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2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Weltraumschrott als Umweltproblem. Eine Diskussion aus Global Commons-Perspektive

Authors : Daniel Lambach, Luca Wesel

Published in: Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Zusammenfassung

In diesem Beitrag wird der Umgang mit Weltraumschrott als Problem kollektiven Handelns im Kontext eines globalen Gemeinguts (Global Commons) betrachtet. Auf der Grundlage von Elinor Ostroms Forschungen zur Verwaltung von Gemeingütern schlagen wir ein System der polyzentrischen Governance vor. Dieses System stellt eine ebenso effektive Alternative zu politisch blockierten Vorschlägen der Reform oder Schaffung zwischenstaatlicher Institutionen dar. Aufbauend auf den „angepassten Gestaltungsprinzipien“ von Paul Stern analysieren wir die Mängel derzeitiger Governance-Strukturen in Bezug auf Weltraumschrott und leiten daraus Empfehlungen ab. Diese zielen darauf ab, die Kommunikation zwischen Governance-Knotenpunkten zu erleichtern, die Entscheidungsfindung auf unterer Ebene zu stärken und Vertrauen zwischen den Beteiligten aufzubauen.

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Footnotes
1
Vgl. auch den Beitrag von Alin Olimpiu Albu-Schäffer et al. in diesem Band.
 
2
UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. 1999. Technical Report on Space Debris. Text of the Report adopted by the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. New York: United Nations, S. 2. Übersetzungen englischsprachiger Quellen im gesamten Text durch die Autoren.
 
3
Vgl. Hall, Loretta. 2014. The History of Space Debris. Space Traffic Management Conference, 6 November 2014, S. 2–5.
 
4
Vgl. Tabelle „Payload Launch Traffic“ mit Stand 22. September 2022 unter: Space Debris User Portal. 2022. Space Environment Statistics. https://​sdup.​esoc.​esa.​int/​discosweb/​statistics/​.
 
5
Vgl. Kessler, Donald J.; Cour-Palais, Burton G. 1978. Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 83 (A6): 2637–2646.
 
6
Vgl. Pelton, Joseph N. 2015. New solutions for the space debris problem. Cham: Springer, S. 4.
 
7
Vgl. Rajapaksa, Chandana Rohitha, Wijerathna, Jagath K. 2017. Adaptation to Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and Space Law. Astropolitics. 15 (1): 65–76, S. 66–68.
 
8
Vgl. Alby, Fernand. 2015. The Issue of Space Debris. In: Handbook of Space Security: Policies, Applications and Programs. Hrsg. Schrogl, Kai-Uwe et al. 679–697. New York: Springer, S. 692.
 
9
Vgl. Rajapaksa und Wijerathna (2017).
 
10
Vgl. Chen, Shenyan. 2011. The Space Debris Problem. Asian Perspective. 35 (4): 537–558, S. 553.
 
11
Vgl. Liou, J.-C. 2011. An Update on LEO Environment Remediation with Active Debris Removal. Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 15 (2): 4–6.
 
12
Die „Fünf Verträge“ sind der Kernbestand des völkerrechtlichen Systems der Weltraumgovernance: Weltraumvertrag (1967), Weltraumrettungsübereinkommen (1968), Weltraumhaftungsübereinkommen (1972), Weltraumregistrierungsübereinkommen (1975) sowie der nicht in Kraft getretene Mondvertrag (1979).
 
13
Vgl. Ansdell, Megan. 2010. Active space debris removal: Needs, implications, and recommendations for today’s geopolitical environment. Journal of Public and International Affairs. 21: 7–22.
 
14
Vgl. Head, Brian W. 2008. Wicked Problems in Public Policy. Public Policy. 3 (2): 101–118.
 
15
Vgl. Hardin, Garrett. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science. 162 (3859): 1243–1248.
 
16
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 
17
Vgl. Ostrom (1990); Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. The American Economic Review. 100 (3): 641–672.
 
18
Vgl. Ostrom, Elinor et al. 1999. Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges. Science. 284 (5412): 278–282; Stern, Paul C. 2011. Design principles for global commons: Natural resources and emerging technologies. International Journal of the Commons. 5 (2): 213–232.
 
19
Buck, Susan J. 1998. The Global Commons: An Introduction. Washington D.C.: Island Press, S. 6.
 
20
Vgl. Vogler, John. 1995. The Global Commons: A Regime Analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
 
21
Ostrom (2010).
 
22
Vgl. Dorsch, Marcel J.; Flachsland, Christian. 2017. A Polycentric Approach to Global Climate Governance. Global Environmental Politics. 17 (2): 45–64.
 
23
Vgl. Thiel, Andreas. 2017. The Scope of Polycentric Governance Analysis and Resulting Challenges. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics. 5 (3): 52–82.
 
24
Vgl. Ostrom (2010); Carlisle, Keith; Gruby. 2019, Rebecca L. Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons. Policy Studies Journal. 47 (4): 927–952.
 
25
Vgl. Krisch, Nico. 2017. Liquid authority in global governance. International Theory. 9 (2): 237–260.
 
26
Vgl. Biermann, Frank et al. 2009. The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis. Global Environmental Politics. 9 (4): 14–40.
 
27
Vgl. Pusey, Natalie. 2010. The Case for Preserving Nothing: The Need for a Global Response to the Space Debris Problem. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy. 21: 425–450; Imburgia, Joseph S. 2011. Space Debris and Its Threat to National Security: A Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 44: 589–641; Rihl, D. Perry. 2019. Cleaning up the Mess: Incentivizing the Salvage of Orbital Debris. George Mason Journal of International Commercial Law. 10 (2): 68–92.
 
28
Vgl. Punnakanta, Luke. 2012. Space Torts: Applying Nuisance and Negligence to Orbital Debris. Southern California Law Review. 86: 163–192; Muñoz-Patchen, Chelsea. 2018. Regulating the Space Commons: Treating Space Debris as Abandoned Property in Violation of the Outer Space Treaty. Chicago Journal of International Law. 19: 233–259.
 
29
Vgl. Roberts, Lawrence D. 1992. Addressing the Problem of Orbital Space Debris: Combining International Regulatory and Liability Regimes. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review. 15 (1): 51–73; Salter, Alexander W. 2016. Space Debris: A Law and Economics Analysis of the Orbital Commons. Stanford Technology Law Review. 19: 221–238; Taylor, Jared B. 2011. Tragedy of the Space Commons: A Market Mechanism Solution to the Space Debris Problem. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 50: 253–279.
 
30
Vgl. Pelton (2015).
 
31
Vgl. Gallagher, Nancy. 2010. Space Governance and International Cooperation. Astropolitics. 8 (2–3): 256–279; Bowen, Bleddyn E. 2014. Cascading Crises: Orbital Debris and the Widening of Space Security. Astropolitics. 12 (1): 46–68; Perek, Luboš. 2004. Space Debris Mitigation and Prevention: How to Build a Stronger International Regime. Astropolitics. 2 (2): 215–226.
 
32
Vgl. Williams, Christopher. 1995. Space: The Cluttered Frontier. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 60 (4): 1139–1189; Gupta, Vishakha. 2016. Critique of the International Law on Protection of the Outer Space Environment. Astropolitics. 14 (1): 20–43; Munters, Ward; Wouters, Jan. 2017. The Road Not Yet Taken for Defusing Conflicts in Active Debris Removal: A Multilateral Organization. Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper.
 
33
Vgl. Jakhu, Ram S.; Nyampong, Yaw Otu M.; Sgobba, Tommaso. 2017. Regulatory framework and organization for space debris removal and on orbit servicing of satellites. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 4 (3): 129–137.
 
34
Vgl. McCormick, Patricia K. 2013. Space debris: Conjunction opportunities and opportunities for international cooperation. Science and Public Policy. 40 (6): 801–813.
 
35
Vgl. Perek (2004).
 
36
Vgl. Muñoz-Patchen (2018), Taylor (2011).
 
37
Vgl. Shackelford, Scott J. 2014. Governing the Final Frontier: A Polycentric Approach to Managing Space Weaponization and Debris. American Business Law Journal. 51 (2): 429–513; Munters, Ward. 2016. Space Debris: Towards an International Organization? Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper; Tepper, Eytan. 2019. Polycentric Governance in Global Affairs: The Case of Space Governance. SSRN, 25 July. http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​2139/​ssrn.​3400217.
 
38
Vgl. Ostrom (1990).
 
39
Vgl. Johnson-Freese, Joan; Weeden, Brian. 2012. Application of Ostrom’s Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources to Near-Earth Orbit. Global Policy. 3 (1): 72–81; Weeden, Brian C.; Chow, Tiffany. 2012. Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies. Space Policy. 28 (3): 166–172.
 
40
Vgl. Stern (2011).
 
41
Vgl. Weeden, Brian C. 2015. SSA Concepts Worldwide. In: Handbook of Space Security: Policies, Applications and Programs. Hrsg. Schrogl, Kai-Uwe et al. 985–998. New York: Springer.
 
42
Vgl. Lal, Bhavya et al. 2018. Global Trends in Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Traffic Management (STM). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defence Analyses.
 
43
Vgl. Johnson-Freese und Weeden (2012).
 
44
Vgl. ebd.
 
45
Vgl. Pelton (2015).
 
46
Vgl. Munters (2016), Tepper (2019), Shackelford (2014).
 
47
Vgl. beispielsweise Tepper (2019).
 
48
Vgl. Shackelford (2014), Johnson-Freese und Weeden (2012).
 
49
Vgl. Pusey (2010), Imburgia (2011); Button, Mary. 2013. Cleaning Up Space: The Madrid Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty as a Model for Regulating Orbital Debris. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. 37 (2): 539–568.
 
Literature
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go back to reference Ansdell, Megan. 2010. Active space debris removal: Needs, implications, and recommendations for today’s geopolitical environment. Journal of Public and International Affairs. 21: 7–22. Ansdell, Megan. 2010. Active space debris removal: Needs, implications, and recommendations for today’s geopolitical environment. Journal of Public and International Affairs. 21: 7–22.
go back to reference Biermann, Frank et al. 2009. The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis. Global Environmental Politics. 9 (4): 14–40.CrossRef Biermann, Frank et al. 2009. The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis. Global Environmental Politics. 9 (4): 14–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Bowen, Bleddyn E. 2014. Cascading Crises: Orbital Debris and the Widening of Space Security. Astropolitics. 12 (1): 46–68.CrossRef Bowen, Bleddyn E. 2014. Cascading Crises: Orbital Debris and the Widening of Space Security. Astropolitics. 12 (1): 46–68.CrossRef
go back to reference Buck, Susan J. 1998. The Global Commons: An Introduction. Washington D.C.: Island Press. Buck, Susan J. 1998. The Global Commons: An Introduction. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
go back to reference Button, Mary. 2013. Cleaning Up Space: The Madrid Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty as a Model for Regulating Orbital Debris. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. 37 (2): 539–568. Button, Mary. 2013. Cleaning Up Space: The Madrid Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty as a Model for Regulating Orbital Debris. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. 37 (2): 539–568.
go back to reference Carlisle, Keith; Gruby. 2019, Rebecca L. Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons. Policy Studies Journal. 47 (4): 927–952. Carlisle, Keith; Gruby. 2019, Rebecca L. Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons. Policy Studies Journal. 47 (4): 927–952.
go back to reference Chen, Shenyan. 2011. The Space Debris Problem. Asian Perspective. 35 (4): 537–558.CrossRef Chen, Shenyan. 2011. The Space Debris Problem. Asian Perspective. 35 (4): 537–558.CrossRef
go back to reference Dorsch, Marcel J.; Flachsland, Christian. 2017. A Polycentric Approach to Global Climate Governance. Global Environmental Politics. 17 (2): 45–64.CrossRef Dorsch, Marcel J.; Flachsland, Christian. 2017. A Polycentric Approach to Global Climate Governance. Global Environmental Politics. 17 (2): 45–64.CrossRef
go back to reference Gallagher, Nancy. 2010. Space Governance and International Cooperation. Astropolitics. 8 (2-3): 256–279.CrossRef Gallagher, Nancy. 2010. Space Governance and International Cooperation. Astropolitics. 8 (2-3): 256–279.CrossRef
go back to reference Gupta, Vishakha. 2016. Critique of the International Law on Protection of the Outer Space Environment. Astropolitics. 14 (1): 20–43.CrossRef Gupta, Vishakha. 2016. Critique of the International Law on Protection of the Outer Space Environment. Astropolitics. 14 (1): 20–43.CrossRef
go back to reference Hall, Loretta. 2014. The History of Space Debris. Space Traffic Management Conference, 6 November 2014. Hall, Loretta. 2014. The History of Space Debris. Space Traffic Management Conference, 6 November 2014.
go back to reference Hardin, Garrett. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science. 162 (3859): 1243–1248.CrossRef Hardin, Garrett. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science. 162 (3859): 1243–1248.CrossRef
go back to reference Head, Brian W. 2008. Wicked Problems in Public Policy. Public Policy. 3 (2): 101–118. Head, Brian W. 2008. Wicked Problems in Public Policy. Public Policy. 3 (2): 101–118.
go back to reference Imburgia, Joseph S. 2011. Space Debris and Its Threat to National Security: A Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 44: 589–641. Imburgia, Joseph S. 2011. Space Debris and Its Threat to National Security: A Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 44: 589–641.
go back to reference Jakhu, Ram S.; Nyampong, Yaw Otu M.; Sgobba, Tommaso. 2017. Regulatory framework and organization for space debris removal and on orbit servicing of satellites. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 4 (3): 129–137. Jakhu, Ram S.; Nyampong, Yaw Otu M.; Sgobba, Tommaso. 2017. Regulatory framework and organization for space debris removal and on orbit servicing of satellites. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 4 (3): 129–137.
go back to reference Johnson-Freese, Joan; Weeden, Brian. 2012. Application of Ostrom’s Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources to Near-Earth Orbit. Global Policy. 3 (1): 72–81.CrossRef Johnson-Freese, Joan; Weeden, Brian. 2012. Application of Ostrom’s Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources to Near-Earth Orbit. Global Policy. 3 (1): 72–81.CrossRef
go back to reference Kessler, Donald J.; Cour-Palais, Burton G. 1978. Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 83 (A6): 2637–2646.CrossRef Kessler, Donald J.; Cour-Palais, Burton G. 1978. Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 83 (A6): 2637–2646.CrossRef
go back to reference Krisch, Nico. 2017. Liquid authority in global governance. International Theory. 9 (2): 237–260.CrossRef Krisch, Nico. 2017. Liquid authority in global governance. International Theory. 9 (2): 237–260.CrossRef
go back to reference Lal, Bhavya et al. 2018. Global Trends in Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Traffic Management (STM). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defence Analyses. Lal, Bhavya et al. 2018. Global Trends in Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Traffic Management (STM). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defence Analyses.
go back to reference Liou, J.-C. 2011. An Update on LEO Environment Remediation with Active Debris Removal. Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 15 (2): 4–6. Liou, J.-C. 2011. An Update on LEO Environment Remediation with Active Debris Removal. Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 15 (2): 4–6.
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go back to reference Muñoz-Patchen, Chelsea. 2018. Regulating the Space Commons: Treating Space Debris as Abandoned Property in Violation of the Outer Space Treaty. Chicago Journal of International Law. 19: 233–259. Muñoz-Patchen, Chelsea. 2018. Regulating the Space Commons: Treating Space Debris as Abandoned Property in Violation of the Outer Space Treaty. Chicago Journal of International Law. 19: 233–259.
go back to reference Munters, Ward. 2016. Space Debris: Towards an International Organization? Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper. Munters, Ward. 2016. Space Debris: Towards an International Organization? Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper.
go back to reference Munters, Ward; Wouters, Jan. 2017. The Road Not Yet Taken for Defusing Conflicts in Active Debris Removal: A Multilateral Organization. Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper. Munters, Ward; Wouters, Jan. 2017. The Road Not Yet Taken for Defusing Conflicts in Active Debris Removal: A Multilateral Organization. Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper.
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go back to reference Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. The American Economic Review. 100 (3): 641–672.CrossRef Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. The American Economic Review. 100 (3): 641–672.CrossRef
go back to reference Pelton, Joseph N. 2015. New solutions for the space debris problem. Cham: Springer.CrossRef Pelton, Joseph N. 2015. New solutions for the space debris problem. Cham: Springer.CrossRef
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go back to reference Pusey, Natalie. 2010. The Case for Preserving Nothing: The Need for a Global Response to the Space Debris Problem. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy. 21: 425–450. Pusey, Natalie. 2010. The Case for Preserving Nothing: The Need for a Global Response to the Space Debris Problem. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy. 21: 425–450.
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go back to reference Shackelford, Scott J. 2014. Governing the Final Frontier: A Polycentric Approach to Managing Space Weaponization and Debris. American Business Law Journal. 51 (2): 429–513.CrossRef Shackelford, Scott J. 2014. Governing the Final Frontier: A Polycentric Approach to Managing Space Weaponization and Debris. American Business Law Journal. 51 (2): 429–513.CrossRef
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go back to reference Taylor, Jared B. 2011. Tragedy of the Space Commons: A Market Mechanism Solution to the Space Debris Problem. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 50: 253–279. Taylor, Jared B. 2011. Tragedy of the Space Commons: A Market Mechanism Solution to the Space Debris Problem. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 50: 253–279.
go back to reference Thiel, Andreas. 2017. The Scope of Polycentric Governance Analysis and Resulting Challenges. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics. 5 (3): 52–82. Thiel, Andreas. 2017. The Scope of Polycentric Governance Analysis and Resulting Challenges. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics. 5 (3): 52–82.
go back to reference UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. 1999. Technical Report on Space Debris. Text of the Report adopted by the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. New York: United Nations. UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. 1999. Technical Report on Space Debris. Text of the Report adopted by the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. New York: United Nations.
go back to reference Vogler, John. 1995. The Global Commons: A Regime Analysis. Chichester: Wiley. Vogler, John. 1995. The Global Commons: A Regime Analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
go back to reference Weeden, Brian C. 2015. SSA Concepts Worldwide. In: Handbook of Space Security: Policies, Applications and Programs. Hrsg. Schrogl, Kai-Uwe et al. 985–998. New York: Springer. Weeden, Brian C. 2015. SSA Concepts Worldwide. In: Handbook of Space Security: Policies, Applications and Programs. Hrsg. Schrogl, Kai-Uwe et al. 985–998. New York: Springer.
go back to reference Weeden, Brian C.; Chow, Tiffany. 2012. Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies. Space Policy. 28 (3): 166–172.CrossRef Weeden, Brian C.; Chow, Tiffany. 2012. Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies. Space Policy. 28 (3): 166–172.CrossRef
go back to reference Williams, Christopher. 1995. Space: The Cluttered Frontier. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 60 (4): 1139–1189. Williams, Christopher. 1995. Space: The Cluttered Frontier. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 60 (4): 1139–1189.
Metadata
Title
Weltraumschrott als Umweltproblem. Eine Diskussion aus Global Commons-Perspektive
Authors
Daniel Lambach
Luca Wesel
Copyright Year
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42602-6_41

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