Top

Annals of Telecommunications

Published in:

20-01-2023

5G, 6G, and Beyond: Recent advances and future challenges

Authors: Fatima Salahdine, Tao Han, Ning Zhang

Published in: Annals of Telecommunications | Issue 9-10/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

With the high demand for advanced services and the increase in the number of connected devices, current wireless communication systems are required to expand to meet the users’ needs in terms of quality of service, throughput, latency, connectivity, and security. 5G, 6G, and Beyond (xG) aim at bringing new radical changes to shake the wireless communication networks where everything will be fully connected fulfilling the requirements of ubiquitous connectivity over the wireless networks. This rapid revolution will transform the world of communication with more intelligent and sophisticated services and devices leading to new technologies operating over very high frequencies and broader bands. To achieve the objectives of the xG networks, several key technology enablers need to be performed, including massive MIMO, software-defined networking, network function virtualization, vehicular to everything, mobile edge computing, network slicing, terahertz, visible light communication, virtualization of the network infrastructure, and intelligent communication environment. In this paper, we investigated the recent advancements in the 5G/6G and Beyond systems. We highlighted and analyzed their different key technology enablers and use cases. We also discussed potential issues and future challenges facing the new wireless networks.

next article DLT architectures for trust anchors in 6G

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

https://www.statista.com/statistics/245501/multiple-mobile-device-ownership-worldwide/https://www.statista.com/statistics/245501/multiple-mobile-device-ownership-worldwide/

Oughton E, Frias Z, Russell T, Sicker D, Cleevely DD (2018) Towards 5g: scenario-based assessment of the future supply and demand for mobile telecommunications infrastructure. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 133:141–155CrossRef

Yu H, Lee H, Jeon H (2017) What is 5g? emerging 5g mobile services and network requirements. Sustainability 9(10):1848CrossRef

Giordani M, Polese M, Mezzavilla M, Rangan S, Zorzi M (2020) Toward 6g networks: use cases and technologies. IEEE Commun Mag 58(3):55–61CrossRef

Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Ma Z, Xiao M, Ding Z, Lei X, Karagiannidis GK, Fan P (2019) 6G wireless networks: vision, requirements, architecture, and key technologies. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 14 (3):28–41CrossRef

Frenger P, Tano R (2019) A technical look at 5g energy consumption and performance

Bogale TE, Le LB (2016) Massive MIMO and mmWave for 5G wireless hetnet: potential benefits and challenges. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 11(1):64–75

Shafi M, Jha RK, Sabraj M (2020) A survey on security issues of 5G NR: perspective of artificial dust and artificial rain. J Netw Comput Appl, vol 160

Zaidi Z, Friderikos V, Yousaf Z, Fletcher S, Dohler M, Aghvami H (2018) Will SDN be part of 5G? IEEE Commun Surveys Tutor 20(4):3220–3258CrossRef

Cho H. -H., Lai C. -F., Shih TK, Chao H. -C. (2014) Integration of SDR and SDN for 5G. Ieee Access 2:1196–1204CrossRef

10.

Bizanis N, Kuipers FA (2016) SDN And virtualization solutions for the internet of things: a survey. IEEE Access 4:5591–5606CrossRef

11.

Sun S, Gong L, Rong B, Lu K (2015) An intelligent SDN framework for 5G heterogeneous networks. IEEE Commun Mag 53(11):142–147CrossRef

12.

Gandotra P, Jha RK (2017) A survey on green communication and security challenges in 5G wireless communication networks. J Netw Comput Appl 96:39–61CrossRef

13.

Gao Z, Dai L, Mi D, Wang Z, Imran MA, Shakir MZ (2015) Mmwave massive-MIMO-based wireless backhaul for the 5G ultra-dense network. IEEE Wirel Commun 22(5):13–21CrossRef

14.

Salem AA, El-Rabaie S, Shokair M (2020) A proposed efficient hybrid precoding algorithm for millimeter wave massive MIMO 5G networks. Wirel Pers Commun 112(1):149–167CrossRef

15.

Kour H, JHA R (2020) Half duplex radio: towards green 5G NR. IEEE Consum Electron Mag

16.

ZHANG P, Tao YZ, ZHANG Z (2016) Survey of several key technologies for 5G. J Commun 37(7):15–29

17.

An J, Yang K, Wu J, Ye N, Guo S, Liao Z (2017) Achieving sustainable ultra-dense heterogeneous networks for 5G. IEEE Commun Mag 55(12):84–90CrossRef

18.

Dighriri M, Alfoudi ASD, Lee GM, Baker T (2016) Data traffic model in machine to machine communications over 5G network slicing. In: 2016 9th international conference on developments in eSystems engineering (deSE). IEEE, pp 239–244

19.

Afolabi I, Taleb T, Samdanis K, Ksentini A, Flinck H (2018) Network slicing and softwarization: a survey on principles, enabling technologies, and solutions. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutor 20(3):2429–2453CrossRef

20.

Da Silva I, Mildh G, Kaloxylos A, Spapis P, Buracchini E, Trogolo A, Zimmermann G, Bayer N (2016) Impact of network slicing on 5G radio access networks. In: 2016 European conference on networks and communications (EuCNC). IEEE, pp 153–157

21.

Dissanayak MB, Ekanayake N (2021) On the exact performance analysis of molecular communication via diffusion for internet of bio-nano things. IEEE Trans Nanobiosci

22.

Mahmoud HHH, Amer AA, Ismail T (2021) 6G: a comprehensive survey on technologies, applications, challenges, and research problems. Trans Emerging Telecommun Technol, pp e4233

23.

Akyildiz IF, Kak A (2019) The internet of space things/cubesats: a ubiquitous cyber-physical system for the connected world. Comput Netw 150:134–149CrossRef

24.

Du L, Li L, Ngo HQ, Mai TC, Matthaiou M (2021) Cell-free massive mimo. IEEE Trans Commun, Joint maximum-ratio and zero-forcing precoder with power control

25.

Akyildiz IF, Kak A, Nie S (2020) 6G and beyond: the future of wireless communications systems. IEEE Access 8:133995–134030CrossRef

26.

Cao J, Ma M, Li H, Ma R, Sun Y, Yu P, Xiong L (2019) A survey on security aspects for 3GPP 5G networks. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutor 22(1):170–195CrossRef

27.

Choudhary G, Kim J, Sharma V (2018) Security of 5G-mobile backhaul networks: a survey. J Wireless Mobile Netw, Ubiquitous Comput Depend Appl 9(4):41–70

28.

Suomalainen J, Juhola A, Shahabuddin S, Mämmelä A., Ahmad I (2020) Machine learning threatens 5g security. IEEE Access 8:190822–190842CrossRef

29.

Alturfi S. M, Marhoon H. A, Al-Musawi B (2020) Internet of things security techniques: a survey. AIP Conf Proc 2290(1):040016. AIP Publishing LLCCrossRef

30.

Thembelihle D, Rossi M, Munaretto D (2017) Softwarization of mobile network functions towards agile and energy efficient 5g architectures: a survey. Wireless Commun Mobile Comput, vol 2017

31.

Gupta A, Jha RK (2015) A survey of 5g network: architecture and emerging technologies. IEEE access 3:1206–1232CrossRef

32.

Liolis K, Geurtz A, Sperber R, Schulz D, Watts S, Poziopoulou G, Evans B, Wang N, Vidal O, Tiomela Jou B et al (2019) Use cases and scenarios of 5g integrated satellite-terrestrial networks for enhanced mobile broadband: the sat5g approach. Int J Satell Commun Netw 37(2):91–112CrossRef

33.

Ji X, Huang K, Jin L, Tang H, Liu C, Zhong Z, You W, Xu X, Zhao H, Wu J, Yi M (2018) Overview of 5G csecurity technology. Science China Information Sciences 61(8):1–25CrossRef

34.

Ferrag MA, Maglaras L, Argyriou A, Kosmanos D, Janicke H (2018) Security for 4G and 5G cellular networks: a survey of existing authentication and privacy-preserving schemes. J Netw Comput Appl 101:55–82CrossRef

35.

Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhou W (2019) Towards secure 5G networks: a Survey. Comput Netw 162:106871CrossRef

36.

Saad W, Bennis M, Chen M (2020) A vision of 6g wireless systems: applications, trends, technologies, and open research problems. IEEE Netw 34(3):134–142CrossRef

37.

Dibaei M, Ghaffari A (2020) Full-duplex medium access control protocols in wireless networks: a survey. Wirel Netw 26(4):2825–2843CrossRef

38.

Foukas X, Patounas G, Elmokashfi A, Marina MK (2017) Network slicing in 5G: survey and challenges. IEEE Commun Mag 55(5):94–100CrossRef

39.

Ordonez-Lucena J, Ameigeiras P, Lopez D, Ramos-Munoz JJ, Lorca J, Folgueira J (2017) Network slicing for 5g with sdn/nfv: concepts, architectures, and challenges. IEEE Commun Mag 55(5):80–87CrossRef

40.

Hong S (2019) Security vulnerability and countermeasure on 5G networks survey. J Digital Convergence 17(12):197–202

41.

Walia JS, Hämmäinen H, Kilkki K, Yrjölä S (2019) 5G network slicing strategies for a smart factory. Comput Ind 111:108–120CrossRef

42.

Vu TK, Liu C. -F., Bennis M, Debbah M, Latva-Aho M, Hong CS (2017) Ultra-reliable and low latency communication in mmwave-enabled massive mimo networks. IEEE Commun Lett 21 (9):2041–2044CrossRef

43.

Jungnickel V, Manolakis K, Zirwas W, Panzner B, Braun V, Lossow M, Sternad M, Apelfröjd R., Svensson T (2014) The role of small cells, coordinated multipoint, and massive mimo in 5g. IEEE commun Magazine 52(5):44–51CrossRef

44.

Liu X, Liu Y, Wang X, Lin H (2017) Highly efficient 3-d resource allocation techniques in 5g for noma-enabled massive mimo and relaying systems. IEEE J Select Areas Commun 35(12):2785–2797CrossRef

45.

Albreem MA, Alsharif MH, Kim S (2020) A low complexity near-optimal iterative linear detector for massive MIMO in realistic radio channels of 5G communication systems. Entropy 4:22MathSciNet

46.

Mishra PK, Pandey S, Biswash SK (2016) Efficient resource management by exploiting d2d communication for 5g networks. IEEE Access 4:9910–9922CrossRef

47.

Yang H, Seet B-C, Hasan SF, Chong PHJ, Chung MY (2016) Radio resource allocation for d2d-enabled massive machine communication in the 5g era, in. In: 2016 IEEE 14th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 14th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 2nd Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech). IEEE, pp 55–60

48.

Wang M, Yan Z (2015) Security in D2D communications: a review. In: 2015 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA,. IEEE, vol 1, pp 1199–1204

49.

Ahmad I, Kumar T, Liyanage M, Okwuibe J, Ylianttila M, Gurtov A (2017) 5G security: analysis of threats and solutions. In: 2017 IEEE conference on standards for communications and networking, CSCN 2017, pp 193–199

50.

Ahmad I, Shahabuddin S, Kumar T, Okwuibe J, Gurtov A, Ylianttila M (2019) Security for 5G and beyond. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutor 21(4):3682–3722CrossRef

51.

Anderson J, Hu H, Agarwal U, Lowery C, Li H, Apon A (2016) Performance considerations of network functions virtualization using containers. In: 2016 international conference on computing, networking and communications (ICNC). IEEE, pp 1–7

52.

Herrera JdJG, Vega JFB (2016) Network functions virtualization: a survey. IEEE Lat Am Trans 14(2):983–997CrossRef

53.

Zhou Y, Yu W (2014) Optimized backhaul compression for uplink cloud radio access network. IEEE J Select Areas Commun 32(6):1295–1307CrossRef

54.

Han Q, Liang S, Zhang H (2015) Mobile cloud sensing, big data, and 5g networks make an intelligent and smart world. IEEE Netw 29(2):40–45CrossRef

55.

Barbarossa S, Sardellitti S, Di Lorenzo P (2014) Communicating while computing: distributed mobile cloud computing over 5G heterogeneous networks. IEEE Signal Proc Mag 31(6):45–55CrossRef

56.

Mao Y, You C, Zhang J, Huang K, Letaief KB (2017) Mobile edge computing: Survey and research outlook, arXiv:1701.01090

57.

Beck MT, Werner M, Feld S, Schimper S (2014) Mobile edge computing: a taxonomy. In: Proc of the sixth international conference on advances in future internet. Citeseer, pp 48–55

58.

Hu YC, Patel M, Sabella D, Sprecher N, Young V (2015) Mobile edge computing—a key technology towards 5g. ETSI White Paper 11(11):1–16

59.

Wang H-M, Zheng T-X, Yuan J, Towsley D, Lee MH (2016) Physical layer security in heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Trans Commun 64(3):1204–1219CrossRef

60.

Yang H, Alphones A, Xiong Z, Niyato D, Zhao J, Wu K (2020) Artificial-intelligence-enabled intelligent 6g networks. IEEE Netw 34(6):272–280CrossRef

61.

Papadopoulos H, Wang C, Bursalioglu O, Hou X, Kishiyama Y (2016) Massive MIMO technologies and challenges towards 5G. IEICE Trans Commun E99B(3):602–621CrossRef

62.

Borgaonkar R, Redon K, Seifert J. -P. (2011) Security analysis of a femtocell device. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on security of information and networks, pp 95–102

63.

Gohil A, Modi H, Patel SK (2013) 5G technology of mobile communication: a survey. In: 2013 international conference on intelligent systems and signal processing. ISSP 2013, pp 288–292

64.

Ahmad I, Liyanage M, Shahabuddin S, Ylianttila M, Gurtov A (2018) Design principles for 5G security. A Comprehensive Guide to 5G Security:75–98

65.

Wang W, Zhang Q (2014) Local cooperation architecture for self-healing femtocell networks. IEEE Wirel Commun 21(2):42–49CrossRef

66.

Letaief KB, Chen W, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y. -J. A. (2019) The roadmap to 6g: Ai empowered wireless networks. IEEE Commun Mag 57(8):84–90CrossRef

67.

Popovski P, Trillingsgaard KF, Simeone O, Durisi G (2018) 5G wireless network slicing for embb, urllc, and mmtc. A communication-theoretic view, Ieee Access 6:55765–55779CrossRef

68.

Li X, Ni R, Chen J, Lyu Y, Rong Z, Du R (2020) End-to-end network slicing in radio access network, transport network and core network domains. IEEE Access 8:29525–29537CrossRef

69.

Khan LU, Yaqoob I, Tran NH, Han Z, Hong CS (2020) Network slicing: recent advances, taxonomy, requirements, and open research challenges. IEEE Access 8:36009–36028CrossRef

70.

Routray SK, Mohanty S (2020) Why 6g?: motivation and expectations of next-generation cellular networks, arXiv:1903.04837

71.

Panwar N, Sharma S, Singh AK (2016) A survey on 5G: the next generation of mobile communication. Physical Commun 18:64–84CrossRef

72.

Chih-Lin I, Rowell C, Han S, Xu Z, Li G, Pan Z (2014) Toward green and soft: a 5g perspective. IEEE Commun Mag 52(2):66–73CrossRef

73.

Boccardi F, Heath RW, Lozano A, Marzetta TL, Popovski P (2014) Five disruptive technology directions for 5g. IEEE Commun Mag 52(2):74–80CrossRef

74.

An J, Yang K, Wu J, Ye N, Guo S, Liao Z (2017) Achieving sustainable ultra-dense heterogeneous networks for 5g. IEEE Commun Mag 55(12):84–90CrossRef

75.

Hossain E, Rasti M, Tabassum H, Abdelnasser A (2014) Evolution toward 5g multi-tier cellular wireless networks: an interference management perspective. IEEE Wirel Commun 21(3):118–127CrossRef

76.

Salahdine F, Ghazi HE, Kaabouch N, Fihri WF (2016) Matched filter detection with dynamic threshold for cognitive radio networks. Int Conf Wireless Netw Mobile Commun, WINCOM 2015

77.

Salahdine F, Ghribi E, Kaabouch N (2020) Metrics for evaluating the efficiency of compressing sensing techniques, in. In: 2020 international conference on information networking (ICOIN). IEEE, pp 562–567

78.

Chen K, Duan R (2011) C-ran the road towards green ran. China Mobile Res Inst, White Paper, vol 2

79.

Liu J, Zhao T, Zhou S, Cheng Y, Niu Z (2014) Concert: a cloud-based architecture for next-generation cellular systems. IEEE Wirel Commun 21(6):14–22CrossRef

80.

Wu J, Zhang Z, Hong Y, Wen Y (2015) Cloud radio access network (c-ran): a primer. IEEE Netw 29(1):35–41CrossRef

81.

Wang M, Zhu T, Zhang T, Zhang J, Yu S, Zhou W (2020) Security and privacy in 6g networks: new areas and new challenges. Digital Communications Netw 6(3):281–291CrossRef

82.

Usman M, Gebremariam AA, Raza U, Granelli F (2015) A software-defined device-to-device communication architecture for public safety applications in 5g networks. IEEE Access 3:1649–1654CrossRef

83.

Akyildiz IF, Nie S, Lin S-C, Chandrasekaran M (2016) 5g roadmap: 10 key enabling technologies. Comput Netw 106:17–48CrossRef

84.

De Ree M, Mantas G, Radwan A, Mumtaz S, Rodriguez J, Otung IE (2019) Key management for beyond 5g mobile small cells: a survey. IEEE Access 7:59200–59236CrossRef

85.

Li QC, Niu H, Papathanassiou AT, Wu G (2014) 5G network capacity: key elements and technologies. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 9(1):71–78CrossRef

86.

Maghsudi S, Hossain E (2016) Multi-armed bandits with application to 5g small cells. IEEE Wirel Commun 23(3):64–73CrossRef

87.

Sun S, Kadoch M, Gong L, Rong B (2015) Integrating network function virtualization with sdr and sdn for 4g/5g networks. IEEE Netw 29(3):54–59CrossRef

88.

Athley F, Tombaz S, Semaan E, Tidestav C, Furuskär A (2015) Providing extreme mobile broadband using higher frequency bands, beamforming, and carrier aggregation. In: 2015 IEEE 26th annual international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (PIMRC). IEEE, pp 1370–1374

89.

Guo J, Durrani S, Zhou X, Yanikomeroglu H (2017) Massive machine type communication with data aggregation and resource scheduling. IEEE Trans Commun 65(9):4012–4026CrossRef

90.

Datsika E, Antonopoulos A, Zorba N, Verikoukis C (2017) Software defined network service chaining for ott service providers in 5g networks. IEEE Commun Mag 55(11):124–131CrossRef

91.

Mezzavilla M, Zhang M, Polese M, Ford R, Dutta S, Rangan S, Zorzi M (2018) End-to-end simulation of 5g mmwave networks. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutor 20(3):2237–2263CrossRef

92.

Sakai M, Kamohara K, Iura H, Nishimoto H, Ishioka K, Murata Y, Yamamoto M, Okazaki A, Nonaka N, Suyama S, Mashino J, Okamura A, Okumura Y (2020) Experimental field trials on MU-MIMO transmissions for high SHF wide-band massive MIMO in 5G. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 19(4):2196–2207CrossRef

93.

Prasad KNV, Hossain E, Bhargava VK (2017) Energy efficiency in massive MIMO-based 5G networks: opportunities and challenges. IEEE Wirel Commun 24(3):86–94CrossRef

94.

de Almeida AM, Lenzi MK, Lenzi EK (2020) A survey of fractional order calculus applications of multiple-input, multiple-output (Mimo) process control. Fractal Frac 4(2):1–31

95.

Carrera DF, Vargas-Rosales C, Azpilicueta L, Galaviz-Aguilar JA (2020) Comparative study of channel estimators for massive MIMO 5G NR systems. IET Commun 14(7):1175–1184CrossRef

96.

Araújo D. C., Maksymyuk T, de Almeida AL, Maciel T, Mota JC, Jo M (2016) Massive MIMO: survey and future research topics. IET Commun 10(15):1938–1946CrossRef

97.

Loh TH, Heliot F, Cheadle D, Fielder T (2020) An assessment of the radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure from a massive MIMO 5G testbed:1–5

98.

Sellami A, Nasraoui L, Atallah LN (2020) Multi-stage localization for massive MIMO 5G systems. IEEE Vehicular Technol Conf, vol 2020

99.

Panzner B, Zirwas W, Dierks S, Lauridsen M, Mogensen P, Pajukoski K, Miao D (2014) Deployment and implementation strategies for massive MIMO in 5G. In: 2014 IEEE Globecom Workshops, GC Wkshps 2014, pp 346–351

100.

Dai B, Yu W (2014) Sparse beamforming and user-centric clustering for downlink cloud radio access network. IEEE Access 2:1326–1339MathSciNetCrossRef

101.

Wu S, Wang CX, Aggoune EHM, Alwakeel MM, He Y (2014) A non-stationary 3-D wideband twin-cluster model for 5G massive MIMO channels. IEEE J Select Areas Commun 32(6):1207–1218CrossRef

102.

Jungnickel V, Manolakis K, Zirwas W, Panzner B, Braun V, Lossow M, Sternad M, Apelfrȯjd R., Svensson T (2014) The role of small cells, coordinated multipoint, and massive MIMO in 5G. IEEE Commun Mag 52(5):44–51CrossRef

103.

Agrawal SK, Sharma K (2016) 5g millimeter wave (mmwave) communications. In: 2016 3rd international conference on computing for sustainable global development (INDIACom), pp 3630–3634

104.

Akoum S, El Ayach O, Heath RW (2012) Coverage and capacity in mmwave cellular systems. In: 2012 conference record of the forty sixth asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers (ASILOMAR), pp 688–692

105.

Niu Y, Li Y, Jin D, Su L, Vasilakos AV (2015) A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmwave) for 5g: opportunities and challenges. Wireless Netw 21(8):2657–2676CrossRef

106.

Giordani M, Mezzavilla M, Zorzi M (2016) Initial access in 5g mmwave cellular networks. IEEE Commun Mag 54(11):40– 47CrossRef

107.

Giordani M, Polese M, Roy A, Castor D, Zorzi M (2018) A tutorial on beam management for 3gpp nr at mmwave frequencies. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutor 21(1):173–196CrossRef

108.

Akyildiz IF, Lee W-Y, Chowdhury KR (2009) Crahns: cognitive radio ad hoc networks. AD hoc networks 7(5):810–836CrossRef

109.

Ahmad I, Kumar T, Liyanage M, Okwuibe J, Ylianttila M, Gurtov A (2018) Overview of 5G security challenges and solutions. IEEE Commun Standards Magazine 2(1):36–43CrossRef

110.

Li Y, Phan LTX, Loo BT (2016) Network functions virtualization with soft real-time guarantees. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th annual IEEE international conference on computer communications. IEEE, pp 1–9

111.

Siddique U, Tabassum H, Hossain E, Kim DI (2015) Wireless backhauling of 5g small cells: challenges and solution approaches. IEEE Wirel Commun 22(5):22–31CrossRef

112.

Dong Y, Chawla NV, Swami A (2017) Metapath2vec: scalable representation learning for heterogeneous networks. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, pp 135–144

113.

Wang N, Hossain E, Bhargava VK (2015) Backhauling 5g small cells: a radio resource management perspective. IEEE Wirel Commun 22(5):41–49CrossRef

114.

115.

Moreno Y, Pastor-Satorras R, Vespignani A (2002) Epidemic outbreaks in complex heterogeneous networks. European Phys J B-Condensed Matter Complex Syst 26(4):521–529CrossRef

116.

Mogensen P, Pajukoski K, Tiirola E, Vihriala J, Lahetkangas E, Berardinelli G, Tavares FM, Mahmood NH, Lauridsen M, Catania D et al (2014) Centimeter-wave concept for 5g ultra-dense small cells. In: 2014 IEEE 79th vehicular technology conference (VTC Spring). IEEE, pp 1–6

117.

Rao RS, Kumar Ashish, Srivastava N (2020) Full-duplex wireless communication in cognitive radio networks: a survey. In: Advances in VLSI, communication, and signal processing. Springer, pp 261–277

118.

Zhao Y (2020) A survey of 6G wireless communications: emerging technologies, pp 1–10

119.

Quadri A, Manesh MR, Kaabouch N (2017) Noise cancellation in cognitive radio systems: a performance comparison of evolutionary algorithms. In: 2017 IEEE 7th annual computing and communication workshop and conference (CCWC). IEEE, pp 1–7

120.

Mishra PK, Pandey S, Biswash SK (2016) Efficient resource management by exploiting D2D communication for 5G networks. IEEE Access 4:9910–9922CrossRef

121.

Karachontzitis S, Timotheou S, Krikidis I, Berberidis K (2014) Security-aware max–min resource allocation in multiuser ofdma downlink. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Security 10(3):529–542CrossRef

122.

Li Y, Zhou T, Xu J, Li Z, Wang H (2011) Adaptive tdd ul/dl slot utilization for cellular controlled d2d communications. In: 2011 Global mobile congress. IEEE, pp 1–6

123.

Akpakwu GA, Silva BJ, Hancke GP, Abu-Mahfouz AM (2017) A survey on 5g networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges. IEEE Access 6:3619–3647CrossRef

124.

Salahdine F, Kaabouch N (2020) Security threats, detection, and countermeasures for physical layer in cognitive radio networks: a survey. Phys Commun 39:101001CrossRef

125.

Zhao M, Kumar A, Ristaniemi T, Chong PHJ (2017) Machine-to-machine communication and research challenges: a survey. Wirel Pers Commun 97(3):3569–3585CrossRef

126.

Weyrich M, Schmidt J-P, Ebert C (2014) Machine-to-machine communication. IEEE Softw 31(4):19–23CrossRef

127.

Amodu OA, Othman M (2018) Machine-to-machine communication: an overview of opportunities. Comput Netw 145:255–276CrossRef

128.

Ali A, Shah GA, Farooq MO, Ghani U (2017) Technologies and challenges in developing machine-to-machine applications: a survey. J Netw Comput Appl 83:124–139CrossRef

129.

Amodu OA, Othman M (2018) Machine-to-machine communication: an overview of opportunities. Comput Netw 145:255–276CrossRef

130.

Wunder G, Jung P, Kasparick M, Wild T, Schaich F, Chen Y, Ten Brink S, Gaspar I, Michailow N, Festag A et al (2014) 5gnow: non-orthogonal, asynchronous waveforms for future mobile applications. IEEE Commun Mag 52(2):97–105CrossRef

131.

Ejaz W, Anpalagan A, Imran MA, Jo M, Naeem M, Qaisar SB, Wang W (2016) Internet of things (iot) in 5g wireless communications. IEEE Access 4:10310–10314CrossRef

132.

Dighriri M, Alfoudi ASD, Lee GM, Baker T (2016) Data traffic model in machine to machine communications over 5g network slicing. In: 2016 9th International conference on developments in eSystems engineering (deSE). IEEE, pp 239–244

133.

Garcia-Roger D, González EE, Martín-Sacristán D, Monserrat JF (2020) V2x support in 3gpp specifications: from 4g to 5g and beyond. IEEE Access 8:190946–190963CrossRef

134.

Salahdine F, Aggarwal S, Nasipuri A (2022) Short-term traffic congestion prediction with deep learning for lora networks. In: SoutheastCon 2022, pp 261–268

135.

Rahim A, Malik PK, Ponnapalli VS (2020) State of the art: a review on vehicular communications, impact of 5g, fractal antennas for future communication. In: Proceedings of First International Conference on Computing, Communications, and Cyber-Security (IC4s 2019). Springer, pp 3–153–15

136.

Hussain R, Hussain F, Zeadally S (2019) Integration of vanet and 5g security: a review of design and implementation issues. Futur Gener Comput Syst 101:843–864CrossRef

137.

Lai C, Lu R, Zheng D, Shen XS (2020) Security and privacy challenges in 5g-enabled vehicular networks. IEEE Netw 34(2):37–45CrossRef

138.

El-Rewini Z, Sadatsharan K, Selvaraj DF, Plathottam SJ, Ranganathan P (2020) Cybersecurity challenges in vehicular communications. Vehicular Commun 23:100214CrossRef

139.

Arena F, Pau G (2019) An overview of vehicular communications. Future Internet 11(2):27CrossRef

140.

Mahmood A, Zhang WE, Sheng QZ (2019) Software-defined heterogeneous vehicular networking: the architectural design and open challenges. Future Internet 11(3):70CrossRef

141.

Sun X, Ansari N (2016) Edgeiot: Mobile edge computing for the internet of things. IEEE Commun Mag 54(12):22–29CrossRef

142.

Abbas N, Zhang Y, Taherkordi A, Skeie T (2017) Mobile edge computing: a survey. IEEE Internet Things J 5(1):450–465CrossRef

143.

Ahmed E, Rehmani MH (2017) Mobile edge computing: opportunities, solutions and challenges

144.

Naughton L, Daly H (2020) Augmented humanity: data, privacy and security. In: Cyber Defence in the Age of AI, Smart Societies and Augmented Humanity. Springer, pp 73–93

145.

Sharma SK, Woungang I, Anpalagan A, Chatzinotas S (2020) Toward tactile internet in beyond 5g era: recent advances, current issues, and future directions. IEEE Access 8:56948–56991CrossRef

146.

Wang H, Chen S, Xu H, Ai M, Shi Y (2015) Softnet: a software defined decentralized mobile network architecture toward 5g. IEEE Netw 29(2):16–22CrossRef

147.

Chen T, Matinmikko M, Chen X, Zhou X, Ahokangas P (2015) Software defined mobile networks: concept, survey, and research directions. IEEE Commun Mag 53(11):126–133CrossRef

148.

Mijumbi R, Serrat J, Gorricho J-L, Latré S, Charalambides M, Lopez D (2016) Management and orchestration challenges in network functions virtualization. IEEE Commun Mag 54(1):98–105CrossRef

149.

Damnjanovic A, Montojo J, Wei Y, Ji T, Luo T, Vajapeyam M, Yoo T, Song O, Malladi D (2011) A survey on 3gpp heterogeneous networks. IEEE Wireless Commun 18(3):10– 21CrossRef

150.

Han F, Zhao S, Zhang L, Wu J (2016) Survey of strategies for switching off base stations in heterogeneous networks for greener 5g systems. IEEE Access 4:4959–4973CrossRef

151.

Al-Qasrawi IS (2017) Proposed technologies for solving future 5G heterogeneous networks challenges. Int J Comput Appl 7(1):1–8

152.

Khandekar A, Bhushan N, Tingfang J, Vanghi V (2010) Lte-advanced: heterogeneous networks. In: 2010 European wireless conference (EW). IEEE, pp 978–982

153.

Cai S, Che Y, Duan L, Wang J, Zhou S, Zhang R (2016) Green 5g heterogeneous networks through dynamic small-cell operation. IEEE J Select Areas Commun 34(5):1103–1115CrossRef

154.

Salahdine F, Opadere J, Liu Q, Han T, Zhang N, Wu S (2021) A survey on sleep mode techniques for ultra-dense networks in 5g and beyond. Comput Netw 201:108567CrossRef

155.

Liu C, Natarajan B, Xia H (2015) Small cell base station sleep strategies for energy efficiency. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 65(3):1652–1661CrossRef

156.

Rost P, Mannweiler C, Michalopoulos DS, Sartori C, Sciancalepore V, Sastry N, Holland O, Tayade S, Han B, Bega D et al (2017) Network slicing to enable scalability and flexibility in 5g mobile networks. IEEE Commun Mag 55(5):72–79CrossRef

157.

Zhang H, Liu N, Chu X, Long K, Aghvami A-H, Leung VC (2017) Network slicing based 5g and future mobile networks: mobility, resource management, and challenges. IEEE commun Mag 55 (8):138–145CrossRef

158.

Galinina O, Pyattaev A, Andreev S, Dohler M, Koucheryavy Y (2015) 5G multi-rat lte-wifi ultra-dense small cells: performance dynamics, architecture, and trends. IEEE J Select Areas Commun 33(6):1224–1240CrossRef

159.

Li S, Xu LD, Zhao S (2018) 5G internet of things: a survey. J Industr Inf Integ 10:1–9

160.

Busari SA, Huq KMS, Mumtaz S, Dai L, Rodriguez J (2018) Millimeter-wave massive MIMO communication for future wireless systems: a survey. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutorials 20(2):836–869CrossRef

161.

Ge X, Yang J, Gharavi H, Sun Y (2017) Energy efficiency challenges of 5g small cell networks. IEEE Commun Mag 55(5):184–191CrossRef

162.

Bai Q, Nossek JA (2015) Energy efficiency maximization for 5g multi-antenna receivers. Trans Emerging Telecommun Technol 26(1):3–14CrossRef

163.

Zi R, Ge X, Thompson J, Wang C-X, Wang H, Han T (2016) Energy efficiency optimization of 5g radio frequency chain systems. IEEE J Select Areas Commun 34(4):758–771CrossRef

164.

Akpakwu GA, Silva BJ, Hancke GP, Abu-Mahfouz AM (2017) A survey on 5G networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges. IEEE Access 6:3619–3647CrossRef

165.

Hong X, Wang J, Wang C-X, Shi J (2014) Cognitive radio in 5g: a perspective on energy-spectral efficiency trade-off. IEEE Commun Mag 52(7):46–53CrossRef

166.

Wu G, Yang C, Li S, Li GY (2015) Recent advances in energy-efficient networks and their application in 5g systems. IEEE Wirel Commun 22(2):145–151CrossRef

167.

Buzzi S, Chih-Lin I, Klein TE, Poor HV, Yang C, Zappone A (2016) A survey of energy-efficient techniques for 5g networks and challenges ahead. IEEE J Select Areas Commun 34(4):697–709CrossRef

168.

Mousa SH, Ismail M, Nordin R, Abdullah NF (2020) Effective wide spectrum sharing techniques relying on CR technology toward 5G: a survey. J Commun 15(2):122–147CrossRef

169.

Salahdine F, El Ghazi H (2017) A real time spectrum scanning technique based on compressive sensing for cognitive radio networks. In: 2017 IEEE 8th annual ubiquitous computing, electronics and mobile communication conference, UEMCON 2017, vol 2018-Janua, pp 506–511

170.

Salahdine F, Kaabouch N, El Ghazi H (2016) A survey on compressive sensing techniques for cognitive radio networks. Phys Commun 20:61–73CrossRef

171.

Reyes H, Subramaniam S, Kaabouch N, Hu WC (2016) A spectrum sensing technique based on autocorrelation and Euclidean distance and its comparison with energy detection for cognitive radio networks. Comput Electr Eng 52:319–327CrossRef

172.

Salahdine F (2018) Compressive spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks, arXiv:1802.03674

173.

Sun S, Gong L, Rong B, Lu K (2015) An intelligent sdn framework for 5g heterogeneous networks. IEEE Commun Mag 53(11):142–147CrossRef

174.

Khan R, Kumar P, Jayakody DNK, Liyanage M (2020) A survey on security and privacy of 5G technologies: potential solutions, recent advancements, and future directions. IEEE Commun Surveys Tutorials 22(1):196–248CrossRef

175.

Chowdhury MZ, Shahjalal M, Ahmed S, Jang YM (2020) 6G wireless communication systems: applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 1:957–975CrossRef

176.

Zanzi L, Albanese A, Sciancalepore V, Costa-Pérez X (2020) Nsbchain: a secure blockchain framework for network slicing brokerage. ICC IEEE Int Conf Commun:1–7

177.

Khan LU, Yaqoob I, Tran NH, Han Z, Hong CS (2020) Network slicing: recent advances, taxonomy, requirements, and open research challenges. IEEE Access 8:36009–36028CrossRef

178.

Giordani M, Polese M, Mezzavilla M, Rangan S, Zorzi M (2020) Toward 6g networks: use cases and technologies. IEEE Commun Mag 58(3):55–61CrossRef

179.

Arabia-Obedoza MR, Rodriguez G, Johnston A, Salahdine F, Kaabouch N (2020) Social engineering attacks a reconnaissance synthesis analysis. In: 2020 11th IEEE annual ubiquitous computing, electronics & mobile communication conference (UEMCON). IEEE, pp 0843?0848

180.

Liu Q, Han T, Moges E (2020) Edgeslice: slicing wireless edge computing network with decentralized deep reinforcement learning. arXiv:2003.12911

181.

Salahdine F, Liu Q, Han T (2022) Towards secure and intelligent network slicing for 5g networks. IEEE Open J Comput Soc

Title: 5G, 6G, and Beyond: Recent advances and future challenges
Authors: Fatima Salahdine
Tao Han
Ning Zhang
Publication date: 20-01-2023
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Annals of Telecommunications / Issue 9-10/2023
Print ISSN: 0003-4347
Electronic ISSN: 1958-9395
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-022-00938-3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 9-10/2023

Backscatter communication system efficiency with diffusing surfaces

Hidden Markov Model for early prediction of the elderly’s dependency evolution in ambient assisted living

Social network malicious insider detection using time-based trust evaluation

Telephony speech system performance based on the codec effect

DLT architectures for trust anchors in 6G

Robust adaptive beamforming algorithm for coherent signals based on virtual array