Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
Published in: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 7/2024

07-07-2022 | Review Article

A review on the valorization of coconut shell waste

Authors: Poornima Singh, Priyanka Dubey, Kaiser Younis, Owais Yousuf

Published in: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery | Issue 7/2024

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Green coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) are commonly consumed for coconut water and their shells are discarded as household waste. These shells are the potential constituents for valorization. The husk of the green coconut contains fiber and pith material which are rich in phenols and other functional components. Coconut shells are a carbon-rich, environmentally friendly solid fuel, making them a viable alternative energy source. According to studies, coconut shells are a valuable source of phytochemicals, most of which can be converted into value-added products. We herein review this conversion process and provide an outline of the chemical composition of green coconut shells. The possible value-added by-products are beneficial due to their high content of dietary fiber, phytochemicals, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The compounds present in the shell can be utilized by many industries as a natural and economical source of phytochemicals, fibers, bio-fuels, absorbents, bio-ethanol, etc. Keeping in view these points, it is obvious that the green coconut shell has a wide variety of applications, and thus developing an efficient system to utilize the green coconut shell adequately will help to completely utilize its potential benefits. This review aims to highlight the potential of coconut and its by-product valorization in the food industry sector.
next article Progress towards a targeted biorefinery of Chromochloris zofingiensis: a review

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Literature
1.
Ayrilmis N, Jarusombuti S, Fueangvivat V, Bauchongkol P, White RH (2011) Coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composite panel for automotive interior applications. Fibers Polym 12(7):919–926CrossRef
2.
Biggs EM, Bruce E, Boruff B, Duncan JM, Horsley J, Pauli N, McNeill K, Neef A, Van Ogtrop F, Curnow J, Haworth B (2015) Sustainable development and the water–energy–food nexus: a perspective on livelihoods. Environ Sci Policy 54:389–397CrossRef
3.
MohdBasri MS, Abdul Karim shah NN, Sulaiman A, Mohamed Amin Tawakkal IS, Mohd Nor MZ, Ariffin SH, Abdul Ghani NH, MohdSalleh FS (2021) Progress in the valorization of fruit and vegetable wastes active packaging biocomposites by-products and innovative technologies used for bioactive compound extraction. Polym 13(20):3503CrossRef
4.
James A, Yadav D (2021) Valorization of coconut waste for facile treatment of contaminated water: a comprehensive review (2010–2021). Environ Technol Innov 24:102075CrossRef
5.
Nunes LA, Silva ML, Gerber JZ, Kalid RDA (2020) Waste green coconut shells: diagnosis of the disposal and applications for use in other products. J Clean Prod 255:120169CrossRef
6.
Sebastian A, Nangia A, Prasad MNV (2018) A green synthetic route to phenolics fabricated magnetite nanoparticles from coconut husk extract: implications to treat metal contaminated water and heavy metal stress in Oryza sativa L. J Clean Prod 174:355–366CrossRef
7.
dos Santos DE, Martinez FCC, Juiz PJL (2019) Coconut fiber as a raw material for product development: a technological prospection in patent banks. Prospect Notebooks 12(1):153–153
8.
Corradini E, Rosa MDF, Macedo BPD, Paladin PD, Mattoso LHC (2009) Chemical composition, mechanical and thermal properties of fiber from fruits of green coconut cultivars. Braz J Fruticulture 31:837–846CrossRef
9.
Oliveira FR, Patel AK, Jaisi DP, Adhikari S, Lu H, Khanal SK (2017) Environmental application of biochar: current status and perspectives. Biores Technol 246:110–122CrossRef
10.
Banerjee S, Aditya G, Saha GK (2013) Household disposables as breeding habitats of dengue vectors: linking wastes and public health. Waste Manag 33(1):233–239PubMedCrossRef
11.
Arena N, Lee J, Clift R (2016) Life Cycle Assessment of activated carbon production from coconut shells. J Clean Prod 125:68–77CrossRef
12.
Khuzaimah S, Eralita N (2020) Utilization of adsorbent carbon coconut shell for purification of used cooking oil. Indones J Chem Anal IJCA 3(2):88–95CrossRef
13.
Azeta O, Ayeni AO, Agboola O, Elehinafe FB (2021) A review on the sustainable energy generation from the pyrolysis of coconut biomass. Sci Afr 13:e00909
14.
Adkins S. Foale M. Bourdeix R. Nguyen Q. and Biddle J. eds. 2020. Coconut biotechnology: towards the sustainability of the ‘tree of life’. Springer International Publishing
15.
Mohanram S, Amat D, Choudhary J, Arora A, Nain L, Bringezu S (2013) Novel perspectives for evolving enzyme cocktails for lignocellulose hydrolysis in biorefineries. Sustain Chem Process 1:15CrossRef
16.
Kibria AA, Kamrunnessa M and Rahman M (2018). Extraction and evaluation of phytochemicals from green coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell. system, 1, p.2
17.
Li N, Jiang H, Yang J, Wang C, Wu L, Hao Y, Liu Y (2021) Characterization of phenolic compounds and anti-acetylcholinase activity of coconut shells. Food Biosci 42:101204CrossRef
18.
19.
Costa CTC, Bevilaqua CML, Morais SM, Camurça-Vasconcelos ALF, Maciel V, Braga RR, Oliveira LMB (2010) Anthelmintic activity of Cocos nucifera L on intestinal nematodes of mice. Res Vet Sci 88(1):101–103PubMedCrossRef
20.
Mazaya G, Karseno K, Yanto T (2020) Antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of coconut shell extracts. Turk J Agric Food Sci Tech 8(5):1090–1097
21.
22.
Israel AU, Ogali RE, Akaranta O and Obot I.B (2011) Extraction and characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust. Songklanakarin J Sci & Tech  33(6)
23.
Teli MD, Pandit P, Basak S (2018) Coconut shell extract imparting multifunction properties to ligno-cellulosic material. J Ind Text 47(6):1261–1290CrossRef
24.
Sani I, Owoade C, Abdulhamid A, Fakai IM, Bello F (2014) Evaluation of physicochemical properties phytochemicals and mineral composition of cocosnuciferal Coconut Kernel Oil. Int J Adv Res Chem Sci 1(8):22–30
25.
Ojha SB, Roy S, Das S, Dhangadamajhi G (2019) Phytochemicals screening, phenolic estimation and evaluation for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of sequentially Soxhlet extracted coconut testa. Food Nutr Sci 10(08):900
26.
Mihalca V, Kerezsi AD, Weber A, Gruber-Traub C, Schmucker J, Vodnar DC, Dulf FV, Socaci SA, Fărcas A, Muresan CI, Suharoschi R (2021) Protein-based films and coatings for food industry applications. Polym 13(5):769CrossRef
27.
Arivalagan M, Roy TK, Yasmeen AM, Pavithra KC, Jwala PN, Shivasankara KS, Manikantan MR, Hebbar KB, Kanade SR (2018) Extraction of phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) testa and identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids using UPLC coupled with TQD-MS/MS. LWT 92:116–126CrossRef
28.
Haryati S, Hamzah F and Restuhadi, F (2015) Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Cangkang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.,) Doctoral dissertation Riau University
29.
Prakash A, Vadivel V, Banu SF, Nithyanand P, Lalitha C, Brindha P (2018) Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of solvent extracts of agro-food by-products (cashew nut shell, coconut shell and groundnut hull). Agric Nat Res 52(5):451–459
30.
Kendeson AC, Iloka SG, Abdulkadir AG, Ushie OA, Abdu Z, Jibril S. and John ST (2019). Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and elemental analyses of crude extracts from Cocos nucifera (coconut) shell
31.
Khalid Thebo N Ahmed Simair A Sughra Mangrio G Ansari KA Ali Bhutto A Lu C and Ali Sheikh W (2016) Antifungal potential and antioxidant efficacy in the shell extract of Cocos nucifera (L.)(Arecaceae) against pathogenic dermal mycosis Medicines 3 (2)12
32.
Sanful RE (2009) Promotion of coconut in the production of yoghurt. Afri J Food Sci 3(5):147–149
33.
Naik A, Venu GV, Prakash M, Raghavarao KSMS (2014) Dehydration of coconut skim milk and evaluation of functional properties. CyTA-J Food 12(3):227–234CrossRef
34.
Prado FC, Lindner JDD, Inaba J, Thomaz-Soccol V, Brar SK, Soccol CR (2015) Development and evaluation of a fermented coconut water beverage with potential health benefits. J funct foods 12:489–497CrossRef
35.
Lee PR, Boo CX, Liu SQ (2013) Fermentation of coconut water by probiotic strains Lactobacillus acidophilus L10 and Lactobacillus casei L26. Ann microbiol 63(4):1441–1450CrossRef
36.
Li S, Li P, Feng F, Luo LX (2015) Microbial diversity and their roles in the vinegar fermentation process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(12):4997–5024PubMedCrossRef
37.
Esa F, Tasirin SM, Rahman NA (2014) Overview of bacterial cellulose production and application. Agric Agric Sci Procedia 2:113–119
38.
Treesuppharat W, Rojanapanthu P, Siangsanoh C, Manuspiya H, Ummartyotin S (2017) Synthesis and characterization of bacterial cellulose and gelatin-based hydrogel composites for drug-delivery systems. Biotechnol Rep 15:84–91CrossRef
39.
Cox C, Mann J, Sutherland W, Chisholm A, Skeaff M (1995) Effects of coconut oil, butter, and safflower oil on lipids and lipoproteins in persons with moderately elevated cholesterol levels. J Lipid Res 36(8):1787–1795PubMedCrossRef
40.
41.
Marina AM, Che Man YB, Nazimah SAH, Amin I (2009) Antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids of virgin coconut oil. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60(sup2):114–123PubMedCrossRef
42.
Franco EDP, Oliveira GMMD, Raggio Luiz R, Rosa G (2015) Efecto de la dieta hipoenergética combinada con el consumo de harina de coco en las mujeres con sobrepeso. Nutr Hosp 32(5):2012–2018
43.
Trinidad TP, Mallillin AC, Valdez DH, Loyola AS, Askali-Mercado FC, Castillo JC, Encabo RR, Masa DB, Maglaya AS, Chua MT (2006) Dietary fiber from coconut flour: a functional food. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 7(4):309–317CrossRef
44.
Udomkun P, Innawong B, Siasakul C, Okafor C (2018) Utilization of mixed adsorbents to extend frying oil life cycle in poultry processing. Food Chem 248:225–229PubMedCrossRef
45.
Hamzah MH, Ahmad Asri MF, Che Man H, Mohammed A (2019) Prospective application of palm oil mill boiler ash as a biosorbent: effect of microwave irradiation and palm oil mill effluent decolorization by adsorption. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(18):3453PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Dubey P, Yousuf, O and Singh A, (2022). Advancement in packaging technologies for agri-food sector. In Agri-Food 4.0. Emerald Publishing Limited
47.
Kamarudin SH, Rayung M, Abu F, Ahmad SB, Fadil F, Karim AA, Norizan MN, Sarifuddin N, Mat Desa MSZ, Mohd Basri MS, Samsudin H (2022) A review on antimicrobial packaging from biodegradable polymer composites. Polymers 14(1):174PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Tanwar R, Gupta V, Kumar P, Kumar A, Singh S, Gaikwad KK (2021) Development and characterization of PVA-starch incorporated with coconut shell extract and sepiolite clay as an antioxidant film for active food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 185:451–461PubMedCrossRef
49.
Farah NH, Salmah H, Marliza M (2016) Effect of butyl methacrylate on properties of regenerated cellulose coconut shell biocomposite films. Procedia Chem 19:335–339CrossRef
50.
Balavairavan B, Saravanakumar SS, Manikandan KM (2021) Physicochemical and structural properties of green biofilms from poly (vinyl alcohol)/nano coconut shell filler. J Nat Fibers 18(12):2112–2126CrossRef
51.
Islam MT, Das SC, Saha J, Paul D, Islam MT, Rahman M, Khan MA (2017) Effect of coconut shell powder as filler on the mechanical properties of coir-polyester composites. Chem Mater Eng 5(4):75–82CrossRef
52.
Azhar SHM, Abdulla R, Jambo SA, Marbawi H, Gansau JA, Faik AAM, Rodrigues KF (2017) Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: a review. Biochem Biophys Rep 10:52–61
53.
Cabral MMS, Abud AKDS, Silva CEDF, Almeida RMRG (2016) Bioethanol production from coconut husk fiber. Ciência Rural 46:1872–1877CrossRef
54.
55.
Kali A, Amar A, Loulidi I, Jabri M, Hadey C, Lgaz H, Alrashdi AA and Boukhlifi F 2022. Characterization and adsorption capacity of four low-cost adsorbents based on coconut, almond, walnut, and peanut shells for copper removal. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 1–12
56.
Loulidi I, Boukhlifi F, Ouchabi M, Amar A, Jabri M, Kali A, Chraibi S (2019) Adsorptive removal of chromium (VI) using walnut shell, almond shell, coconut shell and peanut shell. Res J Chem Environ 23(12):25–32
57.
Araujo P, Felix Filho LF, Barbosa JJ (2015) Study of the thermophysical properties of minimally processed coconut fiber for application as a thermal insulator. Interdiscip J Res Innov 1(1):134–142
58.
Arrieta MP, López J, Ferrándiz S, Peltzer MA (2013) Characterization of PLA-limonene blends for food packaging applications. Polym Testing 32(4):760–768CrossRef
59.
Bawalan DD. and Chapman KR (2006). Virgin coconut oil. Production manual for micro and village scale processing. FAO regional office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. First Published February D, 2006
60.
Çam M, İçyer NC, Erdoğan F (2014) Pomegranate peel phenolics: Microencapsulation, storage stability and potential ingredient for functional food development. LWT-Food Sci Technol 55(1):117–123CrossRef
61.
CODEX, S., 2015. 210 (1999)“Codex standard for named vegetable oils”
62.
Dabesor AP, Asowata-Ayodele AM, Umoiette P (2017) Phytochemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of Ananas comosus peel M and Cocos nucifera kernel L on selected food borne pathogens American Journal of. Plant Biol 2(2):73–76
63.
de Araújo Padilha CE, da Costa Nogueira C, de Santana Souza DF, de Oliveira JA, dos Santos ES (2019) Valorization of green coconut fibre: use of the black liquor of organolsolv pretreatment for ethanol production and the washing water for production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27583. Ind Crops Prod 140:111604CrossRef
64.
Khuenpet, Krittiya, Weerachet Jittanit, Napat Hongha, and Sajja Pairojkul. n.d. “UHT skim coconut milk production and its quality.” 10.1051/C
65.
Kinghora AD, Soejarto DD, Inglett GE (1986) Sweetening agents of plant origin. Crit Rev Plant Sci 4(2):79–120CrossRef
66.
Kumar TSM, Rajini N, Tian H, Rajulu AV, Winowlin Jappes JT, Siengchin S (2017) Development and analysis of biodegradable poly (propylene carbonate)/tamarind nut powder composite films. Int J Polym Anal Charact 22(5):415–423CrossRef
67.
Li Z, Lin S, An S, Liu L, Hu Y, Wan L (2019) Preparation, characterization and anti-aflatoxigenic activity of chitosan packaging films incorporated with turmeric essential oil. Int J Biol Macromol 131:420–434PubMedCrossRef
68.
Obidoa O, Joshua PE, Eze NJ (2010) Phytochemical analysis of Cocos nucifera L. J Pharm Res 3(2):280–286
69.
Okon O, Eduok U, Israel A (2012) Characterization and phytochemical screening of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Coir dust as a low cost adsorbent for waste water treatment. Elixir Appl Chem 47:8961–8968
70.
Rodiah MH, Nur Asma Fhadhila Z, Kawasaki N, Noor Asiah H and Aziah MY (2018) Antioxidant activity of natural pigment from husk of coconut. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci 41(1)
71.
Sairam CV and Jayasekhar S (2018) World coconut economy: sectoral issues markets and trade. In The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)-Research and Development Perspectives (pp. 801–820). Springer Singapore
72.
Statista (2019) Bangladesh bureau of statistics statistics and informatics division ministry of planning government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
73.
Valadez-Carmona L, Cortez-García RM, Plazola-JacintoNecoechea-Mondragón CPH, Ortiz-Moreno A (2016) Effect of microwave drying and oven drying on the water activity color phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of coconut husk Cocos nucifera L. J food Sci Tech 53(9):3495–3501CrossRef
Metadata
Title
A review on the valorization of coconut shell waste
Authors
Poornima Singh
Priyanka Dubey
Kaiser Younis
Owais Yousuf
Publication date
07-07-2022
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery / Issue 7/2024
Print ISSN: 2190-6815
Electronic ISSN: 2190-6823
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03001-2

Other articles of this Issue 7/2024

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 7/2024 Go to the issue

Correction

Correction to: Date palm petiole–derived biochar: effect of pyrolysis temperature and adsorption properties of hazardous cationic dye from water

Original Article

Calculation of effective diffusivity, mass transfer coefficient, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters for the extraction process of bioactive materials from fig leaves

Original Article

Optimization of biomass production by Chlorella saccharophila UTEX 247 employing response surface methodology

Original Article

Screening of efficient ammonia–nitrogen degrading bacteria and its application in livestock wastewater

Original Article

Impact of inulin supplementation on mitigating ruminal emissions of methane

Correction

Correction to: Optimisation of friction surfacing process parameters for a1100 aluminium utilising different derivatives of palm oil based on closed forging test