Top

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products

Published in:

03-09-2022 | Original Article

Wettability and surface interactions of natural and thermally modified beech wood with water and water-based coatings: the effect of surface pre-treatment type

Authors: Jure Žigon, Maziar Sedighi Moghaddam, Magnus E. P. Wålinder

Published in: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products | Issue 1/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Proper surface pre-treatment plays an important role for good compatibility between the wood and the coating. The present study aimed to determine the correlations between the type of surface pre-treatment and the wettability for unmodified and thermally modified beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood with water and water-based coatings. A new approach to evaluate the water permeability of coating systems was developed by investigating the wettability of wood samples using the multicycle Wilhelmy plate method in combination with immersion of the coated samples in water. The treatment with non-thermal plasma made the wood surfaces more hydrophilic and treatment with organic solvent made the surfaces more hydrophobic. The poorer wettability and sorption with water and coatings in thermally modified wood was clearly related to the altered chemical composition of wood. As the water content in coating increased, the amount of absorbed coating in the wood decreased. The surface pre-treatments had no effect on the colour of the coated wood. The higher water content in the coating negatively affected the water protection performance of the coated wood. The thinner coating films correlated with greater water absorption in the coated wood, generally resulting in microscopic delamination between the wood substrate and the coating films.

previous article Bark based porous materials obtained with a simple mechanical foaming procedure

next article Preliminary evaluation of polydimethylsiloxane and hydrophobic silica nanoparticles to improve water repellency and boron leachability in wood

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Báder M, Németh R, Sandak J, Sandak A (2020) FTIR analysis of chemical changes in wood induced by steaming and longitudinal compression. Cellulose 27:6811–6829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03131-8CrossRef

Baumstark R, Tiarks F (2002) Studies for a new generation of acrylic binders for exterior wood coatings. Macromol Symp 187:177–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200209)187:1%3c177::AID-MASY177%3e3.0.CO;2-1CrossRef

Bouafif H, Koubaa A, Perré P, Cloutier A, Riedl B (2008) Analysis of among-species variability in wood fiber surface using DRIFTS and XPS: effects on esterification efficiency. J Wood Chem Tech 28(4):296–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773810802485139CrossRef

Cao Y, Hua H, Yang P, Chen M, Wang S, Zhou X (2020) Investigation into the reaction mechanism underlying the atmospheric low temperature plasma-induced oxidation of cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 233:115632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115632CrossRefPubMed

Cao Y, Zhang W, Yang P, Li X, Zhang T, Chen W, Wang S, Zhou X (2021) Comparative investigation into the interfacial adhesion of plywood prepared by air spray atomization and roller coating. Eur J Wood Prod 79:887–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01681-7CrossRef

Carrà S, Pinoci D, Carrà S (2002) A model for the drying process during film formation in waterborne acrylic coatings. Macromol Symp 187:585–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200209)187:1%3c585::AID-MASY585%3e3.0.CO;2-QCrossRef

Casilla RC, Chow S, Steiner PR (1981) An immersion technique for studying wood wettability. Wood Sci Technol 15:31–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00366499CrossRef

Chibowski E, Ontiveros-Ortega A, Perea-Carpio R (2002) On the interpretation of contact angle hysteresis. J Adhesion Sci Technol 16(10):1367–1404. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856102320252859CrossRef

Cogulet A, Blanchet P, Landry V (2016) Wood degradation under UV irradiation: a lignin characterization. J Photochem Photobiol B 158:184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.030CrossRefPubMed

Davis K, Leavengood S, Morrell JJ (2021) Performance of exterior wood coatings in temperate climates. Coatings 11:325. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030325CrossRef

De Meijer M, Militz H (2001) Moisture transport in coated wood. Part 2: influence of coating type, film thickness, wood species, temperature and moisture gradient on kinetics of sorption and dimensional change. Holz Roh- Werkst 58:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001070050461CrossRef

Del Grosso DM, Vogelsang J, Fedrizzi L (1999a) Water up-take evaluation of new waterborne and high solid epoxy coatings. Part I: measurements by means of gravimetrical methods. Prog Org Coat 37:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(99)00055-7CrossRef

Del Grosso Destreri M, Vogelsang J, Fedrizzi L, Deflorian F (1999) Water up-take evaluation of new waterborne and high solid epoxy coatings Part II: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Prog Org Coat 37(1–2):69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9440(99)00056-9CrossRef

Derbyshire H, Miller ER (1996) Moisture conditions in coated exterior wood. Part 1: An investigation of the moisture transmission characteristics of exterior wood coatings and the effect of weathering on coating permeability. J Inst Wood Sci 14(1):40

Désor U, Krieger S, Apitz G, Kuropka R (1999) Water-borne acrylic dispersions for industrial wood coatings. Surf Coat Int 10:488–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692644CrossRef

Donkers PAJ, Huinink HP, Erich SJF, Reuvers NJW, Adan OCG (2012) Water permeability of pigmented waterborne coatings. Prog Org Coat 76(1):60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.08.011CrossRef

Du Noüy PL (1925) An interfacial tensiometer for universal use. J Gen Physiol 7:625–631. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.7.5.625CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ekstedt J (2003) Influence of coating system composition on moisture dynamic performance of coated wood. J Coat Technol 75(938):27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02697719CrossRef

EN 927-5 (2006) Paints and varnishes - Coating materials and coating systems for exterior wood - Part 5: Assessment of the liquid water permeability. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

EN ISO 2811-1 (2016) Paints and varnishes - Determination of density - Part 1: Pycnometer method (ISO 2811-1:2016). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

EN ISO 2555 (2018) Plastics - Resins in the liquid state or as emulsions or dispersions - Determination of apparent viscosity using a single cylinder type rotational viscometer method (ISO 2555:2018). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

EN ISO 3251 (2019) Paints, varnishes and plastics - Determination of non-volatile-matter content (ISO 3251:2019). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

Fort DA, Remsing RC, Swatloski RP, Moyna P, Moyna G, Rogers RD (2007) Can ionic liquids dissolve wood? Processing and analysis of lignocellulosic materials with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Green Chem 9:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1039/b607614aCrossRef

Gao L, McCarthy TJ (2006) Contact angle hysteresis explained. Langmuir 22:6234–6237. https://doi.org/10.1021/la060254jCrossRefPubMed

Gardner DJ, Generalla NC, Gunnells DW, Wolcott MP (1991) Dynamic wettability of wood. Langmuir 7:2498–2502. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00059a017CrossRef

Gérardin P (2016) New alternatives for wood preservation based on thermal and chemical modification of wood – A review. Ann for Sci 73:559–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0531-4CrossRef

Gindl M, Sinn G, Gindl W, Reiterer A, Tschegg S (1997) A comparison of different methods to calculate the surface free energy of wood using contact angle measurements. J Colloid Interface Sci 191(2):378–383. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1997.4935CrossRef

González-Peña MM, Curling FS, Hale DCM (2009) On the effect of heat on the chemical composition and dimensions of thermally-modified wood. Polym Deg Stab 94(12):2184–2193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.003CrossRef

Hakkou M, Petrissans M, Zoulalian A, Gérardin P (2005) Investigation of wood wettability changes during heat treatment on the basis of chemical analysis. Polym Deg Stab 89:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.017CrossRef

Herrera R, Sandak J, Roblesa E, Krystofiak T, Labidi J (2018) Weathering resistance of thermally modified wood finished with coatings of diverse formulations. Prog Org Coat 119:145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.02.015CrossRef

Janesch J, Arminger B, Gindl-Altmutter W, Hansmann C (2020) Superhydrophobic coatings on wood made of plant oil and natural wax. Prog Org Coat 148:105891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105891CrossRef

Johansson L-S, Campbell JM, Hänninen T, Ganne-Chèdeville C, Vuorinen T, Hughes M, Laine J (2012) XPS and the medium-dependent surface adaptation of cellulose in wood. Surf Interface Anal 44(8):899–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.4839CrossRef

Källbom S, Sedighi Moghaddam M, Wålinder MEP (2018) Liquid sorption, swelling and surface energy properties of unmodified and thermally modified Scots pine heartwood after extraction. Holzforschung 72(3):251–258. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0064CrossRef

Kamdem DP, Pizzi A, Triboulot MC (2000) Heat-treated timber: potentially toxic byproducts presence and extent of wood cell wall degradation. Holz Roh Werkst 58:253–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001070050420CrossRef

Kästner U (2001) The impact of rheological modifiers on water-borne coatings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 183–185:805–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00507-6CrossRef

Kiguchi M (1996) Surface modification and activation of wood, Chemical modification of lignocellulosic materials. Routledge, London, UK.

Kramár S, Pipíška T, Sťahel P, Pijáková B, Stupavská M, Oberle A, Král P, Ráhel J (2021) Effect of plasma sizing on basalt fibers adhesion with wood-working resins. Eur J Wood Prod 79:873–885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01673-7CrossRef

Landry V, Blanchet P (2012) Surface preparation of wood for application of waterborne coatings. For Prod J 62(1):39–45

Landry V, Blanchet P, Cormier LM (2013) Water-based and solvent-based stains: Impact on the grain raising in yellow birch. BioResources 8(2):1997–2009CrossRef

Laskowska S, Sobczak JW (2017) Surface chemical composition and roughness as factors affecting the wettability of thermo-mechanically modified oak (Quercus robur L.). Holzforschung 72(11):993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0022CrossRef

Li T, Cheng D-I, Avramidis S, Wålinder MEP, Zhou D-G (2017) Response of hygroscopicity to heat treatment and its relation to durability of thermally modified wood. Constr Build Mat 144:671–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.218CrossRef

Liptáková E, Kúdela J, Sarvaš J (2000) Study of the system wood − Coating material I. Wood – liquid coating material. Holzforschung 54:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2000.032CrossRef

Miklečić J, Jirouš-Rajković V (2021) Effectiveness of finishes in protecting wood from liquid water and water vapor. J Build Eng 43:102621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102621CrossRef

Miszczyk A, Darowicki K (2018) Water uptake in protective organic coatings and its reflection in measured coating impedance. Prog Org Coat 124:296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.03.002CrossRef

Oh G-Y, Ju Y-W, Kim M-Y, Jung H-R, Kim HJ, Lee W-J (2008) Adsorption of toluene on carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. Sci Total Environ 393(2–3):341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.005CrossRefPubMed

Overbeek A (2010) Polymer heterogeneity in waterborne coatings. J Coat Technol Res 7(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-009-9201-5CrossRef

Özgenç Ö, Durmaz S, Hakki Boyaci I, Eksi-Kocak H (2017) Determination of chemical changes in heat-treated wood using ATR-FTIR and FT Raman spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 171:395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.08.026CrossRefPubMed

Pánek M, Dvořák O, Oberhofnerová E, Šimůnková K, Zeidler A (2019) Effectiveness of two different hydrophobic topcoats for increasing of durability of exterior coating systems on oak wood. Coatings 9:280. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050280CrossRef

Papadopoulos AN, Taghiyari HR (2019) Innovative wood surface treatments based on nanotechnology. Coatings 9:866. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120866CrossRef

Pavlič M, Petrič M, Žigon J (2021) Interactions of coating and wood flooring surface system properties. Coatings 11:91. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010091CrossRef

Pelosi C, Rubino G, Capobianco G, Lanteri L, Agresti G, Bonifazi G, Serranti S, Picchio R, Lo Monaco A (2021) A multi-technique approach to evaluate the surface properties of heat-treated chestnut wood finished with a water-based coating. Coatings 11:706. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060706CrossRef

Pereira GN, Cesca K, Cubas ALV, De Oliveira D (2021) Use of non-thermal plasma in lignocellulosic materials: A smart alternative. Trends Food Sci Technol 109:365–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.047CrossRef

Piao C, Winandy JE, Shupe TF (2010) From hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity: A critical review: Part I. Wettability and surface behaviour. Wood Fib Sci 42(4):490–510

Popova IE, Kozliak EI (2008) Efficient Extraction of fuel oil hydrocarbons from wood. Sep Sci Technol 43(4):778–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390701870663CrossRef

Ramé E (1997) The interpretation of dynamic contact angles measured by the Wilhelmy plate method. J Colloid Interface Sci 185:245–251. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.4589CrossRef

Reinprecht L, Tiňo R, Šomšák M (2020) The impact of fungicides, plasma, UV-additives and weathering on the adhesion strength of acrylic and alkyd coatings to the Norway spruce wood. Coatings 10:1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111111CrossRef

Rep G, Pohleven F, Košmerl S (2012) Development of the industrial kiln for thermal wood modification by a procedure with an initial vacuum and commercialisation of modified Silvapro wood. In: Jones D, Militz H, Petrič M, Pohleven F, Humar M, Pavlič M (Eds), Proceedings of The sixth European conference on wood modification, 11th –17th September, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Ljubljana, pp 17–18.

Santoni I, Pizzo B (2011) Effect of surface conditions related to machining and air exposure on wettability of different Mediterranean wood species. Int J Adhes Adhes 31:743–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2011.07.002CrossRef

Sedighi Moghaddam M, Claesson PM, Wålinder MEP, Swerin A (2014) Wettability and liquid sorption of wood investigated by Wilhelmy plate method. Wood Sci Technol 48:161–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-013-0592-1CrossRef

Sedighi Moghaddam M, Wålinder MEP, Claesson PM, Swerin A (2019) Multicycle Wilhelmy plate method for wetting properties, swelling and liquid sorption of wood. Langmuir 29:12145–12153. https://doi.org/10.1021/la402605qCrossRef

Singh AP, Ratz A, Dawson BSW (2007) A novel method for high-resolution imaging of coating distribution within a rough-textured plywood surface. J Coat Technol Res 4(2):207–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-007-9019-yCrossRef

Sivertsen MS, Flæte PO (2012) Water absorption in coated Norway spruce (Picea abies) cladding boards. Eur J Wood Prod 70:307–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-011-0557-8CrossRef

Sjökvist T, Wålinder MEP, Blom Å (2018) Liquid sorption characterisation of Norway spruce heartwood and sapwood using a multicycle Wilhelmy plate method. Int Wood Prod J 9(2):58–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2018.1467602CrossRef

Slabejová G, Vidholdová Z, Šmidriaková M (2019) Surface finishes for thermally modified beech wood. Acta Fact Xylologiae 61(2): 41−50. https://doi.org/10.17423/afx.2019.61.2.04

Timar MC, Varodi A, Hacibektasoglu M, Campean M (2016) Color and FTIR Analysis of chemical changes in beech wood (Fagus sylvatica l.) after light steaming and heat treatment in two different environments. BioResources 11(4): 8325–8343. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.4.8325-8343

Tjeerdsma BF, Militz H (2005) Chemical changes in hydrothermal treated wood: FTIR analysis of combined hydrothermal and dry heat-treated wood. Holz Roh Werkst 63:102–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-004-0532-8CrossRef

Topçuoğlu Ö, Altinkaya SA, Balköse D (2006) Characterization of waterborne acrylic based paint films and measurement of their water vapor permeabilities. Prog Org Coat 56:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2006.02.003CrossRef

Toumpanaki E, Shah DU, Eichhorn SJ (2020) Beyond what meets the eye: Imaging and imagining wood mechanical–structural properties. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001613CrossRefPubMed

Turkulin H, Arnold M, Derbyshire H, Sell J (2001) Structural and fractographic SEM analysis of exterior coated wood. Surf Coating Int B Coating Trans 84(B1):67–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02699699CrossRef

Vaziri M, Karlsson O, Abrahamsson L, Lin C-F, Sandberg D (2020) Wettability of welded wood-joints investigated by the Wilhelmy method: part 1. Determination of apparent contact angles, swelling, and water sorption. Holzforschung 75(1):65–74. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0308CrossRef

Wålinder MEP, Johansson I (2001) Measurement of wood wettability by the Wilhelmy method. Part 1. Contamination of probe liquids by extractives. Holzforschung 55(1): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2001.005

Wålinder MEP, Ström G (2001) Measurement of wood wettability by the Wilhelmy method. Part 2. Determination of apparent contact angles. Holzforschung 55:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2001.005CrossRef

Wang J, Wu H, Liu R, Long L, Xu J, Chen M, Qiu H (2019) Preparation of a fast water-based UV cured polyurethane-acrylate wood coating and the effect of coating amount on the surface properties of oak (Quercus alba L.). Polymers 11:1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091414CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wilhelmy J (1863) Über die Abhängigkeit der Kapillaritäts - Konstanten des Alkohols von Substanz und Gestalt des Benetzten Festen Körpers. Ann Phys 119:177–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18641980502CrossRef

Wu Y, Sun Y, Yang F, Zhang H, Wang Y (2019) The implication of benzene–ethanol extractive on mechanical properties of waterborne coating and wood cell wall by nanoindentation. Coatings 9:449. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9070449CrossRef

Yin H, Sedighi Moghaddam M, Tuominen M, Dėdinaitė A, Wålinder M, Swerin A (2021) Non-fluorine surface modification of acetylated birch for improved water repellence. Holzforschung 75(9):857–868. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0236CrossRef

Zavarin E, Cool LG, Jones SJ (1991) Analysis of solid wood surfaces by internal reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-IRS). J Wood Chem Technol 11(1):41–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773819108050261CrossRef

Zavarin E (1984) Activation of wood surface and nonconventional bonding the chemistry of solid wood. In: Rowell RM (ed) Chemistry of solid wood. American Chem Soc, Washington DC, pp 349–400. https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1984-0207.ch010

Žigon J (2021) Interactions of a waterborne coating with plasma pre-treated densified beech wood. Eur J Wood Prod 79:1383–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01716-zCrossRef

Žigon J, Saražin J, Šernek M, Kovač J, Dahle S (2021) The effect of ageing on bonding performance of plasma treated beech wood with urea-formaldehyde adhesive. Cellulose 28:2461–2478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03687-zCrossRef

Title: Wettability and surface interactions of natural and thermally modified beech wood with water and water-based coatings: the effect of surface pre-treatment type
Authors: Jure Žigon
Maziar Sedighi Moghaddam
Magnus E. P. Wålinder
Publication date: 03-09-2022
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products / Issue 1/2023
Print ISSN: 0018-3768
Electronic ISSN: 1436-736X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01875-7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

Seismic performance investigation of the Dou-gong joints of traditional Chinese timber structures

Discrimination of amazonian forest species by NIR spectroscopy: wood surface effects

Accelerated weathering of Compreg with phenol-formaldehyde resin treated top veneers of European white oak (Quercus ssp., L.) and teak (Tectonia grandis, L.F.)

Elastoplastic performance of wood under compression load considering cross-grain orientation and moisture content

Strain and cracks investigations on tropical green wood slices under natural drying: experimental and numerical approaches

Modelling the process of splitting wood and chipless cutting Pinus sylvestris L. wood in terms of designing the geometry of the tools and the driving force of the machine