Skip to main content
Top

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

A Review on the Properties of Steel-Concrete Interface and Characterization Methods

Authors : E. P. Sumukh, Sharan Kumar Goudar, Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Published in: Smart Technologies for Sustainable Development

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The Steel-Concrete interface (SCI) is usually regarded as the weakest region, which influences both mechanical properties and durability of reinforced concrete structures. Several researchers have well explored and defined the importance of SCI on the service life of the reinforced concrete structures as it directly affects the durability. The primary objective of this paper is to report and compare a variety of published findings and microstructural analysis on the SCI in one place which appears in reinforced concrete. The information available on the occurrence, formation, properties, various characterizing and analysing techniques of SCI are reviewed for a better understanding of microstructural properties of SCI on the hardened and durability properties of reinforced concrete. It was found that the SCI exhibits significant spatial inhomogeneity along and around as well as perpendicular to the reinforcing steel. Significant factors like quantification of porosity, porous zone thickness and actions that affect the properties of SCI like wall effect, bleeding, settlement and segregation of fresh concrete which were favourable to both initiation and propagation of corrosion are described in this paper. The influence of w/c ratio, hydration age, steel orientation and mineral admixtures on the distribution profiles of hydration products and Engineering properties of SCI is also discussed.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Scrivener KL, Pratt PL (1996) Characterization of interfacial microstructure. Interfacial Transit Zo Concr 2:3–18 Scrivener KL, Pratt PL (1996) Characterization of interfacial microstructure. Interfacial Transit Zo Concr 2:3–18
2.
go back to reference Prokopski G, Halbiniak J (2000) Interfacial transition zone in cementitious materials. Cem Concr Res 30:579–583CrossRef Prokopski G, Halbiniak J (2000) Interfacial transition zone in cementitious materials. Cem Concr Res 30:579–583CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Richardson IG (2000) The nature of the hydration products in hardened cement pastes. Cem Concr Compos 22:97–113CrossRef Richardson IG (2000) The nature of the hydration products in hardened cement pastes. Cem Concr Compos 22:97–113CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Elsharief A, Cohen MD, Olek J (2003) Influence of aggregate size, water cement ratio and age on the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone. Cem Concr Res 33:1837–1849CrossRef Elsharief A, Cohen MD, Olek J (2003) Influence of aggregate size, water cement ratio and age on the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone. Cem Concr Res 33:1837–1849CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Page CL (1975) Mechanism of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete marine structures. Nature 258:514CrossRef Page CL (1975) Mechanism of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete marine structures. Nature 258:514CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Zayed AM (1991) The nature of the concrete-steel reinforcement bar interface in plain and silica fume concrete. MRS Online Proc Libr Arch 245 Zayed AM (1991) The nature of the concrete-steel reinforcement bar interface in plain and silica fume concrete. MRS Online Proc Libr Arch 245
10.
go back to reference Yonezawa T, Ashworth V, Procter RPM (1988) Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete. Corrosion 44:489–499CrossRef Yonezawa T, Ashworth V, Procter RPM (1988) Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete. Corrosion 44:489–499CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Bhargava K, Ghosh AK, Mori Y, Ramanujam S (2005) Modeling of time to corrosion-induced cover cracking in reinforced concrete structures. Cem Concr Res 35:2203–2218CrossRef Bhargava K, Ghosh AK, Mori Y, Ramanujam S (2005) Modeling of time to corrosion-induced cover cracking in reinforced concrete structures. Cem Concr Res 35:2203–2218CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Tuutti K (1980) Service life of structures with regard to corrosion of embedded steel. Spec Publ 65:223–236 Tuutti K (1980) Service life of structures with regard to corrosion of embedded steel. Spec Publ 65:223–236
21.
go back to reference Weyers RE (1998) Service life model for concrete structures in chloride laden environments. Mater J 95:445–453 Weyers RE (1998) Service life model for concrete structures in chloride laden environments. Mater J 95:445–453
22.
go back to reference Bazant ZP (1979) Physical model for steel corrosion in concrete sea structures–application. J Struct Div 105 Bazant ZP (1979) Physical model for steel corrosion in concrete sea structures–application. J Struct Div 105
23.
go back to reference Morinaga S (1988) Prediction of service lives of reinforced concrete buildings based on rate of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Spec Rep Inst Technol Shimizu Corp 23 Morinaga S (1988) Prediction of service lives of reinforced concrete buildings based on rate of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Spec Rep Inst Technol Shimizu Corp 23
24.
go back to reference Liu Y (1996) Modeling the time-to-corrosion cracking of the cover concrete in chloride contaminated reinforced concrete structures. Dissertation Liu Y (1996) Modeling the time-to-corrosion cracking of the cover concrete in chloride contaminated reinforced concrete structures. Dissertation
25.
go back to reference Petre-Lazar I, Gérard B (2000) Mechanical behaviour of corrosion products formed at the steel-concrete interface, testing and modeling. Cond Monit Mater Struct Petre-Lazar I, Gérard B (2000) Mechanical behaviour of corrosion products formed at the steel-concrete interface, testing and modeling. Cond Monit Mater Struct
26.
go back to reference Thoft-Christensen P (2000) Stochastic modeling of the crack initiation time for reinforced concrete structures. In: Advanced technology in structural engineering, pp 1–8 Thoft-Christensen P (2000) Stochastic modeling of the crack initiation time for reinforced concrete structures. In: Advanced technology in structural engineering, pp 1–8
27.
go back to reference Ann KY, Song H-W (2007) Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete. Corros Sci 49:4113–4133CrossRef Ann KY, Song H-W (2007) Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete. Corros Sci 49:4113–4133CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Ghods P, Isgor OB, McRae G, Miller T (2009) The effect of concrete pore solution composition on the quality of passive oxide films on black steel reinforcement. Cem Concr Compos 31:2–11CrossRef Ghods P, Isgor OB, McRae G, Miller T (2009) The effect of concrete pore solution composition on the quality of passive oxide films on black steel reinforcement. Cem Concr Compos 31:2–11CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Feng X, Tang Y, Zuo Y (2011) Influence of stress on passive behaviour of steel bars in concrete pore solution. Corros Sci 53:1304–1311CrossRef Feng X, Tang Y, Zuo Y (2011) Influence of stress on passive behaviour of steel bars in concrete pore solution. Corros Sci 53:1304–1311CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Angst UM, Geiker MR, Michel A, Gehlen C, Wong H, Isgor OB, Elsener B, Hansson CM, François R, Hornbostel K, Polder R, Alonso MC, Sanchez M, Correia MJ, Criado M, Sagüés A, Buenfeld N (2017) The steel–concrete interface. Mater Struct Constr 50. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1010-1 Angst UM, Geiker MR, Michel A, Gehlen C, Wong H, Isgor OB, Elsener B, Hansson CM, François R, Hornbostel K, Polder R, Alonso MC, Sanchez M, Correia MJ, Criado M, Sagüés A, Buenfeld N (2017) The steel–concrete interface. Mater Struct Constr 50. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1617/​s11527-017-1010-1
33.
go back to reference Park R, Paulay T (1975) Reinforced concrete structures. Wiley Park R, Paulay T (1975) Reinforced concrete structures. Wiley
35.
go back to reference Goudar SK, Shivaprasad KN, Das BB (2019) Mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete using coal-bottom ash as replacement of fine aggregate. In: Sustainable construction and building materials. Springer, pp 863–872 Goudar SK, Shivaprasad KN, Das BB (2019) Mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete using coal-bottom ash as replacement of fine aggregate. In: Sustainable construction and building materials. Springer, pp 863–872
37.
go back to reference Liao K-Y, Chang P-K, Peng Y-N, Yang C-C (2004) A study on characteristics of interfacial transition zone in concrete. Cem Concr Res 34:977–989CrossRef Liao K-Y, Chang P-K, Peng Y-N, Yang C-C (2004) A study on characteristics of interfacial transition zone in concrete. Cem Concr Res 34:977–989CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Basheer L, Basheer PAM, Long AE (2005) Influence of coarse aggregate on the permeation, durability and the microstructure characteristics of ordinary Portland cement concrete. Constr Build Mater 19:682–690CrossRef Basheer L, Basheer PAM, Long AE (2005) Influence of coarse aggregate on the permeation, durability and the microstructure characteristics of ordinary Portland cement concrete. Constr Build Mater 19:682–690CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Goudar SK, Das BB, Arya SB (2019) Combined effect of marine environment and pH on the impedance of reinforced concrete studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In: Sustainable construction and building materials. Springer, pp 635–649 Goudar SK, Das BB, Arya SB (2019) Combined effect of marine environment and pH on the impedance of reinforced concrete studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In: Sustainable construction and building materials. Springer, pp 635–649
42.
go back to reference Zhu W, Bartos PJM (1997) Assessment of interfacial microstructure and bond properties in aged GRC using a novel microindentation method. Cem Concr Res 27:1701–1711CrossRef Zhu W, Bartos PJM (1997) Assessment of interfacial microstructure and bond properties in aged GRC using a novel microindentation method. Cem Concr Res 27:1701–1711CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Zhu W, Bartos PJM (2000) Application of depth-sensing microindentation testing to study of interfacial transition zone in reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Res 30:1299–1304CrossRef Zhu W, Bartos PJM (2000) Application of depth-sensing microindentation testing to study of interfacial transition zone in reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Res 30:1299–1304CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Zhu W, Sonebi M, Bartos PJM (2004) Zhu Sonebi Bartos MS04 bond in scc.pdf. 37:442–448 Zhu W, Sonebi M, Bartos PJM (2004) Zhu Sonebi Bartos MS04 bond in scc.pdf. 37:442–448
45.
go back to reference Mondal P, Shah SP, Marks LD (2008) Nanoscale characterization of cementitious materials. ACI Mater J 105:174 Mondal P, Shah SP, Marks LD (2008) Nanoscale characterization of cementitious materials. ACI Mater J 105:174
48.
go back to reference Bäumel A (1959) Die Auswirkung von Betonzusatzmitteln auf das Korrosionsverhalten von Stahl in Beton. Zement-Kalk-Gips. 7:294–305 Bäumel A (1959) Die Auswirkung von Betonzusatzmitteln auf das Korrosionsverhalten von Stahl in Beton. Zement-Kalk-Gips. 7:294–305
50.
go back to reference Wong HS, Head MK, Buenfeld NR (2006) Pore segmentation of cement-based materials from backscattered electron images. Cem Concr Res 36:1083–1090CrossRef Wong HS, Head MK, Buenfeld NR (2006) Pore segmentation of cement-based materials from backscattered electron images. Cem Concr Res 36:1083–1090CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Scrivener KL, Patel HH, Pratt PL, Parrott LJ (1986) Analysis of phases in cement paste using backscattered electron images, methanol adsorption and thermogravimetric analysis. MRS Online Proc Libr Arch 85 Scrivener KL, Patel HH, Pratt PL, Parrott LJ (1986) Analysis of phases in cement paste using backscattered electron images, methanol adsorption and thermogravimetric analysis. MRS Online Proc Libr Arch 85
52.
go back to reference Yang R, Buenfeld NR (2001) Binary segmentation of aggregate in SEM image analysis of concrete. Cem Concr Res 31:437–441CrossRef Yang R, Buenfeld NR (2001) Binary segmentation of aggregate in SEM image analysis of concrete. Cem Concr Res 31:437–441CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Goudar SK, Das BB, Arya SB, Shivaprasad KN (2020) Influence of sample preparation techniques on microstructure and nano-mechanical properties of steel-concrete interface. Constr Build Mater 256:119242 Goudar SK, Das BB, Arya SB, Shivaprasad KN (2020) Influence of sample preparation techniques on microstructure and nano-mechanical properties of steel-concrete interface. Constr Build Mater 256:119242
56.
go back to reference Oliver WC, Pharr GM (1992) An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res 7:1564–1583CrossRef Oliver WC, Pharr GM (1992) An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res 7:1564–1583CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Constantinides G, Ulm F-J (2007) The nanogranular nature of C-S-H. J Mech Phys Solids 55:64–90MATHCrossRef Constantinides G, Ulm F-J (2007) The nanogranular nature of C-S-H. J Mech Phys Solids 55:64–90MATHCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Ulm F, Vandamme M, Bobko C, Alberto Ortega J, Tai K, Ortiz C (2007) Statistical indentation techniques for hydrated nanocomposites: concrete, bone, and shale. J Am Ceram Soc 90:2677–2692CrossRef Ulm F, Vandamme M, Bobko C, Alberto Ortega J, Tai K, Ortiz C (2007) Statistical indentation techniques for hydrated nanocomposites: concrete, bone, and shale. J Am Ceram Soc 90:2677–2692CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Mondal P, Shah SP, Marks LD (2009) Nanomechanical properties of interfacial transition zone in concrete. In: Nanotechnology in construction, vol 3. Springer, pp 315–320 Mondal P, Shah SP, Marks LD (2009) Nanomechanical properties of interfacial transition zone in concrete. In: Nanotechnology in construction, vol 3. Springer, pp 315–320
61.
go back to reference Li W, Xiao J, Sun Z, Kawashima S, Shah SP (2012) Interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete with different mixing approaches. Constr Build Mater 35:1045–1055CrossRef Li W, Xiao J, Sun Z, Kawashima S, Shah SP (2012) Interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete with different mixing approaches. Constr Build Mater 35:1045–1055CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Němeček J, Králík V, Vondřejc J (2013) Micromechanical analysis of heterogeneous structural materials. Cem Concr Compos 36:85–92CrossRef Němeček J, Králík V, Vondřejc J (2013) Micromechanical analysis of heterogeneous structural materials. Cem Concr Compos 36:85–92CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Turk K, Karatas M, Ulucan ZC (2010) Effect of the use of different types and dosages of mineral additions on the bond strength of lap-spliced bars in self-compacting concrete. Mater Struct 43:557–570CrossRef Turk K, Karatas M, Ulucan ZC (2010) Effect of the use of different types and dosages of mineral additions on the bond strength of lap-spliced bars in self-compacting concrete. Mater Struct 43:557–570CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Goudar S, Das B, Arya S (2019) Microstructural study of steel-concrete interface and its influence on bond strength of reinforced concrete BT—microstructural study of steel-concrete interface and its influence on bond strength of reinforced concrete. Adv Civ Eng Mater 8. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20180133 Goudar S, Das B, Arya S (2019) Microstructural study of steel-concrete interface and its influence on bond strength of reinforced concrete BT—microstructural study of steel-concrete interface and its influence on bond strength of reinforced concrete. Adv Civ Eng Mater 8. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1520/​ACEM20180133
65.
go back to reference Hiremath PN, Thanu HP, Basavana Gowda SN, Goudar SK (2020) Early strength development of blended concrete under different curing conditions. Emerg Mater Res 9(1):1–8 Hiremath PN, Thanu HP, Basavana Gowda SN, Goudar SK (2020) Early strength development of blended concrete under different curing conditions. Emerg Mater Res 9(1):1–8
67.
go back to reference Pellenq RJ-M, Kushima A, Shahsavari R, Van Vliet KJ, Buehler MJ, Yip S, Ulm F-J (2009) A realistic molecular model of cement hydrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:16102–16107CrossRef Pellenq RJ-M, Kushima A, Shahsavari R, Van Vliet KJ, Buehler MJ, Yip S, Ulm F-J (2009) A realistic molecular model of cement hydrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:16102–16107CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Allen AJ, Thomas JJ, Jennings HM (2007) Composition and density of nanoscale calcium–silicate–hydrate in cement. Nat Mater 6:311CrossRef Allen AJ, Thomas JJ, Jennings HM (2007) Composition and density of nanoscale calcium–silicate–hydrate in cement. Nat Mater 6:311CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Escalante-Garcia JI, Mendoza G, Sharp JH (1999) Indirect determination of the Ca/Si ratio of the CSH gel in Portland cements. Cem Concr Res 29 Escalante-Garcia JI, Mendoza G, Sharp JH (1999) Indirect determination of the Ca/Si ratio of the CSH gel in Portland cements. Cem Concr Res 29
70.
go back to reference Richardson IG, Groves GW (1993) Microstructure and microanalysis of hardened ordinary Portland cement pastes. J Mater Sci 28:265–277CrossRef Richardson IG, Groves GW (1993) Microstructure and microanalysis of hardened ordinary Portland cement pastes. J Mater Sci 28:265–277CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Rodger SA, Groves GW (1989) Electron microscopy study of ordinary Portland cement and ordinary Portland cement–pulverized fuel ash blended pastes. J Am Ceram Soc 72:1037–1039CrossRef Rodger SA, Groves GW (1989) Electron microscopy study of ordinary Portland cement and ordinary Portland cement–pulverized fuel ash blended pastes. J Am Ceram Soc 72:1037–1039CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Harrisson AM (1986) An examination of some pore and composite Portland cement pastes using scanning electron microscopy with X-ray analytical capability. In: Proceedings of the 8th international congress on the chemistry of cement, pp 170–175 Harrisson AM (1986) An examination of some pore and composite Portland cement pastes using scanning electron microscopy with X-ray analytical capability. In: Proceedings of the 8th international congress on the chemistry of cement, pp 170–175
73.
go back to reference Gutteridge WA, Dalziel JA (1990) Filler cement: the effect of the secondary component on the hydration of Portland cement: part I. A fine non-hydraulic filler. Cem Concr Res 20:778–782 Gutteridge WA, Dalziel JA (1990) Filler cement: the effect of the secondary component on the hydration of Portland cement: part I. A fine non-hydraulic filler. Cem Concr Res 20:778–782
Metadata
Title
A Review on the Properties of Steel-Concrete Interface and Characterization Methods
Authors
E. P. Sumukh
Sharan Kumar Goudar
Bibhuti Bhusan Das
Copyright Year
2021
Publisher
Springer Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5001-0_15