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Toward Sensing, Communications and Control Architectures for Frequency Regulation in Systems with Highly Variable Resources Read chapter Read first chapter

2012 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Wholesale Energy Market in a Smart Grid: A Discrete-Time Model and the Impact of Delays

Authors : Arman Kiani, Anuradha Annaswamy

Published in: Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids

Publisher: Springer New York

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Abstract

The main foundations of the emerging Smart Grid are (1) Distributed Energy Resources (DER) enabled primarily by intermittent, nondispatchable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, and independent microgrids and (2) Demand Response (DR), the concept of controlling loads via cyber-based communication and control and economic signals. While smart grid communication technologies offer dynamic information provide real-time signals to utilities, they inevitably introduce delays in the energy real-time market. In this article, a dynamic, discrete-time model of the wholesale energy market that captures these interactions is derived. Beginning with a framework that includes optimal power flow and real-time pricing, this model is shown to capture the dynamic interactions between generation, demand, and locational marginal price near the equilibrium of the optimal dispatch. It is shown that the resulting dynamic real-time market has stability properties that are dependent on the delay due to the measurement and communication. Numerical studies are reported to illustrate the dynamic model, and a suitable communication topology is suggested.

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previous chapter Optimal Demand Response: Problem Formulation and Deterministic Case
next chapter Coordinating Regulation and Demand Response in Electric Power Grids: Direct and Price-Based Tracking Using Multirate Economic Model Predictive Control
Footnotes
1
While these preliminaries are also addressed in [16], we introduce them here too for the sake of completeness.
 
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Metadata
Title
Wholesale Energy Market in a Smart Grid: A Discrete-Time Model and the Impact of Delays
Authors
Arman Kiani
Anuradha Annaswamy
Copyright Year
2012
Publisher
Springer New York
Book
Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids

Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1604-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-1605-0

Copyright Year: 2012

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1605-0_4