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2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

7. Water Discourses

Authors : Léna Salamé, Daene C. McKinney, Jerome Delli Priscoli, Toshio Koike, Jack Moss, Mara Tignino, Owen McIntyre, Hussam Hussein, Mahsa Motlagh, Aaron T. Wolf, Lynette de Silva, Natasha Carmi, Danilo Türk, François Münger

Published in: Handbook of Water Resources Management: Discourses, Concepts and Examples

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The water epistemic community discusses water matters and directly or indirectly advises policy and decision makers in ways that reflect its beliefs on one hand, and its agreements and disagreements, on the other hand. It discusses water in ways that reflect the variety of scientific and indigenous backgrounds of its members, the richness of their different expertise, their cultural and social beliefs, practices and aspirations, as well as their ethical, spiritual and religious values. These discourses cover issues as complex as the value of water and the nuances between water security, sustainability and integrated water resources management. They deliberate over statements as sensitive as claims insisting that wars will be fought over water. They examine the impacts of phenomena such as climate change over water and how humans should adapt to it; and the list is as long and vast, as the number of complex issues intertwined with the governance of water. Is water an instrument of peace, or rather the source of (inevitable) conflict? Are water infrastructures good or bad? What are the limits of international law in the management of transboundary water resources? How should one refer to and assist, a person who has been displaced because of water related hazards? This chapter shares with the reader a non-exhaustive selection of such discourses. It sheds the light on a number of expressions, buzz words and polemics that have been overused—sometimes—with a relative indifference of their subtleties.

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previous chapter Water Law and Rights

next chapter The Water Security Discourse and Its Main Actors

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Supra, 18.

Ibid., at 13.

Draft Articles 4 and 5 set out the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization, usually regarded as the overarching and cardinal rule of international water law, while Draft Article 6 sets out the closely related obligation not to cause significant transboundary harm.

2008 ILC Draft Articles, Article 2(a).

100

The Commentary to the 2008 Draft Articles, supra, n. 1, at 39, notes the quite radical view expressed by certain States, and seemingly supported by the ILC, that.

‘water resources belong to the States in which they are located and are subject to the exclusive sovereignty of those States’ (emphasis added).

101

See, for example, the 1978 judgment of the Swiss Federal Court in Argau v. Zurich, quoted by S. C. McCaffrey, The Law of International Watercourses (2nd ed.) (OUP, Oxford, 2007), at 390, which suggests that, as regards the use of shared water resources, it is necessary, on the basis of the sovereign equality of States, for the normal exercise of sovereignty to be severely curtailed. See further, McIntyre, supra, n. 9, at 12.

102

See, for example, Article 3 of the ILA’s 2004 Berlin Rules, supra, n. 18, which defines “aquifer” and “groundwater” separately. See also, the Ixtapa Draft Agreement Relating to the Use of Transboundary Groundwaters, Article 1, (1985) 25 Natural Resources Journal 715; the Bellagio Draft Agreement Concerning the Use of Transboundary Groundwaters, Article 1, (1989) 29 Natural Resources Journal 663.

103

Directive 2000/60/EC, (OJ L 327, 22 December 2000), Article 2(11).

104

UNWC, Article 8(1).

105

On the ‘distributive’ nature of equitable apportionment of quantum and uses of shared international water resources under international law, see O. McIntyre, ‘Utilization of shared international freshwater resources—the meaning and role of “equity” in international water law’, (2013) 38/2 Water International 112–129. See further, L. F. E. Goldie, ‘Equity and the international management of transboundary resources’, in A. E. Utton and L. Teclaff (eds.), Transboundary Resources Law (Westview Press, London 1987); J. Lautze and M. Giordano, ‘Equity in transboundary water law: Valuable paradigm or merely semantics?, (2006) 17 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 89–122; V. Lowe, ‘The role of equity in international law’, (1992) 12 Australian Yearbook of International Law 54.

106

See further, O. McIntyre, Environmental Protection of International Watercourses under International Law (Ashgate, Farnham, 2007), who explains at 76–78 that the principle of equitable and reasonable utilisation is based on the doctrine of “limited territorial sovereignty”.

107

See further, J. Gjørtz Howden, The Community of Interest Approach in International Water Law: A Legal Framework for Common Management of International Watercourses (University of Bergen, 2019).

108

Case Concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), (1997) ICJ Reports 7, para. 85, where the Court quoted from a seminal statement on the community of interest principle by the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder case, Judgment No. 16 (10 September 1929), PCIJ Series A, No. 23, at 5–46.

109

Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), (ICJ Judgment, 20 April 2010), para. 281.

110

McCaffrey, supra, n. 41, at 165, who further explains that.

‘[w]hereas the doctrine of limited territorial sovereignty merely connotes unilateral restraint, the concept of a community of interest evokes shared governance, joint action’ (original emphasis).

See further, McIntyre, supra, n. 46, at 28–40.

111

In clarifying the relationship between the principle of equitable and reasonable utilisation and the duty to prevent significant transboundary harm, the ILC’s 1994 Commentary to the Draft Articles on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, supra, n. 15, states, at 236, that.

‘the State whose use causes the harm shall … consult with the State suffering such harm over … the extent to which such use is equitable and reasonable taking into account the factors listed in Article 6’.

112

See supra, n. 40.

113

It is instructive that Lathrop notes, supra, n. 34, at 423, in relation to internal groundwater resources, i.e. those located wholly within the territory of a single State, that.

‘Such sovereign resources, being fully excludable, are private goods. Their “ownership” structure most closely resembles private property: a single rights-holder … that is subject only to the omni-present rule of property ownership sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas’.

114

Guarani Aquifer Agreement (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay), (San Juan, 2 August 2010).

115

Article 2 (emphasis added). Though Article 3 does seek to qualify such unilateral sovereign control by providing that.

‘The Parties exercise in their respective territories the sovereign right to promote the management, monitoring, and sustainable utilization of the Guarani Aquifer System water resources, and shall use such resources on the basis of reasonable and sustainable use criteria, respecting the obligation of not causing significant harm to the other Parties or the environment.’.

116

Article 1 (emphasis added).

117

McCaffrey, supra, n. 35, at 291.

118

Supra, n. 1, at 45.

119

Article 6 of the UNWC on ‘[f]actors relevant to equitable and reasonable utilization’ lists first, in Article 6(a),

‘Geographic, hydrographic, hydrological, climatic, ecological and other factors of a natural character’.

120

See A. Tanzi and M. Arcari, The United Nations Convention on the Law of International Watercourses: A Framework for Sharing (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2001), at 124; X. Fuentes, ‘The Criteria for the Equitable Utilization of International Rivers’, (1996) 67 British Yearbook of International Law 337–412, at 398–407; McIntyre, supra, n. 46, at 179–183.

121

Supra, n. 49.

122

Pulp Mills, ibid. See further, Owen McIntyre, ‘The Proceduralisation and Growing Maturity of International Water Law’, (2010) 22 Journal of Environmental Law 475–497, at 488–491.

123

Draft Articles 4–6 and 10–12.

124

See further, O. McIntyre, ‘Sovereignty and the Procedural Rules of International Water Law’ in T. Tvedt, O. McIntyre and T. Kassa Woldetsadik (eds.), Sovereignty and the Development of International Water Law (I. B. Tauris, London, 2015) 321–340.

125

See E. Brown Weiss, International Water Law for a Water-Scarce World (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 2013), at 1.

126

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Title: Water Discourses
Authors: Léna Salamé
Daene C. McKinney
Jerome Delli Priscoli
Toshio Koike
Jack Moss
Mara Tignino
Owen McIntyre
Hussam Hussein
Mahsa Motlagh
Aaron T. Wolf
Lynette de Silva
Natasha Carmi
Danilo Türk
François Münger
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Handbook of Water Resources Management: Discourses, Concepts and Examples
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60145-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-60147-8

Copyright Year: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60147-8_7

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