley (2005), Walkability Scoping Paper. Available at: http://​www.​levelofservice.​com/​walkability-research.​pdf [Accessed: 11 Oct 2019]). Based on the concept, the maximum walking distance for a using-friendly community amenity is 1.6 kilometres, which is about 20 minutes’ walk in the average human walking speed (5 kilometres an hour).
 
3
From 1979 to 1985, China carried out a strict one-child policy. Since 1985, the family planning policy in rural areas have changed slightly. In general, a couple is not allowed to have a second child if the first child is a boy; however, the couple can have a second child 48 months after the first one, if the first child is a girl. The couple is not allowed to have the third child if the first two children are both girls. People who violate the policy are subject to large amount of fines. If a village is redeveloped and the villagers are transferred to urban people, the villagers have a five years’ transitioning time, after which the redeveloped village should be in compliance with the family planning policy in urban areas.
 
4
The relocated community of W is a mixed-residential community. The indigenous villagers live in three high-rise buildings and the rest of the residential buildings are put on the property market.
 
Literature
Holston, J. (2008). Insurgent Citizenship: disjunctions of democracy and modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kung, K.J. and Lin, Y. (2007). The decline of township-and-village enterprises in China’s economic transition. World Development, 35(4): 569–584.
Lefebvre, H. (1996 [1968]). Writings on Cities. Edited and translated by Kofman E. and Lebas E. Oxford: Blackwell.
Xi’an Statistical Bureau (2014). Statistical year book of Xi’an, 2014. Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House.
Xu, C. and X. Zhang (2009). The evolution of Chinese entrepreneurial firms: township-village enterprises revisited. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00854, April 2009. International Food Policy Research Institute.
Zhang, J. and C. Feng (2011). Chentshi jumin zhufang goumaili yanjiu—yi woguo 35 ge dachengshi weili [A study on the Housing Affordable Index for urban citizens in 35 big cities in China]. Chengshi Fazhan Yanjiu [Urban Studies], 18(10):78–84.
Metadata
Title
Villagers’ Understanding of Social Inclusion
Author
Xiaoqing Zhang
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
In the Name of Inclusion

Print ISBN: 978-981-336-119-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-336-120-1

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6120-1_4