Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials: Relevance in Design and Manufacturing Read chapter Read first chapter

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. Alternate Fuels for IC Engine

Author : Shailendra Kumar Shukla

Published in: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter describes the production and use of biofuels/alternate fuels to run the internal combustion engine (IC Engine). Two methods, using biodiesel blends with diesel and using syngas obtained from gasification system, for running the IC engine in dual fuel mode have been analyzed. Describing the first method, the objectives enumerate to select the vegetable oil plants for biodiesel production. To accomplish this, the energy input and output analysis of biodiesel plants for 20-year plantation have been done. The biodiesel plants, namely jatropha, mahua, neem, palm, coconut, karanja, jojoba, and tung, have been identified for this purpose. This analysis includes energy input during oil extraction, cultivation, and biodiesel production. The energy inputs are based on manpower, fossil fuel, electricity, fertilizers, plants protection, and water for irrigation, expeller used for oil extraction, agricultural machinery, methanol, catalyst (H2SO4 and NaOH/KOH) and a transesterification unit for biodiesel production. Net energy gain (NEG) and net energy ratio (NER) are calculated for different biodiesel plants for 20-year plantation. Palm and coconut consumed highest energy (117,122.32 and 122,832.84 MJ/ha) during cultivation. Maximum energy output is obtained for palm (123,206.4 MJ/ha) and minimum for tung after its maturity. Maximum net energy ratio is found for mahua (1.7164) and minimum for coconut (1.3034) oil plants. The highest net energy gain for palm (41,689.14 MJ/a) and lowest for jojoba (8494.92 MJ/ha) were found after maturity of plants. There are significant increments in energy output, net energy ratio, and net energy gain with the addition of coproduct (glycerin). This analysis with methanol (used for biodiesel production) recovery has also been done and found reduction in energy input during biodiesel production and also the improvement in net energy gain and net energy ratio. In the second method, the virgin biomass obtained from wood and cow dung is used to generate producer gas as the feedstock for gasifier and in turn the syngas. The producer gas combination and gasifier-engine system are operated in dual fuel mode operation and diesel, respectively. The emission characteristics and performance of the CI engine are analyzed by running the engine in dual fuel mode operation and liquid fuel mode operation with respect to maximum diesel savings at different load conditions in the dual fuel mode operation. It is found that in the dual fuel mode of operation, the specific energy consumption is found to be the higher side at various load conditions. As comparison to dual fuel mode operation, the brake thermal efficiency using diesel is higher. In the dual fuel, the NOx emission was found to be very low which is highly advantageous over diesel fuel alone, but HC and CO emissions are found to be higher than the diesel.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Basics and Applications of Thermal Engineering
next chapter Robotics: History, Trends, and Future Directions
Glossary
Biomass
Renewable organic matter such as agricultural crops, crop-waste residues, wood, animal and municipal wastes, aquatic plants, fungal growth used for the production of energy.
Biodiesel
Diesel fuel produced from biomass. Biodiesel cannot be used in standard engines without modification as it corrodes rubber seals and gaskets. It also has a lower gelling point than petrodiesel, making it unsuitable for use in colder climates. Biodiesel is often blended with petrodiesel.
Bioenergy
Any renewable energy made from biological sources. Fossil fuels are not counted because, even though they were once biological, they are long dead and have undergone extensive modification.
Biofuel
Any fuel derived from biological carbon fixation, including solid fuels, bioethanol, and other bioalcohols, biodiesel, etc.
Carbon dioxide
A molecule made of one carbon atom double bonded to two oxygen atoms (one of each side of the carbon). It is a colorless, odorless gas at standard temperature and pressure and is widely implicated as one of the major causal agents in greenhouse warming.
Carbon monoxide
A molecule made of one carbon atom bonded to a single oxygen atom via a triple bond. It is a product of inefficient combustion of hydrocarbon compounds. It is a pollutant and is toxic to humans at concentrations above 50 ppm during long-term exposure or 667 ppm during short-term exposure.
Cogeneration
The production of electric energy along with a second for energy (often heat).
Combustion
Commonly referred to as burning. This is the process by which a fuel and an oxidant react to product heat (energy) and other compounds (CO2 and H2O in ideal hydrocarbon combustion).
Combustion Gases
The gases released during a combustion process, that is, similar to emissions.
Compression ignition engine
An internal combustion engine in which the fuel is ignited by heat generated from compressing the gas to high pressures rather than from a spark. Most diesel engines work this way.
Diesel fuel
Any liquid fuel used in a diesel engine.
Emissions
The gaseous or particulate components expelled during a combustion reaction. The term commonly refers to the mix of gases and particulate that exits the exhaust of an internal combustion engine.
Energy balance
In regard to biofuel, this term refers to the amount of energy required to produce the fuel versus the amount of energy derived from the fuel.
Energy content
Also referred to as heating value, energy content is a measure of the number of British Thermal Units obtained by burning a set volume of fuel. Because it relies on volume, energy content can change with temperature and pressure.
Energy crop
A low-cost, low-maintenance plant gown exclusively for use as fuel.
Energy density
Generally, the amount of energy stored in a given region of space per unit volume. Specifically, the amount of energy obtained from a specified mass of biofuel. Useful for comparing various types of biofuels in a standardized manner.
Energy efficiency ratio
A comparison of the energy stored in a fuel and the energy needed to produce, transport, and distribute the fuel.
Ethanol
An alcohol composed of two carbons. The formula is C2H4O.
FAME biodiesel
Fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel.
Feedstock
The raw material from which a biofuel is produced. Feedstock is generally a plant itself, but in the case of algae, the feedstock is any source of carbon (often carbon dioxide).
First-generation biofuel
Any biofuel derived from sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. In general, these fuels are considered a threat to food supply chains.
Flash point
The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid produces enough vapor to ignite. For most flammable liquids like gasoline, it is the vapor and not the liquid itself that is combustible.
Flexible Fuel Vehicle
A vehicle with an internal combustion engine that can run on more than one fuel. Usually, the vehicle is designed to run on pure gasoline or a defined blend of gasoline/ethanol or gasoline/methanol. In some cases, the vehicle can run on pure ethanol.
Fossil fuel
A fuel formed by the anaerobic decomposition, over thousands or millions of years, of dead biomass. Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are major categories of fossil fuels.
Gasification
Any chemical or heat process used to convert a feedstock to a gaseous fuel.
Transesterification
A process in which organically derived oils or fats are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form esters (ethyl or methyl ester).
Literature
1.
Balat, M., & Balat, H. (2008). A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel. Energy Conversion and Management, 49, 2727–2741.CrossRef
2.
Basha, S. A., Gopal, K. R., & Jebaraj, S. (2009). A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 1628–1634.CrossRef
3.
4.
Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., Buttsworth, D. R., Yusaf, T., & Faizollahnejad, M. (2009). Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network. Applied Energy, 86, 630–639.CrossRef
5.
Ghobadian, B., Najafi, G., Rahimi, H., & Yusaf, T. (2009). Future of renewable energies in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 689–695.CrossRef
6.
7.
8.
9.
De Souza, S. P., Pacca, S., De Avila, M. T., & Borges, J. L. B. (2010). Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balance of palm oil biofuel. Renewable Energy, 35, 2552–2561.CrossRef
10.
ISO14044. (2006). Environmental management-life cycle assessment and requirements and guidelines. Geneva: International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).
11.
Kureel, R. S., Singh, C. B., Gupta, A. K., & Pandey, A. Jatropha: An alternate source for biodiesel. National Oilseeds & Vegetable Oils Development Board (Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India), website: www.​novodboard.​org.
12.
13.
Kureel, R. S., Kishore, R., & Dutt, D. Mahua: A potential tree borne oilseed. National Oilseeds & Vegetable Oils Development Board (Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India), website: www.​novodboard.​org.
14.
15.
Kureel, R. S., Kishore, R., & Dutt, D. Neem: A tree borne oilseed. National Oilseeds & Vegetable Oils Development Board (Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India), website: www.​novodboard.​org.
16.
17.
Kureel, R. S., Singh, C. B., Gupta, A. K., & Pandey, A. Karanja a potential source of bio-diesel: An alternate source for biodiesel. National Oilseeds & Vegetable Oils Development Board (Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India), website: www.​novodboard.​org.
18.
Agarwal, A. K., & Rajamanoharan, K. (2009). Experimental investigations of performance and emissions of Karanja oil and its blends in a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine. Applied Energy, 86, 106–112.CrossRef
19.
Kureel, R. S., Kishore, R., & Dutt, D. Jojoba: A potential tree borne oilseed. National Oilseeds & Vegetable Oils Development Board (Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India), website: www.​novodboard.​org.
20.
Kureel, R. S., Singh, C. B., Gupta, A. K., & Pandey, A. Tung: A potential tree borne oilseed. National Oilseeds & Vegetable Oils Development Board (Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India), website: www.​novodboard.​org.
21.
How, H. G., Masjuki, H. H., Kalam, M. A., & Teoh, Y. H. (2014). An investigation of the engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of coconut biodiesel in a high pressure common-rail diesel engine. Energy, 69, 749–759.CrossRef
22.
23.
Oil Palm Cultivation Practices: Directorate of Oil Palm Research (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Pedavegi-534450, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. Website: http://​dopr.​gov.​in.
24.
25.
Pandey, K. K., Pragya, N., & Sahoo, P. K. (2011). Life cycle assessment of small-scale high-input Jatropha biodiesel production in India. Applied Energy, 88, 4831–4839.CrossRef
26.
Girard, P., & Fallot, A. (2006). Review of existing and emerging technologies for the production of biofuels in developing countries. Energy for Sustainable Development, 10, 92–108.CrossRef
27.
Maeda, H., Hagiwara, S., Nabetani, H., Sagara, Y., Soerawidjaya, T. H., Tambunan, A. H., et al. (2008). Biodiesel fuels from palm oil via the non-catalytic transesterification in a bubble column reactor at atmospheric pressure: A kinetic study. Renewable Energy, 33, 1629–1636.CrossRef
28.
Alamu, O., Waheed, M., & Jekayinfa, S. (2007). Biodiesel production from Nigerian palm kernel oil: Effect of KOH concentration on yield. Energy for Sustainable Development, 11, 77–82.CrossRef
29.
Noiroj, K., Intarapong, P., Luengnaruemitchai, A., & Jai-In, S. (2009). A comparative study of KOH/Al2O3 and KOH/NaY catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification from palm oil. Renewable Energy, 34, 1145–1150.CrossRef
30.
Banapurmath, N. R., et al. (2009). Combust ion characteristics of a 4-stroke CI engine operated on Honge oil, Neem and Rice Bran oils when directly injected and dual fuelled with producer gas induction. Renewable Energy, 34, 1877–1884.CrossRef
31.
Ramadhas, A. S., et al. (2008). Dual fuel mode operation in diesel engines using renewable fuels: Rubber seed oil and coir-pith producer gas. Renewable Energy, 33, 2077–2083.CrossRef
32.
Banapurmath, N. R., & Tewari, P. G. (2009). Comparative performance studies of a 4-stroke CI engine operated on dual fuel mode with producer gas and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) with and without carburetor. Renewable Energy, 34, 1009–1015.CrossRef
33.
Young, S., Yoon, S. J., Kim, Y. K., & Lee, J. (2011, July 5). Gasification and power generation characteristics of woody biomass utilizing a downdraft gasifier. Climate Change Technology Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 71-2 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
34.
Book of wood gas as engine fuel, food and agriculture organization of the United Nation, M-38. ISBN 92-5-102436.
35.
Banapurmath, N. R., et al. (2008). Experimental investigations of a four-stroke single cylinder direct inject ion diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode with producer gas as inducted fuel and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) as injected fuels. Renewable Energy, 33, 2007–2018.CrossRef
36.
Singh, R. N., Singh, S. P., & Pathak, B. S. (2007). Investigations on operation of CI engine using producer gas and rice bran oil in mixed fuel mode. Renewable Energy, 32, 1565–1580.CrossRef
37.
Kothadia, H. B. (2011, May). Effect of size of lignite on gas generation rate, calorific value of gas and gasifier efficiency of downdraft gasifier. M. Tech. dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad-382481.
38.
McKendry, P. (2002). Energy production from biomass (part 2): Conversion technologies. Bioresource Technology, 83, 47–54.CrossRef
39.
Sharma, K. A. (2009). Experimental study on 75 kWth downdraft (biomass) gasifier system. Renewable Energy, 34, 1726–1733.CrossRef
40.
Murugan, S. (2010). Design and development of downdraft gasifier for operating CI engine on dual fuel mode, 53.
41.
Hernandez, J. J., Aranda-Almsnsa, G., & Bula, A. (2010). Gasification of biomass wastes in an entrained flow gasifier: Effect of the particle size and the residence time. Fuel Processing Technology, 91, 681–692.CrossRef
42.
Pengmei, Lv, Zhenhong, Yuan, Ma Longlong, Wu, Chuangzhi, Chen Yong, & Jingxu, Zhu. (2007). Hydrogen-rich gas production from biomass air and oxygen/steam gasification in a downdraft gasifier. Renewable Energy, 32, 2173–2185.CrossRef
43.
Lokesh, A. C., Mahesh, N. S., Gowda, B., Kumar, R., & White, P. (2015). Neem biodiesel—A sustainability study. Journal of Biomass to Biofuel, 1. ISSN 2368-596.
44.
Mousavi-Avval, S. H., Rafiee, S., Jafari, A., & Mohammadi, A. (2011). Optimization of energy consumption for soybean production using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Applied Energy, 88, 3765–3772.CrossRef
45.
Canakci, M., Topakci, M., Akinci, I., & Ozmerzi, A. (2005). Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: Case study for Antalya Region, Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 655–666.CrossRef
46.
Mohammadi, A., & Omid, M. (2010). Economical analysis and relation between energy inputs and yield of greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. Applied Energy, 87(1), 191–196.CrossRef
47.
Heidari, M. D., Omid, M., & Mohammadi, A. (2012). Measuring productive efficiency of horticultural greenhouses in Iran: A data envelopment analysis approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 39, 1040–1045.CrossRef
48.
Kitani, O. (1999). CIGR handbook of agricultural engineering. Energy and biomass engineering (Vol. 5). St. Joseph, MI: ASAE Publications.
49.
Rafiee, S., Mousavi Avval, S. H., & Mohammadi, A. (2010). Modeling and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for apple production in Iran. Energy, 35, 3301–3306.CrossRef
50.
Rajaeifar, M. A., Ghobadian, B., Safa, M., & Heidari, M. D. (2014). Energy life-cycle assessment and CO2 emissions analysis of soybean based biodiesel: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 233–241.CrossRef
51.
Huo, H., Wang, M., Bloyd, C., & Putsche, V. (2008). Life-cycle assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of soybean-derived biodiesel and renewable fuels. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 750–756.CrossRef
52.
Beheshti Tabar, I., Keyhani, A., & Rafiee, S. (2010). Energy balance in Iran’s agronomy (1990–2006). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(2), 849–855.CrossRef
53.
Kumar, M., & Dwivedi, K. N. (2009). Jatroph: Ek parichay. Kanpur: Chandrashekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Press.
54.
Achten, W. M. J., et al. (2010). Life cycle assessment of Jatropha biodiesel as transportation fuel in rural India. Applied Energy, 87(12), 3652–3660.CrossRef
55.
Kumar, S., Singh, J., Nanoti, S. M., & Garg, M. O. (2012). A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of Jatropha biodiesel production in India. Bioresource Technology, 110, 723–729.CrossRef
56.
Puhan, S., Vedaraman, N., Ram, B. V. B., Sankarnarayanan, G., & Jeychandran, K. (2005). Mahua oil (Madhuca indica seed oil) methyl ester as biodiesel-preparation and emission characterstics. Biomass and Bioenergy, 28, 87–93.CrossRef
57.
Raheman, H., & Ghadge, S. V. (2007). Performance of compression ignition engine with mahua (Madhuca indica) biodiesel. Fuel, 86, 2568–2573.CrossRef
58.
Ragit, S. S., Mohapatra, S. K., Kundu, K., & Gill, P. (2011). Optimization of neem methyl ester from transesterification process and fuel characterization as a diesel substitute. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(3), 1138–1144.CrossRef
59.
Karmakar, A., Karmakar, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2012). Biodiesel production from neem towards feedstock diversification: Indian perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 1050–1060.CrossRef
60.
Haas, M. J. (2005). Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: Vegetable oil soapstock. Fuel Processing Technology, 86, 1087–1096.CrossRef
61.
Yusup, S., & Khan, M. (2010). Basic properties of crude rubber seed oil and crude palm oil blend as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production with enhanced cold flow characteristics. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(10), 1523–1526.CrossRef
62.
Queiroz, A. G., Franc, L., & Ponte, M. X. (2012). The life cycle assessment of biodiesel from palm oil (“dendê”) in the Amazon. Biomass and Bioenergy, 36, 50–59.CrossRef
63.
Siregara, K., Tambunanb, A. H., Irwantoc, A. K., Wirawand, S. S., & Arakie, T. (2015). A comparison of life cycle assessment on Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and Physic nut (Jatropha curcas Linn.) as feedstock for Biodiesel production in Indonesia. Conference and Exhibition Indonesia—New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (The 3rd Indo-EBTKE ConEx 2014). Energy Procedia, 65, 170–179.CrossRef
64.
Cho, H. J., Kim, J. K., Ahmed, F., & Yeo, Y. K. (2013). Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances of a biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Applied Energy, 111, 479–488.CrossRef
65.
Naik, M., Meher, L. C., Naik, S. N., & Das, L. M. (2008). Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32, 354–357.CrossRef
66.
Dhar, A., & Agarwal, A. K. (2014). Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine. Fuel, 119, 70–80.CrossRef
67.
Shehata, M. S., & Razek, S. M. A. (2011). Experimental investigation of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics using jojoba/diesel blend and sunflower oil. Fuel, 90, 886–897.CrossRef
68.
Shang, Q., Jiang, W., Lu, H., & Liang, B. (2010). Properties of Tung oil biodiesel and its blends with 0# diesel. Bioresource Technology, 101, 826–828.CrossRef
69.
Gadhave, S. L., & Ragit, S. S. (2016, July). Optimization of Tung oil methyl ester from transesterification process and fuel characterization as diesel substitute. International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET), 7(2), 116–120. ISSN 2278-621X.
Metadata
Title
Alternate Fuels for IC Engine
Author
Shailendra Kumar Shukla
Copyright Year
2018
Book
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78487-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-78488-5

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78488-5_6

Premium Partners

    Image Credits