Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Multimedia Systems 6/2023

28-07-2023 | Regular Paper

A multi-scale feature fusion spatial–channel attention model for background subtraction

Authors: Yizhong Yang, Tingting Xia, Dajin Li, Zhang Zhang, Guangjun Xie

Published in: Multimedia Systems | Issue 6/2023

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Background subtraction is an essential task in computer vision, and is often used as a pre-processing step for many advanced tasks. In this work, we propose a novel multi-scale feature fusion attention mechanism network to tackle cross-scene background subtraction. The cross-fusion of feature maps at different stages of the encoder makes the features input into the decoder contain low-level and high-level information. The spatial–channel attention based on the weight matrix makes the model focus on processing information related to foreground extraction. We evaluate the proposed model on the CDnet-2014 dataset with two scene-independent evaluation strategies and obtain competitive F-Measure. In addition, to evaluate the generalization ability of the model, we perform a cross-dataset evaluation scheme on the LASIESTA and SBI2015 datasets. The overall F-Measure of the model is 0.89 and 0.93, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the model performs well compared to the current state-of-the-art methods.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Stauffer C., Grimson W.E.L.: Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking. In: Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149), Conference Paper pp. 246–52 vol. 2, (1999) Stauffer C., Grimson W.E.L.: Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking. In: Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149), Conference Paper pp. 246–52 vol. 2, (1999)
2.
go back to reference Elgammal, A., Harwood, D., Davis, L.: Non-parametric model for background subtraction. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 751–767. Springer, New York (2000) Elgammal, A., Harwood, D., Davis, L.: Non-parametric model for background subtraction. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 751–767. Springer, New York (2000)
3.
go back to reference Barnich O., Van Droogenbroeck M., Ieee: VIBE: a powerful random technique to estimate the background in video sequences. In: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Taipei, TAIWAN, 2009, pp. 945–948, (2009). Barnich O., Van Droogenbroeck M., Ieee: VIBE: a powerful random technique to estimate the background in video sequences. In: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Taipei, TAIWAN, 2009, pp. 945–948, (2009).
4.
go back to reference Heikkila, M., Pietikainen, M.: A texture-based method for modeling the background and detecting moving objects. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(4), 657–662 (2006)CrossRef Heikkila, M., Pietikainen, M.: A texture-based method for modeling the background and detecting moving objects. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(4), 657–662 (2006)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Braham M., Van Droogenbroeck M.: Deep Background Subtraction with Scene-Specific Convolutional Neural Networks, in 23rd International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), Bratislava, SLOVAKIA, 2016, pp. 113–116, (2016) Braham M., Van Droogenbroeck M.: Deep Background Subtraction with Scene-Specific Convolutional Neural Networks, in 23rd International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), Bratislava, SLOVAKIA, 2016, pp. 113–116, (2016)
6.
go back to reference Bakkay M. C. et al.: BScGAN: deep background subtraction with conditional generative adversarial networks, in 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Athens, GREECE, 2018, pp. 4018–4022, (2018). Bakkay M. C. et al.: BScGAN: deep background subtraction with conditional generative adversarial networks, in 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Athens, GREECE, 2018, pp. 4018–4022, (2018).
7.
go back to reference Zeng, D., Zhu, M.: Background subtraction using multiscale fully convolutional network. IEEE Access 6, 16010–16021 (2018)CrossRef Zeng, D., Zhu, M.: Background subtraction using multiscale fully convolutional network. IEEE Access 6, 16010–16021 (2018)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Braham M., Pierard S., Van Droogenbroeck M.: Semantic background subtraction, in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2017, pp. 4552–4556: Ieee. Braham M., Pierard S., Van Droogenbroeck M.: Semantic background subtraction, in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2017, pp. 4552–4556: Ieee.
9.
go back to reference Babaee, M., Dinh, D.T., Rigoll, G.: A deep convolutional neural network for video sequence background subtraction (in English). Pattern Recogn. 76, 635–649 (2018)CrossRef Babaee, M., Dinh, D.T., Rigoll, G.: A deep convolutional neural network for video sequence background subtraction (in English). Pattern Recogn. 76, 635–649 (2018)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86(11), 2278–2324 (1998)CrossRef Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86(11), 2278–2324 (1998)CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Lim, L.A., Keles, H.Y.: Learning multi-scale features for foreground segmentation. Pattern Anal. Appl. 23(3), 1369–1380 (2019)CrossRef Lim, L.A., Keles, H.Y.: Learning multi-scale features for foreground segmentation. Pattern Anal. Appl. 23(3), 1369–1380 (2019)CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Simonyan K., Zisserman A. J. C. S.: Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition (2014) Simonyan K., Zisserman A. J. C. S.: Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition (2014)
13.
go back to reference Long et al.: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation, Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2015: 3431–3440, (2017). Long et al.: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation, Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2015: 3431–3440, (2017).
14.
go back to reference Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. J. S. I. P.: U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation, International Conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention. Springer, Cham, 2015, pp. 234–241, (2015). Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. J. S. I. P.: U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation, International Conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention. Springer, Cham, 2015, pp. 234–241, (2015).
15.
go back to reference Wang, J., et al.: Deep high-resolution representation learning for visual recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 43(10), 3349–3364 (2021)CrossRef Wang, J., et al.: Deep high-resolution representation learning for visual recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 43(10), 3349–3364 (2021)CrossRef
16.
go back to reference St-Charles, P.-L., Bilodeau, G.-A., Bergevin, R.: SuBSENSE: a universal change detection method with local adaptive sensitivity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 24(1), 359–373 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH St-Charles, P.-L., Bilodeau, G.-A., Bergevin, R.: SuBSENSE: a universal change detection method with local adaptive sensitivity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 24(1), 359–373 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
17.
go back to reference Singh, R.P., Sharma, P.: Instance-vote-based motion detection using spatially extended hybrid feature space. Vis. Comput. 37(6), 1527–1543 (2020)CrossRef Singh, R.P., Sharma, P.: Instance-vote-based motion detection using spatially extended hybrid feature space. Vis. Comput. 37(6), 1527–1543 (2020)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Zhao X., Wang G., He Z., Liang D., Zhang S., Tan J. J. T. V. C.: Unsupervised inner-point-pairs model for unseen-scene and online moving object detection, pp. 1–17, (2022). Zhao X., Wang G., He Z., Liang D., Zhang S., Tan J. J. T. V. C.: Unsupervised inner-point-pairs model for unseen-scene and online moving object detection, pp. 1–17, (2022).
19.
go back to reference Sultana, M., Mahmood, A., Jung, S.K.: Unsupervised moving object segmentation using background subtraction and optimal adversarial noise sample search (in English). Pattern Recogn. 129, 11 (2022). (Art. no. 108719)CrossRef Sultana, M., Mahmood, A., Jung, S.K.: Unsupervised moving object segmentation using background subtraction and optimal adversarial noise sample search (in English). Pattern Recogn. 129, 11 (2022). (Art. no. 108719)CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Cioppa A., Van Droogenbroeck M., Braham M.: Real-time semantic background subtraction, in 2020 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2020, pp. 3214–3218: IEEE. Cioppa A., Van Droogenbroeck M., Braham M.: Real-time semantic background subtraction, in 2020 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2020, pp. 3214–3218: IEEE.
21.
go back to reference Sultana, M., Bouwmans, T., Giraldo, J.H., Jung, S.K.: Robust Foreground Segmentation in RGBD Data from Complex Scenes Using Adversarial Networks, pp. 3–16. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021) Sultana, M., Bouwmans, T., Giraldo, J.H., Jung, S.K.: Robust Foreground Segmentation in RGBD Data from Complex Scenes Using Adversarial Networks, pp. 3–16. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021)
22.
go back to reference Wang, Y., Luo, Z., Jodoin, P.-M.: Interactive deep learning method for segmenting moving objects. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 96, 66–75 (2017)CrossRef Wang, Y., Luo, Z., Jodoin, P.-M.: Interactive deep learning method for segmenting moving objects. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 96, 66–75 (2017)CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Patil, P.W., Dudhane, A., Murala, S., Gonde, A.B.: Deep adversarial network for scene independent moving object segmentation (in English). IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 28, 489–493 (2021)CrossRef Patil, P.W., Dudhane, A., Murala, S., Gonde, A.B.: Deep adversarial network for scene independent moving object segmentation (in English). IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 28, 489–493 (2021)CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Mandal, M., Vipparthi, S.K.: Scene independency matters: an empirical study of scene dependent and scene independent evaluation for CNN-based change detection (in English). IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. 23(3), 2031–2044 (2022)CrossRef Mandal, M., Vipparthi, S.K.: Scene independency matters: an empirical study of scene dependent and scene independent evaluation for CNN-based change detection (in English). IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. 23(3), 2031–2044 (2022)CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Mandal, M., Dhar, V., Mishra, A., Vipparthi, S.K., Abdel-Mottaleb, M.: 3DCD: scene independent end-to-end spatiotemporal feature learning framework for change detection in unseen videos. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 30, 546–558 (2021)CrossRef Mandal, M., Dhar, V., Mishra, A., Vipparthi, S.K., Abdel-Mottaleb, M.: 3DCD: scene independent end-to-end spatiotemporal feature learning framework for change detection in unseen videos. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 30, 546–558 (2021)CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Mandal, M., Dhar, V., Mishra, A., Vipparthi, S.K.: 3DFR: a swift 3D feature reductionist framework for scene independent change detection. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 26(12), 1882–1886 (2019)CrossRef Mandal, M., Dhar, V., Mishra, A., Vipparthi, S.K.: 3DFR: a swift 3D feature reductionist framework for scene independent change detection. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 26(12), 1882–1886 (2019)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Tezcan M. O., Ishwar P., Konrad J., Soc I. C.: BSUV-Net: a fully-convolutional neural network for background subtraction of unseen videos, in IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), Snowmass, CO, 2020, pp. 2763–2772, 2020. Tezcan M. O., Ishwar P., Konrad J., Soc I. C.: BSUV-Net: a fully-convolutional neural network for background subtraction of unseen videos, in IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), Snowmass, CO, 2020, pp. 2763–2772, 2020.
28.
go back to reference Tezcan, M.O., Ishwar, P., Konrad, J.: BSUV-Net 2.0: spatio-temporal data augmentations for video-agnostic supervised background subtraction. IEEE Access 9, 53849–53860 (2021)CrossRef Tezcan, M.O., Ishwar, P., Konrad, J.: BSUV-Net 2.0: spatio-temporal data augmentations for video-agnostic supervised background subtraction. IEEE Access 9, 53849–53860 (2021)CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Duan, Y., Li, Y., Pan, Z.: Meta-knowledge learning and domain adaptation for unseen background subtraction. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 30, 9058–9068 (2021)CrossRef Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Duan, Y., Li, Y., Pan, Z.: Meta-knowledge learning and domain adaptation for unseen background subtraction. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 30, 9058–9068 (2021)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kajo, I., Kas, M., Ruichek, Y., Kamel, N.: Tensor based completion meets adversarial learning: a win-win solution for change detection on unseen videos. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 226, 103584 (2023)CrossRef Kajo, I., Kas, M., Ruichek, Y., Kamel, N.: Tensor based completion meets adversarial learning: a win-win solution for change detection on unseen videos. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 226, 103584 (2023)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Houhou, I., Zitouni, A., Ruichek, Y., Bekhouche, S.E., Kas, M., Taleb-Ahmed, A.: RGBD deep multi-scale network for background subtraction (in English). Int. J. Multimed. Inf. 11(3), 395–407 (2022)CrossRef Houhou, I., Zitouni, A., Ruichek, Y., Bekhouche, S.E., Kas, M., Taleb-Ahmed, A.: RGBD deep multi-scale network for background subtraction (in English). Int. J. Multimed. Inf. 11(3), 395–407 (2022)CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Wang Y. et al.: CDnet 2014: an expanded change detection benchmark dataset, in 27th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Columbus, OH, 2014, pp. 393–+, 2014. Wang Y. et al.: CDnet 2014: an expanded change detection benchmark dataset, in 27th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Columbus, OH, 2014, pp. 393–+, 2014.
33.
go back to reference Cuevas, C., Yáñez, E.M., García, N.: Labeled dataset for integral evaluation of moving object detection algorithms: LASIESTA. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 152, 103–117 (2016)CrossRef Cuevas, C., Yáñez, E.M., García, N.: Labeled dataset for integral evaluation of moving object detection algorithms: LASIESTA. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 152, 103–117 (2016)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Maddalena L., Petrosino A.: Towards Benchmarking Scene Background Initialization, in 18th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP), Genoa, ITALY, 2015, vol. 9281, pp. 469–476, 2015. Maddalena L., Petrosino A.: Towards Benchmarking Scene Background Initialization, in 18th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP), Genoa, ITALY, 2015, vol. 9281, pp. 469–476, 2015.
35.
go back to reference Lee, S.-H., Lee, G.-C., Yoo, J., Kwon, S.: WisenetMD: motion detection using dynamic background region analysis. Symmetry 11(5), 621 (2019)CrossRef Lee, S.-H., Lee, G.-C., Yoo, J., Kwon, S.: WisenetMD: motion detection using dynamic background region analysis. Symmetry 11(5), 621 (2019)CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Qi Q. et al.: Background subtraction via regional multi-feature-frequency model in complex scenes (in English). Soft Comput. Article; Early Access p. 14, (2023). Qi Q. et al.: Background subtraction via regional multi-feature-frequency model in complex scenes (in English). Soft Comput. Article; Early Access p. 14, (2023).
37.
go back to reference Chacon-Murguia M. I., Guzman-Pando A.: Moving object detection in video sequences based on a two-frame temporal information CNN (in English), Neural Process. Lett. Article; Early Access p. 25. Chacon-Murguia M. I., Guzman-Pando A.: Moving object detection in video sequences based on a two-frame temporal information CNN (in English), Neural Process. Lett. Article; Early Access p. 25.
38.
go back to reference Bouwmans, T., Javed, S., Sultana, M., Jung, S.K.: Deep neural network concepts for background subtraction: a systematic review and comparative evaluation. Neural Netw. 117, 8–66 (2019)CrossRef Bouwmans, T., Javed, S., Sultana, M., Jung, S.K.: Deep neural network concepts for background subtraction: a systematic review and comparative evaluation. Neural Netw. 117, 8–66 (2019)CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Cuevas, C., García, N.: Improved background modeling for real-time spatio-temporal non-parametric moving object detection strategies. Image Vis. Comput. 31(9), 616–630 (2013)CrossRef Cuevas, C., García, N.: Improved background modeling for real-time spatio-temporal non-parametric moving object detection strategies. Image Vis. Comput. 31(9), 616–630 (2013)CrossRef
40.
go back to reference St-Charles P.-L., Bilodeau G.-A., Bergevin R.: A self-adjusting approach to change detection based on background word consensus, in Presented at the 2015 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, 2015. St-Charles P.-L., Bilodeau G.-A., Bergevin R.: A self-adjusting approach to change detection based on background word consensus, in Presented at the 2015 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, 2015.
41.
go back to reference Rahmon G., Bunyak F., Seetharaman G., Palaniappan K.: Motion U-Net: multi-cue encoder-decoder network for motion segmentation, in 2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Conference Paper pp. 8125–8132, (2020). Rahmon G., Bunyak F., Seetharaman G., Palaniappan K.: Motion U-Net: multi-cue encoder-decoder network for motion segmentation, in 2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Conference Paper pp. 8125–8132, (2020).
42.
go back to reference Berjón, D., Cuevas, C., Morán, F., García, N.: Real-time nonparametric background subtraction with tracking-based foreground update. Pattern Recogn. 74, 156–170 (2018)CrossRef Berjón, D., Cuevas, C., Morán, F., García, N.: Real-time nonparametric background subtraction with tracking-based foreground update. Pattern Recogn. 74, 156–170 (2018)CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Haines, T.S.F., Xiang, T.: Background Subtraction with DirichletProcess Mixture Models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 36(4), 670–683 (2014)CrossRef Haines, T.S.F., Xiang, T.: Background Subtraction with DirichletProcess Mixture Models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 36(4), 670–683 (2014)CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Maddalena L., Petrosino A.: The SOBS algorithm: What are the limits?, in 2012 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, 2012, pp. 21–26: IEEE. Maddalena L., Petrosino A.: The SOBS algorithm: What are the limits?, in 2012 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, 2012, pp. 21–26: IEEE.
45.
go back to reference Maddalena, L., Petrosino, A.: A self-organizing approach to background subtraction for visual surveillance applications. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 17(7), 1168–1177 (2008)MathSciNetCrossRef Maddalena, L., Petrosino, A.: A self-organizing approach to background subtraction for visual surveillance applications. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 17(7), 1168–1177 (2008)MathSciNetCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Zhao, C., Hu, K., Basu, A.: Universal background subtraction based on arithmetic distribution neural network. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 31, 2934–2949 (2022)CrossRef Zhao, C., Hu, K., Basu, A.: Universal background subtraction based on arithmetic distribution neural network. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 31, 2934–2949 (2022)CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Kim, J.-Y., Ha, J.-E.: Foreground objects detection using a fully convolutional network with a background model image and multiple original images. IEEE Access 8, 159864–159878 (2020)CrossRef Kim, J.-Y., Ha, J.-E.: Foreground objects detection using a fully convolutional network with a background model image and multiple original images. IEEE Access 8, 159864–159878 (2020)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
A multi-scale feature fusion spatial–channel attention model for background subtraction
Authors
Yizhong Yang
Tingting Xia
Dajin Li
Zhang Zhang
Guangjun Xie
Publication date
28-07-2023
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Multimedia Systems / Issue 6/2023
Print ISSN: 0942-4962
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1882
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-023-01139-1

Other articles of this Issue 6/2023

Multimedia Systems 6/2023 Go to the issue