Skip to main content
Top

2013 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Alte und neue staatliche Geber: Auf dem Weg zu einem universellen humanitären System?

Authors : Andrea Binder, Alexander Gaus, Claudia Meier

Published in: Handbuch Humanitäre Hilfe

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Die globalen Machtverschiebungen zwischen dem Westen auf der einen Seite und Asien, Lateinamerika und Teilen Afrikas auf der anderen Seite haben die humanitäre Hilfe erfasst. Gelder für Nothilfeoperationen kommen nicht länger nur aus Nordamerika und Europa. Mit Brasilien, Indien, Saudi-Arabien und der Türkei als neue humanitäre Geber wandelt sich die humanitäre Hilfe von einem westlich dominierten zu einem globalen System. Ein konstruktiver Austausch, Kooperation und Koordination zwischen alten und neuen staatlichen Gebern kommt allerdings nur langsam in Gang, da Vorurteile den Diskurs weitgehend prägen. Wer genauer hinsieht, bemerkt jedoch, dass die wesentlichen normativen Konfliktlinien – wie etwa die Frage, ob humanitäre Hilfe rein von den Prinzipien der Menschlichkeit, Neutralität, Unabhängigkeit und Unparteilichkeit geleitet werden sollte oder auch als Instrument zur Durchsetzung politischer Interessen genutzt werden kann – nicht entlang der Grenzen zwischen alten und neuen Gebern verlaufen. Vielmehr ziehen sie sich quer durch beide Gruppen. Das Kapitel analysiert das Verhalten von einigen traditionellen Gebern (USA, Europäische Kommission, England, Frankreich und Schweden) und neuen Gebern (u. a. Saudi-Arabien, die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, Indien, Brasilien, China und die Türkei). Es diskutiert ihre Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede bezüglich eingesetzter Ressourcen, verfolgter Ziele und zugrunde liegender Normen. Auf dieser Grundlage skizziert das Kapitel Trends für das humanitäre System der Zukunft.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
Die existierenden Analysen zu den globalen humanitären Finanzströmen sind darüber hinaus methodisch mit Vorsicht zu genießen. Vielfach liegen ihnen unvollständige Daten zugrunde. Dies gilt insbesondere für den Financial Tracking Service (FTS) der VN, über den Geber und Organisationen freiwillig ihre finanziellen Beiträge melden können. Oft ist bei den neuen Gebern nicht eindeutig, in welchem Maße Schwankungen bei den gemeldeten Zahlen auf reale Veränderungen oder bloße Ungenauigkeiten bei der Berichterstattung zurückgehen. Aus den FTS-Daten lässt sich damit das exakte Finanzvolumen der neuen Geber nicht ermitteln. Hinzu kommt, dass Daten von neuen und alten Gebern im FTS nicht vergleichbar sind. Alte Geber berichten i. d. R. auf Grundlage der Berichtskriterien des Ausschusses für Entwicklungshilfe (Development Assistance Committee, DAC) der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD), während neue Geber die Kriterien des FTS selbst verwenden. Aus diesem Grund basiert dieses Kapitel für die alten Geber auf der DAC-Berichterstattung und für die neuen Geber auf eigenen Analysen auf Grundlage von Jahresberichten, Interviews und weiteren Quellen. Die verwendeten Finanzdaten sind immer nur ein erster Anhaltspunkt, um unsere primär politischen Analysen zu ergänzen.
 
2
ECHO ist seit einiger Zeit bemüht, dieses System zu reformieren, um lokale NRO direkt finanzieren zu können. Bisher haben diese Reformversuche jedoch noch keine Ergebnisse erzielt.
 
3
Die Funktion des VN-Nothilfekoordinators wird vom jeweiligen Direktor des VN-Amtes für Koordinierung humanitärer Angelegenheiten (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, OCHA) ausgeübt, der gleichzeitig auch VN-Untergeneralsekretär für humanitäre Angelegenheiten ist.
 
4
Dies ist das Ergebnis der Analyse von Zahlen, die Stünkel und Mello (i. E.) auf Grundlage einer Anfrage im Rahmen des „Freedom of Information Acts“ von der brasilianischen Regierung zur Verfügung gestellt bekommen haben. Diese Analyse steht in Widerspruch zu den Zahlen im FTS, die ein stärkeres multilaterales Engagement nahe legen. Die Berichterstattung im FTS erfolgt auf Grundlage freiwilliger Angaben der Geberländer. Brasilien hat im Zuge des oben beschriebenen Balanceaktes durchaus ein Interesse, sein multilaterales Engagement konsistenter zu berichten als die bilaterale Hilfe.
 
5
Afghanistan, Bangladesch, Bhutan, Indien, die Malediven, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
 
6
Interview, Ankara, 18. Oktober 2012.
 
7
GA I Art. 9. Wie der Kommentar der GA zeigt, wird diese Einwilligung sehr wörtlich ausgelegt: „All these humanitarian activities are subject to one final condition – the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned. This condition is obviously a harsh one. But one might almost say that it follows automatically. A belligerent Power can obviously not be obliged to tolerate in its territory activities of any kind by any foreign organization. That would be out of the question. The Powers do not have to give a reason for their refusals. The decision is entirely theirs. But being bound to apply the Convention, they alone must bear the responsibility if they refuse help in carrying out their engagements.“
 
Literature
go back to reference Al-Yahya K, Fustier N (2011) Saudi Arabia as a humanitarian donor: high potential, little institutionalization. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Al-Yahya K, Fustier N (2011) Saudi Arabia as a humanitarian donor: high potential, little institutionalization. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference Barrett CB, Maxwell D (2005) Food aid after fifty years. Recasting its role. Routledge, London Barrett CB, Maxwell D (2005) Food aid after fifty years. Recasting its role. Routledge, London
go back to reference Binder A, Conrad B (2009) China’s potential role in humanitarian assistance. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Binder A, Conrad B (2009) China’s potential role in humanitarian assistance. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference Binder A, Grünewald F (2010) Inter-agency real-time evaluation in Haiti: 3 months after the earthquake. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Binder A, Grünewald F (2010) Inter-agency real-time evaluation in Haiti: 3 months after the earthquake. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference Binder A, Meier C (2011) Opportunity knocks: why non-Western donors enter humanitarianism and how to make the best of it. Int Rev Red Cross 93 (884):1135–1149 Binder A, Meier C (2011) Opportunity knocks: why non-Western donors enter humanitarianism and how to make the best of it. Int Rev Red Cross 93 (884):1135–1149
go back to reference Binder A, Meier C, Steets J (2010) Humanitarian assistance: truly universal? A mapping study of non-Western donors. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Binder A, Meier C, Steets J (2010) Humanitarian assistance: truly universal? A mapping study of non-Western donors. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference CGFOME (2010) Assistencia Humanitária. Relatório Orcamentário da Acao 2d28 Janeiro a Setembro de 2010 CGFOME (2010) Assistencia Humanitária. Relatório Orcamentário da Acao 2d28 Janeiro a Setembro de 2010
go back to reference DARA (2009) The humanitarian response index 2009: whose crisis? Clarifying donor’s priorities. DARA, Madrid DARA (2009) The humanitarian response index 2009: whose crisis? Clarifying donor’s priorities. DARA, Madrid
go back to reference DARA (2010) The humanitarian response index 2010: the problems of politicisation. DARA, Madrid DARA (2010) The humanitarian response index 2010: the problems of politicisation. DARA, Madrid
go back to reference DARA (2011a) The humanitarian response index 2011: addressing the gender challenge. DARA, Madrid DARA (2011a) The humanitarian response index 2011: addressing the gender challenge. DARA, Madrid
go back to reference DARA (2011b) Inter-agency real time evaluation of the humanitarian response to the 2010 floods in Pakistan. DARA, Madrid DARA (2011b) Inter-agency real time evaluation of the humanitarian response to the 2010 floods in Pakistan. DARA, Madrid
go back to reference Development Inititatives (2011) Emergency response funds (ERFs). Profile. Development Initiatives, Somerset Development Inititatives (2011) Emergency response funds (ERFs). Profile. Development Initiatives, Somerset
go back to reference Development Inititatives (2012) GHA report 2012. Development Initiatives, Somerset Development Inititatives (2012) GHA report 2012. Development Initiatives, Somerset
go back to reference DFID (2011a) Humanitarian emergency response review. Department for International Development, London DFID (2011a) Humanitarian emergency response review. Department for International Development, London
go back to reference DFID (2011b) Saving lives, preventing suffering and building resilience: the UK government’s humanitarian policy. Department for International Development, London DFID (2011b) Saving lives, preventing suffering and building resilience: the UK government’s humanitarian policy. Department for International Development, London
go back to reference DoS (2011) The first quadrennial diplomacy and development review (QDDR): leading through civilian power. U.S. Department of State, Washington D.C. DoS (2011) The first quadrennial diplomacy and development review (QDDR): leading through civilian power. U.S. Department of State, Washington D.C.
go back to reference Gaus A, Mathys C, Steets J (2012) Food assistance policy and institutions in the United States and European Union. In: Barrett CB, Binder A, Steets J (Hrsg) Uniting on food assistance. The case for transatlantic cooperation. Routledge, London Gaus A, Mathys C, Steets J (2012) Food assistance policy and institutions in the United States and European Union. In: Barrett CB, Binder A, Steets J (Hrsg) Uniting on food assistance. The case for transatlantic cooperation. Routledge, London
go back to reference Geoffroy VD, Robyns A (2009) Emerging humanitarian donors: the Gulf States. Humanitarian Aid on the move. Groupe URD Newsletter (3) Geoffroy VD, Robyns A (2009) Emerging humanitarian donors: the Gulf States. Humanitarian Aid on the move. Groupe URD Newsletter (3)
go back to reference GPPi (2012) Brazilian humanitarian assistance 2004–2012. Unveröffentlichter Datensatz, eigene Erhebung. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin GPPi (2012) Brazilian humanitarian assistance 2004–2012. Unveröffentlichter Datensatz, eigene Erhebung. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference Hanlon J, Hulme D, Barrientos A (2010) Just give money to the poor. The development revolution from the global south. Kumarin Press, Sterling Hanlon J, Hulme D, Barrientos A (2010) Just give money to the poor. The development revolution from the global south. Kumarin Press, Sterling
go back to reference Harmer A, Cotterrell L (2005) Diversity in donorship. The changing landscape of official humanitarian aid. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London Harmer A, Cotterrell L (2005) Diversity in donorship. The changing landscape of official humanitarian aid. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London
go back to reference Harmer A, Martin E (2010) Diversity in donorship: field lessons. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London Harmer A, Martin E (2010) Diversity in donorship: field lessons. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London
go back to reference Harvey P (2009) Towards good humanitarian government: the role of the affected state in disaster response. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London Harvey P (2009) Towards good humanitarian government: the role of the affected state in disaster response. Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London
go back to reference Hirono M (2012a) Why does China behave differently from traditional donors? Three legacies of humanitarianism in China. Disasters (i. E.) Hirono M (2012a) Why does China behave differently from traditional donors? Three legacies of humanitarianism in China. Disasters (i. E.)
go back to reference Hirono M (2012b) China as humanitarian donor. Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Hirono M (2012b) China as humanitarian donor. Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference IKRK (2011) Annual report 2010. Internationales Komitee vom Roten Kreuz, Genf IKRK (2011) Annual report 2010. Internationales Komitee vom Roten Kreuz, Genf
go back to reference IKRK (2012) Annual report 2011. Internationales Komitee vom Roten Kreuz, Genf IKRK (2012) Annual report 2011. Internationales Komitee vom Roten Kreuz, Genf
go back to reference Meier C, Murthy CSR (2011) India’s growing involvement in humanitarian assistance. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Meier C, Murthy CSR (2011) India’s growing involvement in humanitarian assistance. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference MFA (2010) Saving lives and alleviating suffering. Policy for Sweden’s humanitarian assistance 2010–2016. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Stockholm MFA (2010) Saving lives and alleviating suffering. Policy for Sweden’s humanitarian assistance 2010–2016. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Stockholm
go back to reference MFA (2012) Stratégie humanitaire de la République Francaise. Le ministère des Affaires étrangères, Paris MFA (2012) Stratégie humanitaire de la République Francaise. Le ministère des Affaires étrangères, Paris
go back to reference Ministério das Relações Exteriores (ohne Datum) Relatório de Assistência Humanitária Coordenação-Geral de Ações Internacionais de Combate à Fome 2006–2009. Grupo de Trabalho Interministerial sobre Assistência Humanitária Internacional Ministério das Relações Exteriores (ohne Datum) Relatório de Assistência Humanitária Coordenação-Geral de Ações Internacionais de Combate à Fome 2006–2009. Grupo de Trabalho Interministerial sobre Assistência Humanitária Internacional
go back to reference Mowjee T, Randel J (2010) Evaluation of Sida’s humanitarian assistance. Final synthesis report. Development Initiatives, Somerset Mowjee T, Randel J (2010) Evaluation of Sida’s humanitarian assistance. Final synthesis report. Development Initiatives, Somerset
go back to reference OCHA (2012b) Financial tracking service. Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs (eigene Berechnung). New York, Geneva OCHA (2012b) Financial tracking service. Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs (eigene Berechnung). New York, Geneva
go back to reference OCHA (2012c) Financial tracking service. Somalia 2011. Table B: total humanitarian assistance per bonor (appeal plus other*) as of 24-September-2012. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York OCHA (2012c) Financial tracking service. Somalia 2011. Table B: total humanitarian assistance per bonor (appeal plus other*) as of 24-September-2012. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York
go back to reference OCHA (2012e) United nations central emergency response fund. 2011 Annual report summary. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York OCHA (2012e) United nations central emergency response fund. 2011 Annual report summary. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, New York
go back to reference OECD (2008) France. Development assistance committee (DAC) Peer review. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris OECD (2008) France. Development assistance committee (DAC) Peer review. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris
go back to reference OECD (2009) Sweden. Development assistance committee (DAC) Peer review. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris OECD (2009) Sweden. Development assistance committee (DAC) Peer review. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris
go back to reference OECD (2011) The United States. Development assistance committee (DAC) Peer review 2011. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris OECD (2011) The United States. Development assistance committee (DAC) Peer review 2011. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris
go back to reference OECD (2012) Creditor reporting system Full (eigene Berechnung). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris OECD (2012) Creditor reporting system Full (eigene Berechnung). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris
go back to reference Ozkececi-Taner B (2013) Turkish foreign policy: bridge, buffer, and barrier. In: Beasley RK et al (Hrsg) Foreign policy in comparative perspective. Domestic and international influences on state behavior. CQ Press, Thousand Oaks Ozkececi-Taner B (2013) Turkish foreign policy: bridge, buffer, and barrier. In: Beasley RK et al (Hrsg) Foreign policy in comparative perspective. Domestic and international influences on state behavior. CQ Press, Thousand Oaks
go back to reference Palmes S (2012) The rise of new actors in humanitarian assistance. Joining the club or marking the difference? Brazil’s ambivalent role as emerging donors. Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i. Br. Palmes S (2012) The rise of new actors in humanitarian assistance. Joining the club or marking the difference? Brazil’s ambivalent role as emerging donors. Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i. Br.
go back to reference Roxburgh C, Dörr N, Leke A, Tazi-Riffi A, Wamelen Av, Lund S, Chironga M, Alatovik T, Atkins C, Terfous N, Zeino-Mahmalat T (2010) Lions on the move: the progress and potential of African economies. McKinsey Global Institute, Egypt Roxburgh C, Dörr N, Leke A, Tazi-Riffi A, Wamelen Av, Lund S, Chironga M, Alatovik T, Atkins C, Terfous N, Zeino-Mahmalat T (2010) Lions on the move: the progress and potential of African economies. McKinsey Global Institute, Egypt
go back to reference Smith K (2011) Non-DAC donors and humanitarian aid. Shifting structure, changing trends. Development Initiatives, Somerset Smith K (2011) Non-DAC donors and humanitarian aid. Shifting structure, changing trends. Development Initiatives, Somerset
go back to reference Steets J (2009) From B-envelopes to the F-bureau. Understanding Transatlantic Approaches to Humanitarian Assistance. In: Steets J, Hamilton DS (Hrsg) Humanitarian assistance. Improving U.S.-European cooperation. Center for Transatlantic Relations/Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Steets J (2009) From B-envelopes to the F-bureau. Understanding Transatlantic Approaches to Humanitarian Assistance. In: Steets J, Hamilton DS (Hrsg) Humanitarian assistance. Improving U.S.-European cooperation. Center for Transatlantic Relations/Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference Stünkel O, Mello E (i. E.) Brazil as humanitarian donor. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin Stünkel O, Mello E (i. E.) Brazil as humanitarian donor. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin
go back to reference UAE (2011) United Arab Emirates foreign aid 2010. UAE Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid, Abu Dhabi UAE (2011) United Arab Emirates foreign aid 2010. UAE Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid, Abu Dhabi
go back to reference UNIDO (2011) Africa investor report 2011. Towards evidence-based investment promotion stratetegies. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna UNIDO (2011) Africa investor report 2011. Towards evidence-based investment promotion stratetegies. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna
go back to reference USAID (2006) Administration of assistance awards to U.S. non-governmental organizations; marking requirements. 22 C.F.R. Part 226. United States Agency for International Development, Washington D.C. USAID (2006) Administration of assistance awards to U.S. non-governmental organizations; marking requirements. 22 C.F.R. Part 226. United States Agency for International Development, Washington D.C.
Metadata
Title
Alte und neue staatliche Geber: Auf dem Weg zu einem universellen humanitären System?
Authors
Andrea Binder
Alexander Gaus
Claudia Meier
Copyright Year
2013
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32290-7_6

Premium Partner