1 Introduction
2 Background and hypothesis development
2.1 Fair value option for liabilities and debt valuation adjustments
2.2 Related literature
2.3 Research questions
3 Sample selection and research design
3.1 Sample selection
Banks that report net gains or losses on liabilities (BHCKF553) or net gains or losses on liabilities attributable to changes in their own credit risk (BHCKF554) at least once during sample period first quarter of 2007 to fourth quarter of 2017 | 85 |
Banks that match with Compustat and CRSP with available data to compute explanatory variables, and positive book value of liabilities | 46 |
Banks that report fair value and principal value of liabilities under the fair value option | 38 |
All bank-quarters of selected banks | 887 |
3.2 DVA-estimated changes in credit spreads
Variable | Obs | Mean | Std.Dev. | P5 | Q1 | Median | Q3 | P95 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: DVAs and inputs for DVA-estimated changes in credit spreads | ||||||||
DVA (‘000) (all observations) | 887 | −14,651 | 374,937 | −378,000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 225,000 |
DVA (‘000) (non-zero DVA) | 347 | −37,450 | 599,267 | −945,000 | −143,000 | −162 | 87,000 | 647,000 |
DVA/FVL_lag | 887 | 0.0008 | 0.0346 | −0.0159 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0076 |
DVA/Asset_lag | 887 | 0.0000 | 0.0004 | −0.0004 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0003 |
Coupon rate | 887 | 0.0566 | 0.0179 | 0.0318 | 0.0439 | 0.0547 | 0.0671 | 0.0908 |
Maturity | 887 | 8.0267 | 7.1085 | 1.7379 | 3.1834 | 4.8017 | 10.0000 | 23.6200 |
Fair value (‘000) | 887 | 21,689,588 | 44,049,942 | 10,058 | 41,429 | 159,787 | 10,392,000 | 108,414,000 |
Face value (‘000) | 887 | 21,896,584 | 44,471,600 | 10,000 | 61,900 | 192,900 | 8,042,000 | 115,425,000 |
Panel B: DVA-estimated changes in credit spreads, bond spreads and CDS spreads | ||||||||
Delta_DVA_CS (all observations) | 887 | −0.0008 | 0.0147 | −0.0045 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0026 |
Delta_DVA_CS (non-zero DVA) | 347 | −0.0019 | 0.0234 | −0.0210 | −0.0018 | −0.0001 | 0.0009 | 0.0082 |
Delta_CDS_CS | 379 | −0.0002 | 0.0144 | −0.0123 | −0.0022 | −0.0003 | 0.0010 | 0.0101 |
Delta_Bond_CS | 21,514 | 0.0006 | 0.0087 | −0.0077 | −0.0018 | 0.0000 | 0.0015 | 0.0101 |
Delta_Bond_CS_Mean | 540 | 0.0008 | 0.0073 | −0.0079 | −0.0020 | −0.0001 | 0.0018 | 0.0137 |
Panel C: Explanatory variables | ||||||||
Delta_Lev | 887 | 0.0003 | 0.0152 | −0.0225 | −0.0075 | −0.0003 | 0.0075 | 0.0270 |
Delta_Sigma | 887 | −0.0002 | 0.0133 | −0.0180 | −0.0040 | −0.0005 | 0.0035 | 0.0198 |
Delta_SP500 | 887 | 0.0193 | 0.0851 | −0.1382 | −0.0257 | 0.0312 | 0.0635 | 0.1524 |
Delta_Jump | 887 | −0.0005 | 0.0325 | −0.0477 | −0.0263 | −0.0003 | 0.0263 | 0.0447 |
Delta_D2D | 887 | 0.0350 | 1.9984 | −3.0619 | −1.1146 | −0.0133 | 1.1580 | 3.3483 |
MOMS | 887 | 0.0023 | 0.1333 | −0.1922 | −0.0489 | 0.0076 | 0.0572 | 0.1564 |
MOML | 887 | 0.0004 | 0.0212 | −0.0386 | −0.0072 | 0.0033 | 0.0120 | 0.0253 |
Delta_BTM | 887 | 0.0155 | 1.7681 | −0.6353 | −0.1008 | −0.0013 | 0.0958 | 0.7446 |
Delta_Size | 887 | 0.0080 | 0.0531 | −0.0460 | −0.0113 | 0.0070 | 0.0238 | 0.0614 |
3.3 Research design
4 Empirical results
4.1 Determinants of DVA-estimated changes in credit spread
Pred. | Delta_DVA_CS | Delta_DVA_CS | Delta_CDS_CS | Delta_Bond_CS | Delta_Bond | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sign | All FVOL | Non-zero DVA | CS_Mean | |||
Intercept | −0.0003 | −0.0013*** | 0.0007 | 0.0018*** | 0.0014*** | |
t | (−1.09) | (−3.44) | (0.50) | (3.90) | (2.87) | |
Delta_Lev | + | −0.0129 | −0.0253 | 0.0043 | 0.0337* | 0.0275 |
(−0.51) | (−0.26) | (0.15) | (1.73) | (1.25) | ||
Delta_Sigma | + | −0.0019 | −0.0013 | −0.0341 | 0.0934*** | 0.0842 |
(−0.11) | (−0.02) | (−0.56) | (7.95) | (1.61) | ||
Delta_SP500 | – | −0.0138 | −0.0359* | −0.0293 | −0.0280*** | −0.0241*** |
(−1.47) | (−1.97) | (−1.64) | (−4.12) | (−2.85) | ||
Delta_Jump | + | 0.0117 | 0.0614* | 0.0694 | 0.0110* | 0.0246* |
(0.82) | (1.88) | (1.50) | (1.85) | (1.85) | ||
Delta_D2D | – | −0.0002 | −0.0005 | 0.0002 | −0.0003** | −0.0003* |
(−1.30) | (−1.05) | (0.48) | (−2.15) | (−1.74) | ||
MOMS | – | −0.0000 | 0.0037 | −0.0126 | −0.0102*** | −0.0061* |
(−0.00) | (0.53) | (−1.21) | (−3.10) | (−1.73) | ||
MOML | – | 0.0351 | 0.0950 | −0.0581 | −0.0188 | −0.0200 |
(0.97) | (1.33) | (−0.95) | (−0.98) | (−1.06) | ||
Delta_BTM | + | −0.0001 | −0.0001 | 0.0053*** | 0.0028*** | 0.0016*** |
(−0.72) | (−0.43) | (9.55) | (3.22) | (5.76) | ||
Delta_Size | – | −0.0185 | −0.0592 | 0.0321 | 0.0135 | 0.0187 |
(−0.97) | (−1.17) | (0.94) | (1.20) | (1.43) | ||
Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Observations | 887 | 347 | 379 | 21,514 | 540 | |
Adj. R-squared | 5.89% | 27.60% | 23.53% | 16.69% | 43.90% |
4.2 Fair value level
Panel A: Percentage of liabilities in different fair value levels | |||||||||
Obs | Mean | Std.Dev. | P5 | Q1 | Median | Q3 | P95 | ||
All observations | Level 1 and 2 | 887 | 57.45% | 43.89% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 78.48% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Level 3 | 887 | 42.55% | 43.89% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 21.52% | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
Observations with bond_spreads | Level 1 and 2 | 540 | 63.86% | 40.86% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 84.49% | 97.00% | 100.00% |
Level 3 | 540 | 36.14% | 40.86% | 0.00% | 3.00% | 15.51% | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
Observations with CDS_spreads | Level 1 and 2 | 379 | 74.10% | 31.75% | 0.00% | 72.27% | 87.10% | 96.00% | 100.00% |
Level 3 | 379 | 25.90% | 31.75% | 0.00% | 4.00% | 12.90% | 27.73% | 100.00% | |
Panel B: Observations classified as Level 1 and 2, and Level 3 reporters | |||||||||
Obs. for different cutoff | |||||||||
100% | >80% | >70% | |||||||
All observations | Level 1 and 2 reporters | 231 | 433 | 507 | |||||
Level 3 reporters | 285 | 306 | 317 | ||||||
Observations with bond_spreads | Level 1 and 2 reporters | 92 | 292 | 357 | |||||
Level 3 reporters | 140 | 146 | 150 | ||||||
Observations with CDS_spreads | Level 1 and 2 reporters | 28 | 228 | 293 | |||||
Level 3 reporters | 43 | 49 | 53 |
Delta_DVA_CS | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pred. | Level1&2 | Level 3 | All obs. | Level1&2 | Level 3 | All obs. | Level1&2 | Level 3 | All obs. | Level1&2 | Level 3 | |
Sign | ||||||||||||
Intercept | −0.0001 | 0.0006* | −0.0015*** | −0.0000 | −0.0054 | −0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0006 | −0.0008*** | −0.0003*** | 0.0024* | |
t | (−0.59) | (1.68) | (−5.21) | (−0.27) | (−0.65) | (−0.09) | (0.42) | (0.73) | (−3.43) | (−6.14) | (1.92) | |
Delta_CDS_t | + | 0.0687** | 0.0953*** | 1.3820 | ||||||||
(2.18) | (4.50) | (0.98) | ||||||||||
Delta_Bond_CS_t | + | 0.0385* | 0.0381* | −0.0425 | ||||||||
(1.92) | (1.66) | (−0.33) | ||||||||||
Delta_Bond_CS_Mean_t | + | 0.2537*** | 0.1877*** | −0.0854 | ||||||||
(2.59) | (2.62) | (−0.18) | ||||||||||
Delta_Lev | + | −0.0414 | 0.0116 | 0.0438 | 0.0176 | −0.7549 | 0.0654** | 0.0610** | 0.0518 | −0.0068 | 0.0095 | 0.0062 |
(−0.69) | (0.87) | (1.10) | (0.67) | (−0.46) | (2.36) | (2.50) | (0.50) | (−0.18) | (0.57) | (0.07) | ||
Delta_Sigma | + | −0.0371 | 0.0199 | 0.0015 | −0.0107 | 0.4857 | 0.0628*** | 0.0531** | 0.4921 | −0.0081 | −0.0294* | 0.4394 |
(−1.34) | (0.59) | (0.03) | (−0.34) | (1.50) | (3.22) | (2.23) | (1.56) | (−0.19) | (−1.87) | (1.15) | ||
Delta_SP500 | – | −0.0153** | −0.0177 | −0.0223 | −0.0154*** | −0.0392 | −0.0116*** | −0.0130*** | −0.0301 | −0.0217 | −0.0100*** | −0.0755 |
(−2.49) | (−1.49) | (−1.17) | (−4.07) | (−0.70) | (−2.61) | (−6.92) | (−0.94) | (−1.23) | (−4.89) | (−1.47) | ||
Delta_Jump | + | 0.0220* | −0.0342 | 0.0366 | 0.0031 | −0.0358 | 0.0042 | 0.0027 | −0.0422 | 0.0009 | 0.0013 | −0.1039 |
(1.72) | (−1.09) | (1.47) | (0.66) | (−0.60) | (0.82) | (0.52) | (−1.08) | (0.04) | (0.40) | (−1.15) | ||
Delta_D2D | – | −0.0005 | 0.0001 | −0.0001 | −0.0002* | −0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0007 | −0.0000 | −0.0001* | 0.0005 |
(−1.47) | (0.73) | (−0.56) | (−1.91) | (−0.13) | (0.76) | (0.18) | (1.33) | (−0.24) | (−1.80) | (1.04) | ||
MOMS | – | −0.0035* | 0.0077 | 0.0044 | −0.0022 | 0.0183** | −0.0020 | −0.0027** | 0.0147 | 0.0034 | −0.0017 | 0.0119* |
(−1.74) | (1.34) | (0.66) | (−1.40) | (2.20) | (−1.23) | (−2.03) | (1.46) | (1.01) | (−1.39) | (1.84) | ||
MOML | – | 0.0255 | 0.0842 | 0.0755 | 0.0228* | 0.8710** | 0.0299** | 0.0342*** | 0.2400 | 0.0553 | 0.0113 | 0.3250 |
(1.12) | (0.82) | (1.14) | (1.71) | (2.29) | (2.35) | (3.09) | (1.16) | (1.07) | (1.06) | (1.18) | ||
Delta_BTM | + | −0.0000 | −0.0035*** | −0.0004 | −0.0011** | 0.0347 | 0.0002 | 0.0005 | −0.0014** | −0.0009 | −0.0005*** | −0.0060*** |
(−0.13) | (−5.51) | (−1.07) | (−2.57) | (0.34) | (0.61) | (0.92) | (−2.21) | (−1.62) | (−3.44) | (−4.04) | ||
Delta_Size | – | −0.0016 | 0.0017 | −0.0569 | 0.0040 | −0.2089*** | −0.0246** | −0.0154** | −0.0036 | −0.0280 | −0.0012 | 0.0103 |
(−0.24) | (0.08) | (−1.15) | (0.53) | (−2.74) | (−2.02) | (−2.35) | (−0.14) | (−0.85) | (−0.18) | (0.31) | ||
Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Observations | 433 | 306 | 379 | 228 | 49 | 21,514 | 17,754 | 914 | 540 | 292 | 146 | |
Adj. R-squared | −4.37% | −2.31% | 12.41% | 44.00% | −9.92% | 21.19% | 47.99% | 5.59% | 9.61% | 42.95% | −3.43% |
Delta_CDS_CS | Delta_Bond_CS | Delta_Bond_CS_Mean | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pred. | All obs. | Level1&2 | Level 3 | All obs. | Level1&2 | Level 3 | All obs. | Level1&2 | Level 3 | |
Sign | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.0009 | 0.0021*** | 0.0014** | 0.0015*** | 0.0017*** | 0.0010*** | 0.0013** | 0.0017*** | 0.0016*** | |
t | (0.62) | (2.93) | (2.08) | (3.21) | (4.92) | (2.65) | (2.09) | (3.40) | (4.29) | |
Delta_DVA_CS_t + 1 | + | 0.0033 | 0.4675 | −0.0174 | 0.1023 | 0.2524 | 0.0065 | 0.0061 | 0.0904 | 0.0070 |
(0.12) | (1.34) | (−1.00) | (0.88) | (1.18) | (0.89) | (0.59) | (0.41) | (0.91) | ||
Delta_DVA_CS_t | + | 0.0427 | 0.9919*** | 0.0632*** | 0.0992 | 0.8259*** | −0.0065 | 0.0286** | 1.1505*** | 0.0052 |
(0.92) | (3.41) | (3.06) | (1.14) | (7.02) | (−0.43) | (2.05) | (9.05) | (0.67) | ||
Delta_DVA_CS_t-1 | + | 0.0129 | −0.4663 | 0.0675** | −0.0033 | −0.1862 | 0.0223*** | 0.0127** | 0.0402 | 0.0198*** |
(0.53) | (−1.24) | (2.51) | (−0.12) | (−1.35) | (3.27) | (2.24) | (0.28) | (4.04) | ||
Delta_Lev | + | 0.0066 | −0.2601** | −0.0466 | 0.0480** | −0.0182 | 0.0038 | 0.0101 | −0.0372 | −0.0031 |
(0.12) | (−2.28) | (−0.22) | (2.02) | (−0.61) | (0.17) | (0.40) | (−0.84) | (−0.07) | ||
Delta_Sigma | + | −0.0223 | 0.0395 | −0.0392 | 0.1263*** | 0.1688*** | 0.0711 | 0.0748* | 0.0636 | 0.0899 |
(−0.40) | (0.41) | (−0.47) | (8.92) | (4.18) | (0.85) | (1.79) | (1.04) | (1.09) | ||
Delta_SP500 | – | −0.0310 | −0.0250 | −0.0343** | −0.0280*** | −0.0217*** | −0.0348*** | −0.0250** | −0.0130 | −0.0399*** |
(−1.41) | (−1.47) | (−2.21) | (−4.07) | (−4.78) | (−6.16) | (−2.46) | (−1.48) | (−5.48) | ||
Delta_Jump | + | 0.0692 | 0.0409* | −0.0129* | 0.0091 | 0.0079 | 0.0016 | 0.0246* | 0.0180 | −0.0030 |
(1.49) | (1.90) | (−1.79) | (1.55) | (1.07) | (0.43) | (1.69) | (1.54) | (−0.40) | ||
Delta_D2D | – | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | −0.0002* | −0.0001 | −0.0001 | −0.0002 | −0.0001 | −0.0001 |
(0.63) | (0.38) | (1.13) | (−1.69) | (−0.39) | (−1.17) | (−1.57) | (−1.07) | (−0.67) | ||
MOMS | – | −0.0133 | −0.0207** | 0.0043 | −0.0091** | −0.0125*** | −0.0067** | −0.0060* | −0.0077* | −0.0058 |
(−1.30) | (−2.38) | (0.48) | (−2.38) | (−2.95) | (−2.57) | (−1.77) | (−1.69) | (−1.46) | ||
MOML | – | −0.0650 | −0.1915** | −0.1194 | −0.0153 | −0.0272 | −0.0197 | −0.0363** | −0.0593** | −0.0339 |
(−1.01) | (−2.17) | (−1.09) | (−0.68) | (−1.19) | (−0.68) | (−2.30) | (−2.56) | (−1.17) | ||
Delta_BTM | + | 0.0053*** | 0.0138*** | −0.0027 | 0.0028*** | 0.0054*** | 0.0016*** | 0.0018*** | 0.0028*** | 0.0014* |
(11.65) | (14.83) | (−0.41) | (2.85) | (9.91) | (2.66) | (3.30) | (11.90) | (1.82) | ||
Delta_Size | – | 0.0425 | −0.0613 | 0.0395 | 0.0146 | −0.0138 | 0.0051 | 0.0202* | 0.0042 | 0.0066 |
(1.09) | (−1.36) | (1.08) | (1.18) | (−1.25) | (1.33) | (1.67) | (0.30) | (0.97) | ||
Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Observations | 352 | 211 | 43 | 18,828 | 15,624 | 684 | 491 | 264 | 129 | |
Adj. R-squared | 23.12% | 74.18% | 32.75% | 20.58% | 31.92% | 48.51% | 41.01% | 68.45% | 59.48% |
Delta_CDS_CS_t | Delta_DVA_CS_t | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All obs. | Level 1&2 | Level 3 | All obs. | Level 1&2 | Level 3 | |
Panel A: Changes in CDS spreads (Delta_CDS_CS) | ||||||
Delta_CDS_CS_t-1 | −0.6718*** | −0.2912** | −0.1608*** | 0.0084 | 0.0530* | −1.0842 |
(−4.10) | (−2.38) | (−3.69) | (0.28) | (1.70) | (−1.00) | |
Delta_DVA_CS_t-1 | 0.0211*** | −0.3547 | 0.0386** | 0.0370 | −0.1542** | −0.5318*** |
(3.56) | (−1.17) | (2.34) | (1.59) | (−2.19) | (−6.52) | |
Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 352 | 211 | 43 | 352 | 211 | 43 |
Panel B: Changes in Bond spreads (Delta_Bond_CS) | ||||||
Delta_Bond_CS_t-1 | −0.2997*** | −0.2417* | −0.0310 | 0.0274 | 0.0405* | 0.3029 |
(−5.24) | (−1.88) | (−0.31) | (1.21) | (1.70) | (0.78) | |
Delta_DVA_CS_t-1 | 0.0215 | −0.0251 | 0.0262** | 0.0181 | −0.0691 | −0.2918** |
(0.82) | (−0.13) | (2.45) | (0.85) | (−0.91) | (−2.10) | |
Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 18,856 | 15,647 | 684 | 18,856 | 15,647 | 684 |
Panel C: Changes on Mean Bond spreads (Delta_Bond_CS_Mean) | ||||||
Delta_Bond_CS_Mean_t-1 | −0.2353*** | −0.1495* | −0.2576** | −0.0600 | 0.0346 | 0.4331 |
(−3.85) | (−1.80) | (−2.16) | (−0.55) | (0.92) | (0.29) | |
Delta_DVA_CS_t-1 | 0.0202*** | −0.0071 | 0.0228** | 0.0293* | −0.1353** | −0.2046 |
(2.59) | (−0.04) | (2.00) | (1.66) | (−2.10) | (−1.24) | |
Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 486 | 265 | 123 | 486 | 265 | 123 |