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2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Wasting Your Money Wasting Food

Author : Baylen J. Linnekin

Published in: Biting the Hands that Feed Us

Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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Abstract

In July 2015, a series of new composting and recycling services debuted in Oakland, California. City officials touted the new program, part of their “Oakland Recycles” initiative, as “a huge step” forward in Oakland’s goal to produce zero waste.¹ Although the new services were intended to make Oakland more sustainable, the details of the program show its early impact has been just the opposite. The leading criticism of the rules is that they effectively force restaurants to throw away tons of food that might otherwise be recycled as compost. Somehow, a newservice intended to reduce waste has instead promoted the wasting of food.

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previous chapter “Big Food” Bigger Thanks to “Big Government”

next chapter I Say “Tomato,” You Say “No”

Press Release, “Oakland Recycles” Launches Major New Trash, Compost and Recycling Services, City of Oakland, Calif., June 25, 2015.

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United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization, Food wastage foot-print, Impacts on natural resources, 2013, www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf.

Ibid.

Ruben N. Lubowski et al., Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2002,USDA Economic Information Bulletin No. (EIB-14), May 2006, www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib14.aspx.

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Barry Yeoman, Unhappy Meals, Mother Jones, Jan./Feb. 2003, www.motherjones.com/politics/2003/01/unhappy-meals.

Gordon W. Gunderson, National School Lunch Act, USDA Food & Nutri-tion Service, Aug. 26, 2015, www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/history_5#28; Gor-don W. Gunderson, National School Lunch Program (NSLP), USDA Food& Nutrition Service, June 17, 2014, www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/history_4.

Regina Weiss, Should School Lunch Be Free for All? Janet Poppendieck Thinks So, Huffington Post, May 25, 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/regina-weiss/should-school-lunch-be-fr_b_791425.html.

USDA, School Meals, Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act, Mar. 3, 2014, www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/healthy-hunger-free-kids-act.

Juliana F.W. Cohen et al., Impact of the New U.S. Department of Agriculture School Meal Standards on Food Selection, Consumption, and Waste, Am. J. Prev. Med., Apr. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994463/pdf/nihms569417.pdf.

Amy Hubbard, USDA school lunch rules “best ever”—though pizza is still a “vegetable,” Los Angeles Times, Nation Now, Jan. 25, 2012,

Marion Nestle, The USDA’s New School Nutrition Standards Are Worth Celebrating, The Atlantic, Jan. 26, 2012, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/01/the-usdas-new-school-nutrition-standards-are-worth-celebrating/252038/.

Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, Public Law 11–296, Dec. 13, 2010, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ296/pdf/PLAW-111publ296.pdf.

Elementary Menu, Montgomery County (Md.) Public Schools, Feb. 2014 (on file with author).

National School Lunch Program: Participation & Lunches Served, USDA Food & Nutrition Service, Sept. 4, 2015, www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/slsummar.pdf.

J.N. Kish, U.S. Population 1776 to Present, Annual United States population growth numbers from 1776 to Present Day, Aug. 3, 2010, https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?dsrcid=225439#rows:id=1.

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Jim McLaughlin, Students strike against new federal school lunch rules, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Sept. 12, 2012, www.jsonline.com/news/education/students-strike-against-new-federal-school-lunch-rules-t96t7sp-170124676.html.

Jared Liotta, Sandwiches bulked up at Staples after student complaints, Westport News, Sept. 14, 2012, www.westport-news.com/news/article/Sandwiches-bulked-up-at-Staples-after-student-3866290.php.

Randi Weiner, A change in school snacks: Healthy only, Lohud, July 7, 2014, www.lohud.com/story/news/education/hall-monitor/2014/07/07/change-school-snacks-healthy/12284263/.

Teresa Watanabe, Solutions sought to reduce food waste at schools, Los Angeles Times, Apr. 1, 2014, www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lausd-waste-20140402-story.html#page=1.

Editorial, To curb school lunch waste, ease the fruit and vegetable rules, Los Angeles Times, Apr. 8, 2014, www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-school-lunch-20140408-story.html.

Ron Regan, Millions wasted in federal school lunch program, WEWS,Sept. 16, 2014, www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/investigations/millions-wasted-in-federal-school-lunch-program.

School Nutrition Association, School Nutrition Trends Survey 2014, Aug. 2014, https://schoolnutrition.org/uploadedFiles/Resources_and_Research/Research/SNA2014TrendsSurvey.pdf.

Michael Marcenelle & Carmen Byker, Food Waste Among Elementary School Children: Opportunities & Challenges, https://schoolnutrition.org/uploadedFiles/Presentations/ANC_2012_-_Denver(1)/2._Nutrition/071314%20at%2012%20-%20Food%20Waste%20Among%20Elementary%20School%20Children%20Challenges%20%20Opportunities.pdf.

David Just & Joseph Price, Default options, incentives and food choices, Public Health Nutrition, Dec. 2013, https://veggieproject.byu.edu/Dr%20Prices%20Papers/default%20options.pdf.

U.S. Government Accountability Office, Implementing Nutrition Changes Was Challenging and Clarification of Oversight Requirements Is Needed, Jan. 2014, www.gao.gov/assets/670/660427.pdf.

Juliana Cohen, et al., School Lunch Waste among Middle School Students: Implications for Nutrients Consumed and Food Waste Costs, Am. J. Prev. Med., Feb. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788640/.

Juliana Cohen, email message to author, Jan. 6, 2016.

USDA Food & Nutrition Service, Offer Versus Serve, School Year 2014–2015, www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/SP57-2014a.pdf.

Juliana Cohen, email message to author, Jan. 6, 2016.

Teresa Watanabe, Solutions sought to reduce food waste at schools, Los Angeles Times, Apr. 1, 2014, www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lausd-waste-20140402-story.html#page=1.

Mark Wheeler, Love at first bite? Not for L.A. school kids and their vegetables, UCLA Newsroom, May 22, 2014, www.newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/love-at-first-bite.

William J. McCarthy, email message to author, Dec. 9, 2015.

Janet Poppendieck, Free for All, 2009, University of California Press, Berkeley.

Chef Ann Cooper, The Future of School Food Means the Future Health of the Nation’s Children, U.S. News & World Report, July 7, 2014, www.health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2014/07/07/the-future-of-school-food-means-the-future-health-of-the-nations-children.

Timothy W. Jones, Using Contemporary Archaeology and Applied Anthropology to Understand Food Loss in the American Food System, Report to the USDA Economic Research Service, 2004, www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2006/12/19/Jones_UsingContemporaryArchaeologyAndAppliedAnthropologyToUnderstandFoodLossInAmericanFoodSystem.pdf.

Eliza Barclay, For Restaurants, Food Waste Is Seen as Low Priority, NPR’sThe Salt, Nov. 27, 2012, www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/11/27/165907972/for-restaurants-food-waste-is-seen-as-low-priority.

Can Government Control Obesity?, KCRW’s To the Point, Oct. 3, 2012, www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/to-the-point/can-government-control-obesity.

USDA, USDA Grade Standards for Food: How They Are Developed and Used (1973), https://books.google.com/books?id=a3svAAAAYAAJ&dq=only+sell+usda+graded+fruits+and+vegetables&q=okra#v=onepage&q=okra&f=false.

Rogers Orchards, Buy Apples, www.rogersorchards.com/buy_apples.asp.

Debbie Roos, Selling Eggs, Meat, and Poultry in North Carolina: What Farmers Need to Know, NC State University Cooperative Extension,Feb. 26, 2011, https://growingsmallfarms.ces.ncsu.edu/growingsmallfarms-meatandeggs/.

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Perspectives on Federal Retail Food Grading, Office of Technology Assessment, June 1977, https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1977/7707/7707.PDF.

See, for example, United States Standards for Grades of Swiss Cheese, Emmentaler Cheese, USDA, 66 Fed. Reg. 7458, Jan. 23, 2001, https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/01/23/01-2017/united-states-standards-for-grades-of-swiss-cheese-emmentaler-cheese.

USDA, Produce Quality and Condition Script, 2012, www.nfsmi.org/documentlibraryfiles/PDF/20120821025227.pdf.

Dana Gunders, NRDC’s Switchboard, Jan. 16, 2013, https://www.nrdc.org/experts/dana-gunders/breaking-grade-barrier-grocery-store-pioneers.

Larry Meadows, What’s Your Beef—Prime, Choice or Select?, USDA’s blog, Jan. 28, 2013, www.blogs.usda.gov/2013/01/28/what’s-your-beef---prime-choice-or-select/.

Penn State Extension, Telling the Grass-Fed Beef Story, www.extension.psu.edu/animals/beef/grass-fed-beef/articles/telling-the-grass-fed-beef-story.

USDA, USDA Grade Standards for Food: How They Are Developed and Used 10 (1973). https://books.google.com/books?id=a3svAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=Requests+for+standards+may+come+from+trade+%0Aor+consumer+groups&source=bl&ots=FmnDyua7gQ&sig=AhAnXLRXYzoAOa2SmaPnbt-BQpQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3ocDHpuHKAhXMcD4KHTFgCCkQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Requests%20for %20standards%20may%20come%20from%20trade.

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John Oliver, Last Week Tonight, July 30, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIgDy95VcQc.

NRDC, Left-Out: An Investigation of the Causes & Quantities of Crop Shrink, https://www.nrdc.org/resources/left-out-investigation-fruit-and-vegetable-losses-farm.

Lynda Simkins, in discussion with the author, June 30, 2015.

USDA, United States Standards for Grades of Maple Syrup, Mar. 2, 2015, https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/MapleSyrupStandards.pdf.

Jimmy Nguyen, Supermarkets and Restaurants Are Fighting Food Waste & Saving Money, USDA blog, Sept. 17, 2014, www.blogs.usda.gov/2014/09/17/supermarkets-and-restaurants-are-fighting-food-waste-saving-money/.

Linda Scott Kantor et al., Estimating and Addressing America’s Food Losses, FoodReview, Jan.-Apr. 1997, www.endhunger.org/PDFs/USDA-Jan97a.pdf.

Dana Gunders, NRDC’s Switchboard, Jan. 16, 2013, https://www.nrdc.org/experts/dana-gunders/breaking-grade-barrier-grocery-store-pioneers.

David Mas Masumoto, Learning to live with imperfection, Merced Sun Star, June 30, 2012, www.mercedsunstar.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/article3268546.html.

Raphael Minder, Tempting Europe with Ugly Fruit, New York Times, May 24, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/tempting-europe-with-ugly-fruit.html?_r=0.

Regulations, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1221/2008, Official Journal of the European Union, Dec. 5, 2008, www.eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:336:0001:0080:en:PDF.

Maria Canelhas, email message to author, July 10, 2014.

Maria Canelhas, in discussion with the author, July 31, 2014.

Maria Canelhas, email message to author, June 26, 2015.

Maria Canelhas, email message to author, July 18, 2014.

Raphael Minder, Tempting Europe with Ugly Fruit, New York Times, May 24, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/tempting-europe-with-ugly-fruit.html?_r=0.

Maria Canelhas, email message to author, July 26, 2015.

Ibid.

Maria Canelhas, email message to author, July 18, 2015.

Maria Canelhas, email message to author, July 26, 2015.

Jochen Faget, Dodgy stats understate Portugal’s unemployment rate, Deutsche Welle, Apr. 28, 2015, www.dw.com/en/dodgy-stats-understate-portugals-unemployment-rate/a-18414326.

Awards, Fruta Feia, frutafeia.pt/en/thanks (last visited Apr. 17, 2016).

Bob Granleese et al., The OFM 50: the 50 hottest places, people and trends in food, The Guardian, Mar. 15, 2015, www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/15/ofm-50-hottest-trends-people-places-in-food-for-2015.

Maria Canelhas, email message to author, June 26, 2015.

Raphael Minder, Tempting Europe with Ugly Fruit, New York Times, May 24, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/europe/tempting-europe-with-ugly-fruit.html?_r=0.

Steve Holt, How Buying Smaller Fruit Could Save California’s Drought-Stricken Family Farms, Civil Eats, June 22, 2015, www.civileats.com/2015/06/22/how-buying-smaller-fruit-could-save-californias-drought-stricken-family-farms/.

Meagan McGinnes & Jean Nagy, America’s most local food market opens in Boston, Boston Globe, July 29, 2015, www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2015/07/29/america-most-local-food-market-opens-boston/A73Ob1hhjveJyR0PO4gm3I/story.html?p1=well_ICYMI_subheadline_hp.

The Safina Center, Bycatch, www.safinacenter.org/issues/fish-as-food/bycatch/.

Monterey Bay Aquarium, Seafood Watch, Wild Seafood, www.seafoodwatch.org/ocean-issues/wild-seafood/bycatch.

Amanda Keledjian et al., Wasted Catch, Oceana, Mar. 2014, www.oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Bycatch_Report_FINAL.pdf.

The Pew Charitable Trusts, Waste Not, Want Not, Feb. 2015, www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Assets/2015/03/EBFMWasteNotWantNot.pdf.

NOAA Fisheries, Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/sfa/laws_policies/msa/index.html.

Alastair Bland, Why 500 Million U.S. Seafood Meals Get Dumped In The Sea, NPR’s The Salt, Mar. 21, 2014, www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/03/21/292094853/why-500-million-u-s-seafood-meals-get-dumped-in-the-sea.

100

FAO, Discards in the World’s Marine Fisheries, 2005, www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5936e/y5936e0b.htm.

101

Brian J. Rothschild, Testimony on Improving the Magnuson Stevens Act, U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation, Nov. 3, 2013, www.centerforsustainablefisheries.org/wp-content/uploads/IMPROVING-THE-MAGNUSON-STEVENS-ACT.-B.Rothschild-Testimony.pdf.

102

Brian Rothschild, Time to overhaul U.S. fisheries oversight, Center for Sustainable Fisheries, Aug. 10, 2011, www.centerforsustainablefisheries.org/2011/08/my-view-brian-rothschild-time-to-overhaul-u-s-fisheries-oversight/.

103

The Nature Conservancy, California: Central Coast Groundfish Project, www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/howwework/central-coast-groundfish-project.xml.

104

Leslie Kaufman, Partnership Preserves Livelihoods and Fish Stocks, NewYork Times, Nov. 27, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/science/earth/nature-conservancy-partners-with-california-fishermen.html?_r=3&adxnnl=1&pagewanted=1&adxnnlx=1322504624-wN4j5DZ+HY15aG+8fk2j+Q.

105

Sean Dimin, email message to author, July 31, 2015.

106

Finished Works, Waste at Sea-Striped Bass North Carolina, YouTube, Jan. 20, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGnqSD9V8Pg.

107

Lacey Act, 18 U.S.C. 42–43 (2004) www.fws.gov/le/pdffiles/Lacey.pdf.

108

Press Release, U.S. Department of Justice, Thirteen Commercial Fishermen Charged in North Carolina with Illegally Harvesting and Selling Atlantic Striped Bass, Jan. 21, 2015, www.justice.gov/opa/pr/thirteen-commercial-fishermen-charged-north-carolina-illegally-harvesting-and-selling.

109

Ibid.

110

Sean Dimin, email message to author, July 31, 2015.

111

Ibid.

112

Mwangi S. Kimenyi, The dilemma of destroying ivory as an anti-poaching strategy, Brookings’s Africa in Focus, Mar. 6, 2015, www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2015/03/06-destroying-ivory-anti-poaching-strategy-kimenyi.

113

Leslie Kaufman, Partnership Preserves Livelihoods and Fish Stocks, New York Times, Nov. 27, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/science/earth/nature-conservancy-partners-with-california-fishermen.html.

114

Baylen Linnekin, The Lobster Underground, Reason, Apr. 2011, https://reason.com/archives/2011/03/10/the-lobster-underground/singlepage.

115

Ben Sargent, email message to author, June 16, 2015.

116

Ibid.

117

Travis Riggs, in discussion with the author, July 31, 2015.

118

Andrew Knowlton, How Houston Restaurants Are Making “Bycatch” a Buzzword, Bon Appetit, Sept. 11, 2012, www.bonappetit.com/columns/the-foodist/article/how-houston-restaurants-are-making-bycatch-a-buzzword.

Title: Wasting Your Money Wasting Food
Author: Baylen J. Linnekin
Publisher: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
Book: Biting the Hands that Feed Us
Print ISBN: 978-1-61091-825-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-61091-676-9

Copyright Year: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-676-9_4

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