Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Wireless Personal Communications 4/2023

05-04-2023

VLSI Implementation of Error Correction Codes for Molecular Communication

Authors: S. Pratap Singh, Ruchi Rai, Shashank Awasthi, Dinesh Kumar Singh, M. Lakshmanan

Published in: Wireless Personal Communications | Issue 4/2023

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Molecular Communication (MC) is a multidisciplinary branch that lies at the junction of nano, bio and communication technology. MC is evolving to serve almost every field of humanity, be it biomedical, be it environment or be it security against NBC attack. On the other hand, MC lags in technological demonstration and development level. However, like any communication system, Error Correction Code (EEC) play vital role in MC system, to improve the system performance. Recently, literatures have presented on VLSI implementation of Cyclic Reed–Muller (C-RM) and Hamming code. However, VLSI implementation and demonstrations of Self-Orthogonal Convolution Codes (SOCC) and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, which outperform over others, are not available in the literatures. Therefore, this paper implements SOCC and LDPC codes in Tanner EDA Tool followed by presenting the power consumption and delay of respective codes. More specifically, this paper presents design and implementation of encoder and decoder of SOCC for MC system using Tanner EDA Tool and demonstrated the performance in terms of power consumption and delay. In addition, similar analysis is presented for LDPC code. It is important to mention that implemented decoder of each of the LDPC and SOCC codes is employing newly presented MLG circuit in is manuscript. Finally, power consumption and delay of SOCC and LDPC are compared with those of available ECCs in literatures.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Hiyama, S., Moritani, Y., Suda, T., Egashira, R., Enomoto, A., Moore, M., & Nakano, T. (2006). Molecular communication. Journal-Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineers, 89(2), 162. Hiyama, S., Moritani, Y., Suda, T., Egashira, R., Enomoto, A., Moore, M., & Nakano, T. (2006). Molecular communication. Journal-Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineers, 89(2), 162.
2.
go back to reference Nakano, T., Suda, T., Moore, M., Egashira, R., Enomoto, A., & Arima, K. (2005) Molecular communication for nanomachines using intercellular calcium signaling, In 5th IEEE conference on Nanotechnology, 2, 478–581. Nakano, T., Suda, T., Moore, M., Egashira, R., Enomoto, A., & Arima, K. (2005) Molecular communication for nanomachines using intercellular calcium signaling, In 5th IEEE conference on Nanotechnology, 2, 478–581.
3.
go back to reference Gine, L. P., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2009). Molecular communication options for long range nanonetworks. Computer Networks, 53(16), 2753–2766.CrossRef Gine, L. P., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2009). Molecular communication options for long range nanonetworks. Computer Networks, 53(16), 2753–2766.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Moritani, Y., Hiyama, S., & Suda, T. (2010). A Molecular Communication System, Proceedings in Information and Communications Technology (PICT) (Vol. 2, pp. 82–89). Springer. Moritani, Y., Hiyama, S., & Suda, T. (2010). A Molecular Communication System, Proceedings in Information and Communications Technology (PICT) (Vol. 2, pp. 82–89). Springer.
5.
go back to reference Mohajer, A., Bavaghar, M., & Farrokhi, H. (2020). Mobility-aware load balancing for reliable self-organization networks: Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 202, 107056.CrossRef Mohajer, A., Bavaghar, M., & Farrokhi, H. (2020). Mobility-aware load balancing for reliable self-organization networks: Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 202, 107056.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Nikjoo, F., Mirzaei, A., & Mohajer, A. (2018). A novel approach to efficient resource allocation in NOMA heterogeneous networks: Multi-criteria green resource management. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 32(7–8), 583–612.CrossRef Nikjoo, F., Mirzaei, A., & Mohajer, A. (2018). A novel approach to efficient resource allocation in NOMA heterogeneous networks: Multi-criteria green resource management. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 32(7–8), 583–612.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Mohajer, A., Sorouri, F., Mirzaei, A., Ziaeddini, A., Rad, K. J., & Bavaghar, M. (2022). Energy-aware hierarchical resource management and Backhaul traffic optimization in heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Systems Journal, 16(4), 5188–5199.CrossRef Mohajer, A., Sorouri, F., Mirzaei, A., Ziaeddini, A., Rad, K. J., & Bavaghar, M. (2022). Energy-aware hierarchical resource management and Backhaul traffic optimization in heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Systems Journal, 16(4), 5188–5199.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Blahut, R. E. (2003). Algebraic codes for data transmission. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefMATH Blahut, R. E. (2003). Algebraic codes for data transmission. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefMATH
9.
go back to reference Rai, R., Singh, S.P., Lakshmanan, M. and Pandey V. K., (2020) VLSI Implementation of Hamming Code for Molecular Communication, In International Conference on Smart communication and Imaging System, (MEDCOM2020). Rai, R., Singh, S.P., Lakshmanan, M. and Pandey V. K., (2020) VLSI Implementation of Hamming Code for Molecular Communication, In International Conference on Smart communication and Imaging System, (MEDCOM2020).
10.
go back to reference Rai, R., Singh, S.P., Lakshmanan, M. and Pandey V. K., (2020) Implementation of C-RM Code for Molecular Communication, In International Conference on Smart communication and Imaging System (MEDCOM2020). Rai, R., Singh, S.P., Lakshmanan, M. and Pandey V. K., (2020) Implementation of C-RM Code for Molecular Communication, In International Conference on Smart communication and Imaging System (MEDCOM2020).
11.
go back to reference Forney, G. D., Blahut, R. E., & Koetter, R. (2002). Codes, Graphs, and Systems, A Celebration of the Life and Career of G. David Forney Jr. on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. New York, US: Springer. Forney, G. D., Blahut, R. E., & Koetter, R. (2002). Codes, Graphs, and Systems, A Celebration of the Life and Career of G. David Forney Jr. on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. New York, US: Springer.
12.
go back to reference Ko, P.Y., Lee, Y.C., Yeh, P.C., Lee, C.H., and Chen, K.C., (2012) A new paradigm for channel coding in diffusion-based molecular communications: Molecular coding distance function, In 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). pp. 3748–3753. Ko, P.Y., Lee, Y.C., Yeh, P.C., Lee, C.H., and Chen, K.C., (2012) A new paradigm for channel coding in diffusion-based molecular communications: Molecular coding distance function, In 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM). pp. 3748–3753.
13.
go back to reference Lu, Y., Higgins, M.D., and Lesson, M.S., (2014) Diffusion based molecular communication system enhancement using high order hamming codes, In 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP), pp. 438–442. Lu, Y., Higgins, M.D., and Lesson, M.S., (2014) Diffusion based molecular communication system enhancement using high order hamming codes, In 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP), pp. 438–442.
14.
go back to reference Lesson, M.S., and Higgins, M.D., (2012) Error correction coding for molecular communication, In IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp.6172–6176. Lesson, M.S., and Higgins, M.D., (2012) Error correction coding for molecular communication, In IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp.6172–6176.
15.
go back to reference Leeson, M. S., & Higgins, M. D. (2012). Forward error correction for molecular communications. Nano Communication Networks, 3(3), 161–167.CrossRef Leeson, M. S., & Higgins, M. D. (2012). Forward error correction for molecular communications. Nano Communication Networks, 3(3), 161–167.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Muthammal, R. and Madhane, S.S.R., (2013) Design, analysis and FPGA implementation LDPC codes with BCH codes, In 2013 International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICCTET), pp. 242–244. Muthammal, R. and Madhane, S.S.R., (2013) Design, analysis and FPGA implementation LDPC codes with BCH codes, In 2013 International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICCTET), pp. 242–244.
17.
go back to reference Divya, M., Naidu, S., & Gupta, A. K. (2017). Design and implementation of hamming code using VHDL & DSCH. International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA), 2(11), 33–40. Divya, M., Naidu, S., & Gupta, A. K. (2017). Design and implementation of hamming code using VHDL & DSCH. International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA), 2(11), 33–40.
18.
go back to reference Shep, N., & Bhagat, P. H. (2013). Implementation of hamming code using VLSI. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 4(2), 186–190. Shep, N., & Bhagat, P. H. (2013). Implementation of hamming code using VLSI. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 4(2), 186–190.
19.
go back to reference Dissanayake, M. B., Deng, Y., Nallanathan, A., Ekanayake, E. M. N., & Elkashlan, M. (2017). Reed solomon codes for molecular communication with a full absorption receiver. IEEE Communications Letters, 21(6), 1245–1248.CrossRef Dissanayake, M. B., Deng, Y., Nallanathan, A., Ekanayake, E. M. N., & Elkashlan, M. (2017). Reed solomon codes for molecular communication with a full absorption receiver. IEEE Communications Letters, 21(6), 1245–1248.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Shih, P.-J., Lee, C.-H., Yeh, P.-C., & Chen, K.-C. (2013). Channel codes for reliability enhancement in molecular communication. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(12), 857–867.CrossRef Shih, P.-J., Lee, C.-H., Yeh, P.-C., & Chen, K.-C. (2013). Channel codes for reliability enhancement in molecular communication. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(12), 857–867.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Akhkandi, P., Keshavarz-Haddad, A. and Jamshidi, A., (2016) A new channel code for decreasing inter-symbol-interference in diffusion-based molecular communications, In 2016 8th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST), pp. 277–281. Akhkandi, P., Keshavarz-Haddad, A. and Jamshidi, A., (2016) A new channel code for decreasing inter-symbol-interference in diffusion-based molecular communications, In 2016 8th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST), pp. 277–281.
22.
go back to reference Parvathi, P., and P. Rajendra Prasad, (2015) FPGA based design and implementation of Reed-Solomon encoder & decoder for error detection and correction, In 2015 Conference on Power, Control, Communication and Computational Technologies for Sustainable Growth (PCCCTSG), pp. 261–266. Parvathi, P., and P. Rajendra Prasad, (2015) FPGA based design and implementation of Reed-Solomon encoder & decoder for error detection and correction, In 2015 Conference on Power, Control, Communication and Computational Technologies for Sustainable Growth (PCCCTSG), pp. 261–266.
23.
go back to reference Vardhan, T.V., Neeraja, B., Kumar, B.P. and Paidimarry, C.S., (2015) Implementation of turbo codes using Verilog-HDL and estimation of its error correction capability, In 2015 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia), pp. 75–79. Vardhan, T.V., Neeraja, B., Kumar, B.P. and Paidimarry, C.S., (2015) Implementation of turbo codes using Verilog-HDL and estimation of its error correction capability, In 2015 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia), pp. 75–79.
24.
go back to reference Digdarsini, D., Mishra, D., Mehta, S. and Ram, T.V.S., (2019) FPGA Implementation of FEC encoder with BCH & LDPC codes for DVB S2 system, In 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), pp. 78–81. Digdarsini, D., Mishra, D., Mehta, S. and Ram, T.V.S., (2019) FPGA Implementation of FEC encoder with BCH & LDPC codes for DVB S2 system, In 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), pp. 78–81.
25.
go back to reference Darya, A.M., Vakani, H. and Nasir, Q., (2019) Error control codes for molecular communication channels: A survey, In 2019 International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications (ICCSPA), pp. 1–4. Darya, A.M., Vakani, H. and Nasir, Q., (2019) Error control codes for molecular communication channels: A survey, In 2019 International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications (ICCSPA), pp. 1–4.
26.
go back to reference Lu, Y., Higgins, M. D., & Leeson, M. S. (2015). Comparison of channel coding schemes for molecular communications systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 63(11), 3991–4001.CrossRef Lu, Y., Higgins, M. D., & Leeson, M. S. (2015). Comparison of channel coding schemes for molecular communications systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 63(11), 3991–4001.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lu, Y., Higgins, M.D., and Leeson, M.S., (2015). Self-orthogonal convolutional codes (SOCCs) for diffusion-based molecular communication systems, In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). pp. 1049–1053. Lu, Y., Higgins, M.D., and Leeson, M.S., (2015). Self-orthogonal convolutional codes (SOCCs) for diffusion-based molecular communication systems, In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). pp. 1049–1053.
28.
go back to reference Guo, J., Liu, S., Zhu, L., & Lombardi, F. (2019). A CMOS majority logic gate and its application to one-step ML decodable codes. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 27(11), 2620–2628.CrossRef Guo, J., Liu, S., Zhu, L., & Lombardi, F. (2019). A CMOS majority logic gate and its application to one-step ML decodable codes. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 27(11), 2620–2628.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
VLSI Implementation of Error Correction Codes for Molecular Communication
Authors
S. Pratap Singh
Ruchi Rai
Shashank Awasthi
Dinesh Kumar Singh
M. Lakshmanan
Publication date
05-04-2023
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Wireless Personal Communications / Issue 4/2023
Print ISSN: 0929-6212
Electronic ISSN: 1572-834X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10399-z

Other articles of this Issue 4/2023

Wireless Personal Communications 4/2023 Go to the issue