Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Technology

This study aims to propose the integration of different technologies into one system to help solve various environmental problems through one “Hybrid” system. Environmental issues such as atmospheric pollution, ozone desolation, energy wastage and losses (electric energy, heat energy, useful cooling, and heating temperatures), lacuna due to different machines of diverse applications, drinking water quality, scarcity, and wastage of acquirable water resources. Metal hydride refrigeration system is the basis of this research, incorporating water generation and localized system monitoring and control technology. The hybrid system proposed to tackle various environmental issues is termed as Envi-hybrid System. Major industry-grade electronic components such as Siemens IOT2000, Siemens PLC, and sensors (humidity, temperature, water level, heat) were used. This study proposes to make an interactive Hybrid Refrigeration System with boundless to-and-fro control and monitoring environment between human and machine. Comparison between conventionally used refrigeration systems (VCRS) and the proposed model is also made in context with energy usage, the end products, and effects those systems have on the quotidian environment from the start of their manufacturing to the warranted working timeline.

In recent times, the abrasive slurry jet polishing process (ASJP) or fluid jet polishing process (FJP) is one of the widely used polishing processes, especially for complex optical components. However, the rate of reduction in surface roughness varies with respect to polishing time or jet exposure time. Thus, it is essential to understand the physical insights into the surface topography transformation with respect to jet exposure time or polishing time. In that perspective, the present work deals with the study on the surface topography transformation in the BK7 glass with respect to jet exposure time or polishing time. The surface topography transformation was studied by assessing the surface roughness and by analyzing the surface morphology of the workpiece at a fixed interval of time. From the experiment, three stages of reduction in surface roughness generation, as well as the different mechanisms of material removal, were observed with respect to time. This helps in identifying the saturation limit on reduction in surface roughness under specific processing and environmental conditions.

Finite element modeling (FEM) is a computational structural engineering technique that has been utilized to analyze the relationship between loads, various stresses, and deformation induced in bone and to design patient-specific orthopedic implants. For instance, the latest advances in FE model generation enhanced graphics in computer tomography and better segmentation techniques, increased the FEM precision, and developed the patient-specific simulated anatomies and the other mechanical and physical properties that are useful for orthopedic professionals. Three-dimensional (3D) model of the femur bone is extracted from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images using MIMICS-21 software and further post-processing and analysis is done using ANSYS 18 version. The present study gives a comparative analysis of the FEM of the femur bone and the significant physiological variations in the femoral bone. The stress generation and total deformation of the healthy femur bone have been determined based on sex, age, and bodyweights from real-time data. The findings conclude that, in the case of females, the maximum bone strength and bone wall thickness are offered in 30–40 years age group and in the case of the male 40–50 years age group.

At present, population growth puts a question mark on the availability of food and energy. There are limited agricultural land and non-renewable sources of energy, so it became more important to minimize the post-harvest losses of agricultural commodity and maximize the use of renewable energy sources. Drying is used to reduce the moisture content of a commodity in order to extend its shelf life. Solar drying is the most effective technique to overcome the issues of food and energy demand. The major problem with the solar dryer (SD) is to operate in non-sunshine hours, which increases the drying time. The energy supply from external sources in non-sunshine hours is not feasible in terms of availability and environment. Phase change materials (PCMs) are found to be a feasible alternative to supply heat in non-sunshine hours. PCMs are the version of latent heat storage, which offer high thermal energy storage density as compare to sensible heat storage. An examination of the incorporation of PCMs in greenhouse dryers is the key objective of this paper.

Car crash test analyses the performance of a car structure deforming during the collision, shock absorbed by the material and crashworthiness of the vehicle. In this study, a simulated car crash test is performed on the Toyota Yaris car FE model for determining the effect of the material AA6082-T6 on the crashworthiness of the vehicle. The Cowper–Symonds material model is used which is very efficient in taking into account the coupled effects of strain, strain rate on the flow stress behaviour of the material. The tensile testing of AA6082-T6 material was done on Universal Testing Machine under varying strain rates of 0.0001/s, 0.001/s, 0.01/s and 0.1/s. Simulated car crash tests are widely performed for determining the degree of safety provided to the occupants of the car. In this study, all the standards set by NCAP had been used for a full-frontal crash test. The FE analysis of the car CAD model was done using LS-DYNA software and the energy absorption of the material, crash pulse of the vehicle and the velocity of the driver seat are observed and compared. The weight of the vehicle has been reduced by 1.3% and the crashworthiness of the vehicle has also been improved.

Components of the rail tracks are designed to withstand the continuous moving load and transfer it effectively to the subgrade and foundation. Apart from stresses and strains developed, the moving load also induces vibrations, causing damage to components of the rail track, amplifying already existing track defects such as head checks, corrugation, shelling and causing discomfort to passengers. Understanding vibrations and successfully isolating them is a challenging task. Rail pad plays a vital role to reduce vibration. It also attenuates the impact load of moving train and protects different components of track assembly from failure. Due to globalization and advancement in technology, freight traffic and speeds of the train have substantially increased in recent years, and thus it is now more important to understand vibration and its effects. This paper mainly discusses the dynamic properties of the rail pad and its stiffness and damping properties. First, the article gives a basic overview of the rail pad, its development over the years, fundamental theories and equations used and materials used for making the rail pad have also been discussed. Then, it reviews different experimental and numerical techniques used to determine the rail pad’s dynamic properties and effects of preload, frequency and temperature on rail pad properties. It discusses different mathematical models and equations used to couple rail pad dynamics with overall vibrations. Also, it discusses the result of considering rail pad dynamics into overall train-track coupled vibrations and how it influences the output result is being discussed and compared with experimental results.

This paper gives an electric propulsion gadget designed categorically to meet the overall performance designation to the analysis of Go-Kart application. The analysis is performed on Go-Kart basically for weight reduction. The conventional IC engine predicated strength supply unit can be outdated with an electric DC motor with the chargeable battery as the energy source for the Electric Go-Kart. In the modern-day studies, the engine is outdated with the motor, batteries, and controller. The modeling is done using 3D software BLENDER & FUSION 360 by which we calculate stress and strain acting on a Go-Kart. This paper will avail in designing and production of electrical Go-Kart.

To remain competitive and profit margin in the dynamic market scenario, automotive manufacturing industries are bound to render high-quality products at the optimum cost. However, complexities associated with various interlinked activities in the Automotive Supply Chain (SC) ultimately make the external and internal SC environment extremely uncertain. Firms surrounded by an uncertain environment are exposed to multiple risk factors at all SC echelons causing disruptions that leads to inferior operational performance. Indian automotive industry is a leading industrial sector and set to see immense growth, making a more extensive supply chain network and posing challenges due to increasing complexities. In addition, the level of collaboration and highly complex SC makes the automotive SC vulnerable to risks. The proper assessment of risk factors critical to the automotive SC is essential for policy-makers to build proactive risk mitigation strategies. This study investigates Critical Risk Factors (CRFs) existing in the manufacturing SC of Indian automotive industries. Ranking of identified CRFs is done using the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) based on the severity of adverse impact on five criterion using survey data. The results indicate that among the identified 13 CRFs, ‘Delay risks’, ‘Risks related to management’ and ‘Risks related to raw materials’ are crucial to Indian automotive industries. This study's outcome is expected to assist forefront managers of the Indian automotive sector in framing proactive risk mitigation strategies and adopting a systematic approach for risk prioritization.

This paper presents the results of thermohydrodynamic analysis of journal bearing lubricated with non-Newtonian fluids. Simulation work has been carried out in Ansys FLUENT, which solves three-dimensional Navier–Stokes and energy equations. Lubricant flow has been considered as laminar. Thermal effects and hydrodynamic pressure of the fluid film of circular journal bearing are studied by varying viscosity index in the range of 0.75–1.3. Clearance space of 0.8 mm has been kept for the fluid between journal and bearing surface. Analysis has been carried out at eccentricity ratio of 0.8 and journal speed in the range of 500 RPM–3000 RPM. It has been found out that shear-thickening fluids, i.e., viscosity index greater than 1 tends to enhance the load-carrying capacity and shear-thinning fluids, i.e., viscosity index less than 1 tends to decrease the load-carrying capacity. The temperature of the bearing surface tends to increase with the increase in viscosity index.

Ultrasonic machining is a mechanical substantial evacuation measure used to dissolve openings and pits popular rigid before weak workpieces through utilizing molded instruments, tall-recurrence mechanical movement, then a rough slurry. Ultrasonic machining (USM) boundaries (like slurry fixation, force, and feed rate) on material evacuation rate, tighten point during zirconia machining, and over-cut (ZrO2) composite. The investigations are led based on Taguchi (L9) symmetrical exhibit and multi-target enhancement on premise of proportion examination (MOORA) is an acronym for streamlining of USM measure boundary fixation. Likewise, improvement technique gives ideal boundary setting to USM measure that fulfills the genuine requirement for machining of ZrO2 composite by and by. USM, cross-breed USM, and measure abilities of USM take remained widely evaluated in this thing. The constraints of USM holes saw after the writing audit, and the headings for coming exploration take additionally stay introduced.

This paper aims to determine the design parameters of an underwater remotely operated vehicle for shallow water applications and its crucial components that help perform different industry tasks. The objective of ROV is to inspect dams for damages and perform repairs to some extent, check the water bodies’ condition, and pick articles off the water bodies’ bed. It is designed to create a light, mobile, versatile, and statically stable vehicle. Load simulations are carried out for the major structural components, and flow simulations are done to reduce the overall drag force on the vehicle. Control is one of the most prime features of any manually operated machine; by running three PIDs and granting six degrees of freedom, this design gives the user complete control over all the vehicle features and ensures that there is no possibility of capsizing. Different manufacturing techniques like waterjet machining and laser cutting were kept in mind while designing the parts and utilised 3D printing to develop the connector for underwater applications. The final result is a versatile, flexible, and reliable design that can incorporate into actual applications.

Enhancement of heat transmission properties and pressure loss efficiency with light size and moderate cost in, widely used, compact heat exchangers is an ever-demanding and ongoing research in the field of heat exchanger applications. This study reviews the numerical and experimental investigations in which different active and passive methods such as using various types of fin geometries, porous fins, fins with grooves or vortex generators, and nanofluids are discussed meticulously to enhance the thermohydraulic effectiveness of plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHE). Some important friction factor and j factor correlations are also discussed. Overall, this review will guide the innovative plate-fin heat exchanger (PFHE) design for a specific purpose.

Mono-phase Pr3+-activated sodium-calcium orthosilicate phosphors have been successfully developed using the sol–gel process. In the present work, crystallinity analysis of the as-synthesized phosphors is done via X-ray diffraction (XRD), while morphological assessment is executed through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. XRD pattern affirms the pure monophasic formation of Na2CaSiO4 (NCSO) phosphor. The photoluminescence (PL) study shows that two emission peaks observed at 487 nm and 610 nm correspond to both 252 and 445 nm excitation wavelengths for Na2CaSiO4 phosphor. Emission intensities at 487 and 610 nm emission peaks are higher for 252 nm excitation than the 445 nm excitation. Moreover, CIE chromaticity coordinates, (0.543, 0.327) and (0.582, 0.347), calculated for 1.0 mol% Pr3+-activated NCSO phosphor are situated in the red region under 252 and 445 nm excitations, respectively. The PL results and the evaluated CIE coordinates in the red region support the potential candidature of Pr3+-doped sodium-calcium orthosilicate (Na2CaSiO4) phosphor as a red-emitting component in white LEDs.

Delhi receives a specific photovoltaic power output of about 4 kWh per day of solar energy on average. The conversion of motor vehicles from conventional energy sources to electric has better chances with battery swapping stations. Battery swapping stations require sources of energy which is generally grid electricity. This paper proposes a procedure using the available public rooftops as a medium to generate renewable solar energy. Public places like the petrol pump’s rooftop, which remains ideal, can be used to install PV panels as per requirements. The produced energy will be used to charge the battery swapping station’s batteries as an alternate energy source. In a city with a population of around 30 million, converting from a conventional to an electric source of energy could create a very high energy demand. The energy production using conventional sources contributes to the increase in air pollution, which goes against the city’s favor. Policy-makers and people can use this proposal to help the city go through shifting from conventional fuel to electricity in vehicles and reduce the load of conventional power plants. Simultaneously, it produces clean energy and thus no emission of greenhouse gases and does not contribute to the increasing pollution of Delhi.

Transferring pollen grains to the female stigma from the male anther of a flower is known as pollination. This article is mainly focusing to explain the stimulated pollination by means of nano copters or small drones to increase productivity in the field of agriculture employing of automated or manual control. Therefore, a robust design can be made by change in its structure or modification in its programming system with respect to its flight controller. This robotic system is offered to farmers for implementing artificial pollination.

This paper proposes a method to classify the garbage and thus classify it into two major categories that is biodegradable and non-biodegradable garbage by the use of YOLOv3 model. The model was used to train a dataset of 12,000 images which consisted of the images of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes and the MAP efficiency of the model was 99.57% to detect the images which makes it a fairly accurate model to be used for the classification of garbage. This result of this study shows that it can be used further for classification of garbage in industry where human intervention is not necessary, and automation of segregation can be deployed.

Aircraft with delta wing configuration contains special characteristics of vortex generation at different attack angles and low distance demand for start off and landing, however, these properties of delta wing conjointly depend on lift, drag, attack angle, velocity, sound impact absorption, thermal conditions and plenty more properties, which directly make the change in performance of aircraft vary. This paper examines the vortex flow over the contour of the wing at subsonic speed in pressure-based Solver and Supersonic speed in Density-based Solver in Ansys Fluent. Subsonic speed is 260 m/s, and supersonic speed is 686 m/s. Formation of vortex started at attack angle 5° producing a low-density vortex, which collapsed at the near end of the wing, at attack angle of 10°, a strong vortex is created with consistent density, and at 15°, the vortex formation was early, however, flowed regime was quite disrupted.

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) and its essential processing method, which is used to build complex shapes with high precision and low surface roughness, are discussed in this study. Numerous researches are done to optimize process parameters in order to increase metal removal rate (MRR) and reduce surface roughness (SR). This research paper discusses, in detail, the latest technologies and various methodologies adopted in EDM. Various cutting materials, their advantages and disadvantages, and the cooling medium are also discussed. The paper also discusses different optimization techniques and their relationship to different response specifications.

Abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining is one of the best non-conventional machining processes, which is being used in modern industries. Operations like cutting, polishing, deburring etc. are often done successfully with the help of AWJ machining processes. This paper reviews the latest techniques being applied in this machining and also discusses the complex issues associated with machining. Also, this review paper highlights various materials and methods being utilized in different conditions. Various optimization techniques for the enhancement of the material removal rate (MRR) and improvement in surface finish are also discussed. This review paper could point out the scope for the research of abrasive jet machining.

Airships have an upper hand over multi-rotor drones when it comes to endurance and sound of operation for surveillance in the environment. This paper discusses the design methodology and fabrication of an easily deployable finless airship for surveillance and advertisement. The design of the airship discussed in this paper is driven by factors such as longevity, assembling time, dismantling time, and control authority over the flight. The propulsion system employed in the airship uses an able motor with differential thrust thereby providing sufficient control authority over the attitude and velocity of the airship.

Due to the rapidly increasing emissions of fossil fuels and the limited amount of power currently available, renewable power generation is an essential need of time. The main objective of this article is to analyze the alternative green power generation system which uses the weight and momentum of passing vehicles to produce electricity to save “waste” power. This design uses struts to restore the bumps to their original location, A slider-crank mechanism converts reciprocatory action into rotatory action and a gear which transmits power. Speed breakers are a versatile and cost-effective alternative that may be installed under the railroad with minimum modifications.

The paper focuses on the analysis of Davis Steering Mechanism. The motive of the research was to study and later obtain the better results of using Davis Steering Mechanism in the vehicles by considering the standard factors. In this, after studying about Davis steering mechanism, its calculations, the variables, its functioning we analysed it on a software known as mechAnalyzer software by applying different values of the variables such as lengths, angles, joints. After using the appropriate values and formulating the results, we obtained various graphs of joints and links for displacement, velocity and acceleration with respect to linear as well as angular and they have been analysed accordingly.

The objective of this study is the modeling and simulation of bevel gear. The article includes types of gear defining their arrangement. Different material is used according to their chemical properties, mechanical properties, and approximate cost, so that the required material can be taken based on the mechanical properties which suit the economic factor of the project. Simulation of stress on the bevel tooth is done to know the stress of different alloy steel materials. Based on the requirement material selection process can be done. In the designing and simulation of bevel gear for a gearbox, we tested the practical and analytical knowledge of the design and methodology in the gearbox. The main task of a gearbox is to vary speed resulting in output torque to be inverse of speed function. If the enclosed drive is a speed reducer (output speed is less than the input speed), which will increase the torque Output; if the drive increases speed, the output torque will reduce. Hence the article can prove useful for the selection of material for gearbox of ATV (all-terrain vehicle) as commonly used material for gearbox of ATV has to be taken into consideration.

In this project, we will talk about the design, simulation, and analysis of helical gear. The material used is Structural Steel (S45C). S45C is easily available and is used to make spur, helical, racks, bevel, and worm gears. Designing is done on Solidworks considering the standard parameters which are mentioned below in Table 1. Static and modal analysis has been done on Ansys software in which non-uniform and finite mesh are formed for analysis of helical gear of S45C material at different torque which are 2000 Nm, 2500Nm, 3000Nm, respectively, and the related result of equivalent strain, equivalent stress, total deformation, safety factor has been illustrated in Table 5. Article also shows the future scope of this work in topic 6.

The agriculture sector is the backbone of our economy. In order to provide proper strength to it, we need to encourage the use of new technology which can be done with the help of Computer-aided manufacturing. Production has emerged as one of India's fastest-growing industries. C.A.M. aids companies in reducing design and manufacturing mistakes. Computer software systems can be easily incorporated with the design tool, resulting in increased transformational capabilities and production process performance. In this paper, we will discuss how computer-aided manufacturing can help to boost the agriculture sector and how new techniques like smart farming can help the G.D.P. to grow at a faster rate than before. Cynosure will be the market structure, market size, growth formula for manufacturing in India, powerful ways to use C.A.M. in the agriculture sector, SMART FARMING, and Modern farming techniques. This research paper will help to reduce the waste of time and money and will suggest new ways to channelize the resources in a lucrative direction.

Road accidents are without a doubt the most incessant and lethal happenings across the nation. Every year, a huge number of individuals lose their lives, and the same number or more face extreme wounds. Expanded monetary advancement has brought an expansion in the vehicle division in the nation. This led to a huge increase in street traffic and ‘speed’, which is one of the fundamental reasons for vehicle accidents. Drivers with different records of street petty criminal offenses, for example, speeding, driving affected by liquor, and utilizing cell phones while driving, have been considered as a high hazard bunch for conceivable association in street mishaps. Subsequently, Early identification of a mishappening can spare lives, gives snappier street openings, subsequently diminishes sat around idly and assets, and builds effectiveness. Right now, we propose a starter continuous self-ruling accident recognition framework dependent on computational insight procedures, that will help to foresee the street accident that can happen, by investigating the scenes over the CCTV cameras and help the specialists to focus on not so much secure but rather more inclined regions, and thus will diminish traffic accidents happening in the region.

The main objective of this article is to study, analyze and compare various other researches done in this field in the past to enhance the heat transfer rate of the cooling fins by varying geometry of cylinder block fin. Further, a new design of the cylinder fin is built that would prove to be better than the currently used designs. Software analysis is carried out to verify parameters, which enhances and betters the heat transfer. Different fin materials, namely, Aluminum 6061 and Magnesium ZC63A were considered for the fin design in I.C. Engine. Analysis was carried out for both the materials for various shapes of fins, and the results were compared. The computational results in maximum and minimum temperature attained and maximum and minimum heat flux achieved were verified with published experimental results. The magnesium fin was found to be 14.91% better in terms of heat dissipation than the aluminum fin.

With the advent of twenty-first century, epidemics and pandemics are frequently hitting the human society severely and affecting the world as whole and poor people in particular. As the globalization trend is increasing, biological disasters are not restricted to a localized area but spreads more rapidly than previously. Its results are impacting the social, economic and environmental spheres of human society. This has led to a disruption of supply chain particularly in healthcare sector, which becomes important during these situations. This study is being conducted for identifying the issues, which possibly leads to the disruption of healthcare supply chain during epidemic and pandemic situations. Best and Worst Method (BWM) is being employed for analyzing the factors through pairwise comparison of disruption of healthcare supply chain to generate reliable results. The criteria are ranked based on their average weightage obtained through Best and Worst Method. The results indicated “Inefficient executive leadership” as most crucial factor in managing healthcare SCM during crisis. The data from the study will help organizations, government officials, stakeholders and managers in identifying and optimizing the SCM during epidemic and pandemic.

Automation of processes through the use of industrial robots is a critical component of the transition to Industry 4.0. This paper aims to present the design of a biomedical robotic manipulator and attempt to simulate its trajectory in a virtual environment. The task of collecting samples for COVID-19 serves as a case study for the manipulator. Using the CAD tool, a suitable design was developed to meet the task requirements. After determining the end effector waypoints, path planning was carried out. Following that, a cubic polynomial trajectory was implemented in the MATLAB environment to obtain the time-scheduled third-order trajectories of the robot joints. Finally, the trajectory optimization algorithm based on the concept of via-points was developed to reduce the energy consumed by the robot while performing the task. The results from the optimization algorithm showed the energy savings of approximately 28% by following the optimized trajectory.

Composites are new materials that are replacing traditional materials with their enhanced properties likely high flexural strength, tensile strength, biodegradable, increased thermal resistance, low density, creep, and corrosion resistance. This paper investigates the flexural strength which is a 3-point bending test of twisted Abaca and Neem fiber composites. In this research work, two categories of composites are fabricated using the hand layup method. Category 1 contains equal percentage weight of both Abaca and Neem fibers without twisting, while Category 2 contains equal percentage weight of both Neem and Abaca fibers with twisting. It is observed that the twisted fiber composite laminates show higher bending strength while comparing with untwisted fiber composites due to the effect of fiber twisting.

PHEC (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Conveyances) are the effective way for the removal of various harmful gasses from the conveyance sector in the Coalesced States. A sizably voluminous-scale transition from gasoline-powered conveyances to plug-in hybrid electric conveyances will inextricably connect its electric system with the US conveyance system. To conduct the geographical analysis of emissions done by PHEC. For this, we utilize a substructure in which PHECs were discharged during the daytime and charged during the night. From this, we discovered charging of PHECs with coal engenders more pollution than charging them with gasoline in some areas where coal is used widely, such as the Midwest. By ascending off-peak demand, overnight charging of PHECs would degrade the contrivance load factor. This may have a negative impact on the system's infrastructure. We ran a couple of basic simulations to see how the charging of off-peak PHEC affects the efficiency of oil-cooled substation transformers.

This report aims to introduce a very unique and innovative approach for the performance analysis of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) which is applicable for systems using any of the refrigerants available with known properties. The use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been proposed to determine the performance via Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the VCRS System. The ANN prediction model is developed in R programming using the H20 library. For training the neural network, the data is obtained by using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software which was simulated for 50 different values of input parameters to obtain the Performance (COP) of the VCR cycle for 15 different refrigerants. In this ANN model, the input layer consists of Condenser temperature (T_C), Evaporator temperature (T_H) and different properties of the refrigerants. After training the data multiple times and simultaneously checking the accuracy, 100 hidden layers and 80 neurons in each hidden layer are finally used which provide the best accuracy. The prediction observed from the ANN model is within the acceptable margin of error. The maximum error obtained is less than 5%. The RMSE and Mean Residual deviance values are also within acceptable limits. The EES software used here is just a substitute for the real experimental setup which this approach can also be used to analyze so that time and resources required for a traditional approach can be saved. The ANN algorithm is further utilized to predict optimum conditions which provide the maximum performance for each input parameter by running continuous simulations on them and thereby representing them in the form of charts for better understanding.

Additive manufacturing or a more popular nomenclature, i.e., 3D printing is a manufacturing process that constructs a 3-dimensional object from a CAD model. Additive manufacturing is an emerging manufacturing process with great potential, so the factors affecting this manufacturing process must be studied, and then amendments must be made to improve this manufacturing process and make it more efficient. The goal of this study was to break down the elements, and last sub-components of the elements, for the execution of Additive manufacturing, utilizing the Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach. Thinking about the reviews, it was found that the hesitation of these cutting approaches has a big impact on the collection, and therefore, it is necessary to perform standardized assessments and adaptation approaches to represent the improvement for the end-customer applications and drive the progression for the meeting. The model developed will help the relationship with the perception of the centre’s function to redirect its thinking and to make establishment changes, in the same way, that they come together to improve profitability in the aggregate.

This research aims to rank three emerging countries for smartphone manufacturing hubs for companies planning to reduce supply chain dependency on China. Evaluation of emerging mobile phone manufacturing markets can be decided on various factors, which are non-physical factors and cannot be determined quantitatively. This makes it hard for the respondent to fill the survey. Fuzzy MCDM is one method that can be applied to solve this issue to measure the performance. On the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for finding the factor importance and TOPSIS to determine the ranks of the countries, it was observed that the aspects concerning smartphone manufacturing are tangible. The ten most critical factors for a hub were identified by the literature review. The final ranking was obtained by the result of the survey.

In the last few years, trends suggest an increase in interest among the mass of electric cars compared to petrol/diesel cars. Future adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents several challenges such as compact size battery architecture with higher volumetric energy density, remote charging infrastructure, lack of service and maintenance support, and closed-loop mobility ecosystem. The government should provide specific policy measures to overcome conventional vehicles such as subsidies for electric vehicles. The market structure also considers describing the correct incentive system and proceeding with the assessment of the EVs support grid for both users and DSOs. In this paper review of the future electric vehicle approach, challenges and opportunities are discussed. The reliability assessment of the internal system, modern electrical network with EVs, and how the upcoming electric vehicles circumstances like autonomous driving, connected vehicles, and shared mobility would come into force for EVs grid integration in addition to power grid evolution moves in the direction of future energy internet have been also summarized.

The primary aim of this type of Active suspensions system is to overcome the excitation of the road. It can be improved riding by controlling the accumulator force. The suspension absorbs high vibration which is come from the road to the car tire. In short, due to mathematical modal may, aspect can be computed or evaluated like constant road handling, smooth-riding, and much more possibility factor. A nonlinear surface is important for changing the system damping. The main goals are to keep smooth riding from irregular road profile. A neural network and a PID controller are used to control the Quarter car model. The Levenberg–Marquardt method with 10 neurons can provide the best results or many according to the requirement. Also known as damp least squares are a Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. With the help of a Neural Network (NN), a steady-state error can be reduced.

The objective of this paper is to illustrate the design of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle that is optimized for search and rescue deployment in response to natural disasters to considerably improve response times. The vehicle is designed to be remotely deployed to the affected area, perform reconnaissance, and relay the data back to a ground station in real time. Through the use of Static Structural and Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations performed on ANSYS, this vehicle has been optimized to provide timely assistance to the victims of natural disasters.

A device based upon Fourier’s Law is designed to measure the thermal conductivity of materials. Guarded Hot plate technique, which is a steady state method is used to get the required readings. An alternate method with low cost is suggested to measure the thermal conductivity. Stainless Steel (SS 304) and Steel 4340 were used as the workpiece materials to validate the proposed device. The experimental values were compared with the reference values. Error percentage was within 8–9% for low thermal conductivity materials. More accuracy could be achieved by increasing the sensitivity of the materials used in the device and be reducing the heat loss to the environment. As error is less for less thermal conductivity materials, it is expected that this device can further be used to measure thermal conductivity of Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) and metals with high thermal conductivities.

With the advent of COVID-19, having a vaccine and running an efficient vaccination program has become a vital means to protect the population against these life threatening diseases. The ongoing COVID-19 vaccination program is seen as a vital step to contain the outbreak of this infectious disease. However, right from developing the antibodies of the virus for developing the vaccine to monitoring the vaccinated population, there are a lot of challenges along different aspects which are recognized as potential road blockages in running a successful vaccination supply chain. In general however, supply chain inculcates all the processes which are involved either at the front end or at the back end in fulfilling a consumer’s requirement. This paper aims to analyze the challenges faced in the vaccination supply chain during critical times such as COVID-19 and modeling those challenges in order to understand the highly prioritize factors which impact the vaccination of general public. The entire study is based on the feedback collected from 60 individuals working in the field of healthcare, supply chain, and local end consumers of vaccine. The entire study is done in a procedural manner where the first part was focused on identifying critical challenges, collecting responses from various stakeholders, and then finally modeling those challenges using the statistical tool DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method.

The World Health Organization estimated that there are 1.5 billion people globally living with some degree of hearing loss. It is estimated that the number of affected people is going to rise to 2.5 billion by 2050. One of the primary reasons behind hearing impairment is exposure to high noise levels. The Worldwide Hearing Index reveals that India has the highest hearing loss (−12.85 years). During the lockdown due to COVID-19, environmental pollution reached baseline levels. The present study investigates the effect of lockdown on noise levels and assesses the current level of noise pollution in Delhi and Mumbai, two metropolitan cities of India. The data for Leq (A), L10 (A), and L90 (A) was recorded through 20 noise monitoring stations (10 in each city) across India. The recorded noise levels during lockdown (25th March 2020–31st May 2020) were compared with pre-lockdown noise levels for both BL2020 (1st February to 24th March 2020) and AL2019 (25th March to 31st May 2019). The highest drop in noise levels in both cities compared to AL2019 levels was recorded in the commercial zones (5%), while the lowest was recorded in silence zones (1%). The highest drop in noise levels compared to BL2020 was recorded in Anand Vihar, Delhi (16%) and Vashi Hosp. Navi Mumbai (20%). The present study may help policymakers, and governing bodies devise a national action plan for redressal noise pollution in India’s urban cities.

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) for machining AISI P20 steel is the subject of this article. EDM is a form of nonconventional machining that is used in modern industries to handle extremely tough materials. P20 steel is selected as the material for the work and copper electrode as the tool in this experiment. Metal Removal rate (MRR) was evaluated using three critical parameters: pulse-on-time, current, and pulse-off-time. The L9 orthogonal sequence of Taguchi has been taken. The characteristics of MRR as well as the consequences of input variables have been investigated. The important parameters influencing the response were discovered using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A3, B2, C3 were considered to be the best input parameters. It was found in the research of improving MRR, only current plays a very important role as its p value is almost equal to 0.05, and two other parameters play a very least role in improving MRR. Finally, the percentage of error falls below the appropriate range (less than 5%), indicating that the mathematical model established is acceptable.

Energy interest at present time has stretched out that has driven us to go for a sensible power source; solar-based power in this regard may satisfy the energy interest. This paper bases on the audit of the current drifting solar-based plants overall in regards as far as possible. Drifting solar-based plants may save the zone of age. Impediments of these types of power plants are land transparency, land improvement, and land procuring substation limits, take off furthermore helpful clearances. Most of the territories projected by the public power pondering solar-based radiation information in the nation are hot and dry territories. The way that at these territories the radiation had every one of the reserves of being highest, the energy gain from those focuses is little an immediate consequence of the warming of the daylight based sheets what are the more, high temperature from the outside of the sun-arranged cell. For vanquishing those issues, a creative thought comes right in front for the establishment of sun-organized force plant over the water which is channel top, waterbody, lake, backwater of the dam, and files, that overall has a spot with the public position. This paper covers a review regarding the coasting solar put together PV power plants acquainted with respect to the planet.

Wind turbine farms are located in remote locations such as sea, mountain top and grassland. It is not economical to regularly visit wind turbines for maintenance, hence, condition monitoring is applied to monitor the health of components. Structural defects such as cracks and breakage are identified by investigating the images from drone surveillance or vibration spectrum. This paper reviews the potential of convolution neural network (CNN) for condition monitoring of wind turbine blades which will eliminate human intervention for fault detection (breakage). Reducing human intervention can directly reduce the maintenance cost of wind turbines. We have focused on vibration monitoring and surveillance through drones of wind turbine blades which are an integral part of condition monitoring. Literature review indicates convolution neural network is most widely used for crack detection; we will investigate the possibility of breakage detection due to fatigue. We conclude that convolution neural network can be used for crack and breakage detection under give conditions. Considering the architecture of CNN, it can also be used for crack detection using frequency time spectrum.

The industry of Mechanical Engineering is a vast field of technology and Innovation. We can see development in its various fields like CNC lathe, CNC machine center, Polymer Casting, Milling Machine, Blow Molding, Rotational Molding, Flexible manufacturing system, Grinding, transfer machines, robotics, etc. taking place. After all these developments and innovations in these manufacturing industries, there is a continuous use of jigs and fixtures in different forms. Sometimes, we use it independently or in combination with other systems. They are basically tools used to produce faultless manufacturing parts. Fixtures are designed specifically for machining or assembling a large number of parts or components which are similar in identity, and also to ensure interchangeability of components. As the design of a fixture plays a major role in its function, our aim was to understand and give proper considerations while designing different parts of a fixture and how small changes can make a fixture for different purposes. These considerations are important elements for the fixture design process.

Most of the design activities, today, are focused toward solving issues related to a smaller section of society with average or high-income levels, and the needs of a bigger section of society, belonging to the bottom of the pyramid, are ignored by and large. This is one area of research that requires urgent attention and appropriate design intervention. This paper is an effort to cater to the unaddressed needs of one such section of society that is involved in gardening-related activities. The paper reports a case study on how the issues related to storing and managing the gardening tools and equipment have been addressed. It presents the design development and evaluation from a sustainability point of view. The study involved two gardeners working at a University campus who participated during different stages of designing the new product that addressed their needs and aspirations. The paper also discusses the economic and environmental sustainability aspects of the solution in the light of materials and manufacturing processes used. In the first part, the paper explains the brief background of the user's needs. The second part of the paper analyzes the different aspects of the problem and elaborates on the design process. The paper finally concludes with a discussion on the assessment of the new storage system.

Electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy source (RES) penetration are eco-friendly solutions for reducing current environmental concerns. We forecast electric cars to expand in popularity during the next few decades, because of their potential economic and environmental benefits. Because of the interconnection of the electrified vehicle with renewable energy sources in the smart grid, an assessment of their potential effects on the power network is required. We can assess the impact of solar shading on the architecture of the vehicle. The main goal of this work is to investigate the effects of a 4 MW vehicle-to-grid system on residential and industrial loads in the presence of various energy sources in the power network, such as 15 MW Diesel Generator (DG), 8 MW PV Farm (PVF), and 4.5 MW Wind Farm (WF). In this study, based on the test case on a 30-h model of the V2G technology, we discussed the behavior of the residential and industrial inductive loads and power sources, and the performance of the grid after integrating the EVs. MATLAB-Simulink software is used to conduct the research test case on a vehicle-to-grid system. This study is extremely beneficial to comprehend how parameters change because of solar shading and wind-flow variation. The simulation results can be used to investigate opportunities for technical, economic, and environmental development by leveraging V2G performance.

When a motor runs, it vibrates at different frequencies. Various reasons cause vibration or noises which include bearing, shaft imbalance, shaft eccentricity, and tightening fault; there is also aerodynamic noise which is caused due to airflow in electrical machines and cooling system; magnetic vibration consists of Maxwell forces, saturation harmonics, and winding harmonics. When this frequency matches the natural frequency of the motor, it could cause catastrophic effects and may cause serious losses. With moving parts in a motor, there is a risk of failure and breakdown of the machines as components are experiencing a high torsional effect which results in high vibration. This vibration can cause severe damage to the machines. The vibration can range from minor to severe that can have damaging effects. This paper is about these vibrational effects in the housing of the motor. As the housing of motor experiences most of the vibration, Ansys software is used to study these effects. Modal analysis is done on the CAD model; with this analysis, this paper can find out the deformation of the motor at a certain frequency; at different modes, a total of six modes have been calculated for this purpose. These six modes contain different frequencies which produce different deformations. The most effective is on the stator of the motor when the frequency is under 150 Hz. As the frequency increases, the effect of deformation spreads in the motor. Conclusions from this work can be adopted to find the required frequency and amplitude to prevent the motor from breakdown.

Expanding ecological concerns, decreasing oil stores and agribusiness economy are considered the main thrusts to advance biodiesel as a substitute fuel. India has been utilizing jatropha oil for a very long while as biodiesel to satisfy the diesel fuel necessities of distant rustic and woods networks; It can be utilized straightforwardly after extraction in diesel generators and motors giving economic advantages at the nearby level. Biodiesel got from vegetable oil and creature fats is being utilized to decrease air contamination and subsequently lessen reliance on petroleum derivatives. In this point of view, this paper additionally proposes to substitute diesel with inexhaustible fuel to the most extreme degree conceivable by the utilization of Jatropha biodiesel and biogas. Here we will study the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and diesel blends in fuel operation with Jatropha oil.

Ambulances are an essential part of the healthcare system, saving millions of lives every year. The operating emergency response vehicle gets trapped in traffic jams most commonly. The autonomous ambulance will slash the number of deaths caused by delayed ambulances. The proposed autonomous ambulance has three major components namely cabin, upper railroad, and mounting. The cabin and mounting are designed and analyzed in this work using Solid Works software and ANSYS software. For drag and impact load, the proposed cabin models are analyzed. The impact study is performed using the assumption of a 68.6 kN cabin falling from a height of 24 m. Proposed mounting profiles are also analyzed to see whether they can support the cabin load in a tensile condition. Three models of the proposed ambulance cabin were tested. The simulation results show that the coefficient of drag has been reduced at a speed of 80 kmph from 0.66 (model 3) to 0.54 (model 1). The cabin's strength is evaluated using total deformation obtained from simulation, which reveals that model 1 has 55.23 percent less deformation than model 3. Mounting profile1 also showed 45 percent less deformation and 44.3 percent less von Mises stress than mounting profile3. The results are displayed, and a comparison is made to determine the best design. The final results show that the capsule cabin configuration and mounting profile1 are both stable and appropriate for the envisioned autonomous ambulance.

Northeast is one of the largest producers of pineapples in India. There are many small fruit processing units located across different northeastern states that process pineapples during peak harvest season. However, most of these units are very small and are engaged in preparing the juice and juice-related items rather than canning pineapple slices. Preparation of juice-related items could be carried with a small capital and space infrastructure. The process of extracting juice starts with peeling the fruit followed by chopping them into small chunks. These chunks are then pulped in a machine, put inside a cloth-like material, and pressed using a hydraulic press. The whole process is so tedious and time-consuming that it is considered a major bottleneck in the smooth operational flow. The paper elaborates on the various aspects related to juice extraction processes. The paper, then, discusses the process of designing an effective equipment for making the overall process of juice preparation easier. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the subjective and objective assessment of the proof of concept of and the future scope of the research.

Today is the time when fuel prices are on a continuous hike, and with the growing economy, transportation of freight in less time and with better efficiency becomes a vital factor for the country, thus it becomes necessary to design heavy vehicles in a way in which freight can be transported from one place to another with faster speeds supported by developing road infrastructure and with less fuel consumption. However, the heavy vehicle manufacturing companies for a very long time focused less on the designing part, and thus they were not able to give an aerodynamic friendly design to the vehicles some companies are now focusing on aerodynamic aspect but still a huge number of vehicles currently used in India for freight transportation are not aerodynamic friendly. This paper aims to use SolidWorks to modify the structure of the container and driver’s cab of Tata 3118 in order to reduce the drag force acting on the truck, which, in turn, will give better mileage along with better stability to the vehicle. Two models of each container and driver’s cab have been made in Solidworks and imported to Ansys. One is named as the conventional model and the other is named as the modified model. The Modified model is made by giving apt curves to the structure of the truck and calculating the results in Ansys Fluent. Due to this, the drag force was reduced which further led to give better stability to the truck and less fuel consumption.

This paper deals with the manufacturing of a vehicle, which can climb the stairs or move along the surface. This vehicle/trolley would be most useful in carrying loads like books, buckets, bags, weights, heavy packets, containers, etc. The issue we want to solve here was to reduce human effort in the lifting of load through stairs or the rough surface. The vehicle has three wheelsets which are arranged on either side of the vehicle to support the weight and to create the rotary motion when it moves either over the stairs or the flat surface. In order to carry the load, there will be a flat plate-like platform that will be used to keep the load (which is supposed to be lifted). Using this vehicle for domestic purposes was the main idea which is fulfilled. It can also be used in construction sites to lift the loads which can help in reducing labour cost and huge amounts of load can be transferred with less human effort.

The objective of this paper is to control the speed of electric vehicle according to the speed limit on roads. To achieve this, a model is developed in MATLAB Simulink for the longitudinal speed control of electric vehicle. The longitudinal driver is used as a controller and the three main techniques under longitudinal driver block, namely PI, Scheduled PI, and Predictive speed tracking controller are used to track the reference speed limit. The comparative study depicts that predictive speed tracking control provides better response among the three techniques.

In-pipe Inspections Robots (IPIR) are a special category of robots that carry out Inspection Work Inside of the pipelines that are inaccessible to humans and which are subjected to the hazardous work environment. The robots are also required to do sampling, cleaning, or small repair work inside the pipelines. The IPIR is a suitable alternative to conventional type inspection that comprises visual inspection from outside of pipes and testing methods like X-ray or ultrasonic testing. This paper proposes a new pipeline inspection robotic model named “MasterPi” for carrying out inspection of inside of the gas pipelines having diameter in the range of 20–24 in. The robot utilizes a two-wheel chain with adaptive mechanism unlike three-wheel chain used in most of the wheel and track type IPIR robots. The specialty of the robot is the simultaneous driving and steering capability. This offers an edge in maneuverability over other types of robot. The robot can be operated in three different modes including Translational, Helical, and complete 360-degree rotation. The flat robot design offers ample space for mounting various sensors. The Cad model of robot is designed on Solidworks software. The hardware, critical dimensioning, kinematics, and control logic implemented on this robot are discussed. Finally, the robot is tested on test bed and results and discussion have been made.

Government hospitals are the main pillars of the public healthcare services in the country. But due to the ever-growing number of patients and the inadequate infrastructure facilities, they are overburdened and unable to provide proper and prompt medical help to the patients. Medical treatment may include consultation, admission, diagnosis, surgery, drug administration, nursing, blood bank service, ambulance service, etc. The patients/attendants have to follow hospital protocols and processes to avail the required treatment. But they are not acquainted with hospital processes, rules, norms, timings, and other relevant information. They also vary from hospital to hospital. Hence, the visitors need to contact touchpoints like reception counters to help them for the help. But they are always overcrowded with people queued up in lines. In addition, the reception, registration/ entry counters, different departments, diagnosis centers, and other utilities are too scattered within the hospital premises (different buildings, floors, rooms, etc.) to be figured out by anyone. It is a puzzling and helpless situation that inevitably delays the treatment process. The delays could be reduced by providing patients/attendants, relevant, quick, and reliable information. But hospitals can't allocate a part of their limited workforce for this purpose. In the given context, a mobile-based app can play an important role. This paper proposes a new app-based system that streamlines treatment at government hospitals. It reports the general problems faced by patients at government hospitals. It explores the feasibility of a mobile app system, that would provide patients with reliable information, in real-time. The paper finally concludes by discussing the limitations and future scope of the proposed system. The designed app also finds special relevance in the present pandemic situation where every second is critical for the patients.

Heating by friction is the way to create a circular hole in a workpiece sheet. It is a novel method based on the hot forming principle. The method involves the piercing of sheet metal with a conical tool rotation. The heat created by the friction force induced by axial and rotary forces on the workpiece material softens the workpiece and makes the tool penetrate and deform the workpiece to a bushing shape in a single phase without creating chips. This article examines the influence of the different friction angle of different friction drill bit used for friction drilling, also called the thermal drilling process. Measurement of temperature and deformation of the workpiece material is challenging in the friction drilling process. There is a generation of very high thermal energy due to frictional forces; hence, modeling and simulation become essential for analyzing the material flow. Explicit dynamic analysis of tungsten carbide tool in friction drilling and AA6061-T6 as workpiece using ABAQUS/EXPLICIT software is examined in this research paper. The influence of different friction angles was studied to analyze temperature, workpiece deformation, and force and torque effect. Increasing the friction angle was shown to raise the axial thrust force and torque, but it reduced the temperature of the hole zone and the work material deformation.

Perhaps the most foreseen side effect of the coal burning cycle is cenosphere. The size of the cenosphere goes from 10 to 1000 microns in measurement as empty circles and that they are establishing 1–2 level of fly debris beginning from the ignition of coal combustion process is cenosphere. The size of the cenosphere ranges from 10 to 1000 microns in diameter in the form of hollow spheres, and they constitute 1–2 percentage of fly ash origination from the combustion of coal. For the purpose of characterization and analysis, the samples of the cenosphere were collected from the M/s. NTPC Simhadri Thermal Power Station, India. The obtained samples were then analyzed for the composition of fly ash and copper contents. The relation of the cenosphere with glass formation principle and combustion conditions was also investigated. Moreover, detailed properties of cenosphere have been obtained and described by techniques such as The Malvern Mastersizer 3000 Particle Size Analyser, SEM, and XRD. The tests carried out reveal that the cenosphere samples taken from the coal combustion process exhibit alumina silicate glasses with presence of certain crystalline phases. The reason behind the high mechanical strength of cenosphere was attributed by the high alumina content which was around 25–27 percentage. The densities of most of the cenosphere samples were also found to be lesser than 1 g/cm3due to the higher alumina content. The average diameter of cenosphere was recorded to be about 100 μm. Formation process indicated that there is interesting correlation between the amount of cenosphere and other contents in different fly ash samples. This paper highlights the chemical and structural characterization, for different cenosphere so as to determine the conditions that favor their formation.