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Fostering Sustainable Mobility in Europe: The Contributions of the Project “E-Mobility North Sea Region” Read chapter Read first chapter

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

An Analysis of the Standardization Process of Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems

Authors : Sjoerd Bakker, Jan Jacob Trip

Published in: E-Mobility in Europe

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Electric vehicles of various manufacturers are being deployed throughout Europe. To recharge these vehicles, an infrastructure of rechargers is needed to enable charging at both private and public parking facilities. Throughout Europe, different charging protocols, plug designs and billing systems have been developed and introduced. In this chapter, the authors describe these standards and analyse the current situation in north-western Europe regarding the installed equipment and initiatives to realize national and international interoperability between currently isolated networks of chargers. The authors conclude that there is a problematic tension between early attempts to define national standards and the eventual need for international interoperability to enable cross-border travel with electric vehicles.

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previous chapter EV Policy Compared: An International Comparison of Governments’ Policy Strategy Towards E-Mobility
next chapter Addressing the Different Needs for Charging Infrastructure: An Analysis of Some Criteria for Charging Infrastructure Set-up
Footnotes
1
Technical details of the various standards can be found, amongst others, in publications from the Green eMotion project: http://​www.​greenemotion-project.​eu.
 
2
A battery can be charged inductively without using cables. Instead, an electromagnetic field is used to transfer energy to the vehicle. This way of charging is tested in numerous experiments and may very well become the charging mode of the future. Today however, no cars are ready for conductive charging nor are there any standard chargers available for this. Still, it is an attractive option because it does not involve any cumbersome equipment or cables and thereby does not spoil the streetscape in inner cities for instance. Also, and perhaps more importantly, it could be used for charging while driving by means of inductive road surfaces or for instance to quick-charge buses at bus stops.
 
3
An empty battery can be swapped with a fully charged one. Potentially, this is the fastest way of ‘recharging’ an EV, but most likely also the most expensive way since it requires the construction of (automated) swapping stations. Additional batteries are needed as well. Furthermore, standardization of EV batteries would be needed to some extent (to prevent stocking a wide variety of battery types and sizes), and EVs need to be specifically designed to be suitable for battery swapping (most of them currently are not). The company Better Place was well known for developing and deploying swapping stations in, amongst others, Israel, Denmark, Japan, and the Netherlands, but went bankrupt in May 2013. Renault was the only car manufacturer that cooperated with Better Place and has produced about a thousand Fluences with switchable batteries. The dedicated EV manufacturer Tesla Motors has also announced that it is testing battery swapping options, but this has not been done outside its factory gates yet (http://​www.​teslamotors.​com/​batteryswap).
 
4
The number of interviews per country: the UK 3, the Netherlands 7, Belgium 3, Germany 7, Denmark 4, Sweden 2, Norway 5.
 
14
These are for electric vehicles (according to www.​openchargemap.​org), the network further consists of hundreds of chargers for e-bikes.
 
24
Elforsk, Laddningsinfrastruktur—Marknadsinventering och rekommendationer, Lennart Spante och ”Arbetsgrupp P5” Juni 2010.
 
Literature
Bakker, S., & Trip, J. J. (2013). Policy options to support the adoption of electric vehicles in the urban environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 25, 18–23.CrossRef
Brown, S., Pyke, D., & Steenhof, P. (2010). Electric vehicles: The role and importance of standards in an emerging market. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3797–3806.CrossRef
Council of the European Union (2014) Clean fuel infrastructure rules agreed by the Council and the European Parliament, Press release 8203/14. Brussels, 26 March 2014.
Dimitropoulos, A., Rietveld, P., & van Ommeren, J. N. (2013). Consumer valuation of changes in driving range: A meta-analysis. Transportation Research Part A, 55, 27–45.
European Commission. (2013). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Brussels: CEC.
European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General. (2014b). A Notification under Article 12 of Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012. Subject matter: Possible future standardisation requests to the European standardisation organisations (Art. 12, point b). A draft standardisation request addressed to the European standardisation organisations in support of the implementation of the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure COM(2013) 18final, Brussels. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission. (2011). Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets—Conductive charging of electric vehicles—Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories. IEC 62196-2.
IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission. (2014a). Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets—Conductive charging of electric vehicles—Part 1: General requirements. IEC 62196-1.
IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission. (2014b). Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets—Conductive charging of electric vehicles—Part 3: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for d.c. and a.c./d.c. pin and contact-tube vehicle couplers. IEC 62196-3.
Knox, J. (2013). Cooperation on eMobility standardization. Automotive Industries.
Mom, G. (2004). The electric vehicle: Technology and expectations in the automobile age. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sierzchula, W., Bakker, S., Maat, K., & van Wee, B. (2014). The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy, 68, 183–194.CrossRef
Van den Bossche, P., Omar, N., & Van Mierlo, J. (2012). A tale of three plugs: Infrastructure standardization in Europe. Paper presented at Electric Vehicle Symposium 26, Los Angeles.
Van den Bossche, P. (2010). Electric vehicle charging infrastructure, Chap. 20. In G. Pistoia (Ed.), Electric and hybrid vehicles—Power sources, models, sustainability, infrastructure and the market (pp. 517–543). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Metadata
Title
An Analysis of the Standardization Process of Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems
Authors
Sjoerd Bakker
Jan Jacob Trip
Copyright Year
2015
Book
E-Mobility in Europe

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13193-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-13194-8

Copyright Year: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13194-8_3

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