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2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

An Introduction to Hungarian Legal Culture

Author : Daniel Haitas

Published in: Handbook on Legal Cultures

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter deals with the legal culture of Hungary, surveying various salient features of its development and character. The study highlights the importance of certain historical factors and the impact of different legal cultures and traditions on Hungary. The broader phenomenon of internationalisation is explored including European Union integration and certain issues which have arisen in recent times. Such characteristics as the basic structure of Hungary’s legal and governmental system are introduced, as well as elements of its specific approach and outlook. The country’s legal profession, judiciary and the nature of the country’s constitutional character and features are examined. This includes surveying developments on both the country’s constitution as well as in the area of norm production.

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The research was carried out within the framework of the ‘Programs for Improving the Quality of Legal Training’ supported by the Ministry of Justice/A kutatás az Igazságügyi Minisztérium által támogatott, a “Jogászképzés színvonalának emelését célzó programok” keretén belül valósult meg.

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The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article D.

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EUGO, Economy.

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The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 9(1).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 9(1), (3)(a).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 9(2).

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The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 15 (1)–(2).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 16(1).

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Csorba et al. (2001), p. 9.

Romsics (2016), p. 5. However, it should be noted that this issue has not been without contention and has been challenged, as exemplified by the so-called ‘Ugric-Turkish War’ involving such scholars as Ármin Vámbéry and József Budenz. See Kowalczyk (2017), p. 54.

Csorba et al. (2001), p. 12.

Romsics (2016), p. 6.

Cartledge (2006), p. 13. However, it should be added that at the same time King Saint Stephen also maintained close ties with the Byzantine Empire as well. See Hamza (2014), p. 393.

Csorba et al. (2001), p. 19.

It must be mentioned that an important component of the process of the development of the Hungarian state tradition was the doctrine and symbolism attached to the Holy Crown of Hungary or the Crown of Saint Stephen. The importance of the tradition of the Holy Crown (szentkorona) was also considered worthy of acknowledgment in the National Avowal of the country’s Fundamental Law, which states that ‘we honour the Holy Crown, which embodies the constitutional continuity of Hungary’s statehood and the unity of the nation’.

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Homoki-Nagy (2020b), p. 226.

Zsoldos (2004), p. 10.

Buranbaeva and Mladineo (2011), p. 22.

Csorba et al. (2001), p. 50.

Birnbaum (1992), p. 104.

Hamza (2014), pp. 383–384.

Székely (2020), p. 202.

Völgyesi (2016), p. 127.

Cartledge (2006), pp. 61–62.

Romsics (2016), pp. 54 and 56.

Cartledge (2006), p. 117.

Kontler (1999), p. 278.

Beliznay (1994), p. 2; Vékás (2010), p. 52. See also Balogh (1998) for an exploration of the impact of Austrian civil law in Hungary during the nineteenth century.

Staudigl-Ciechowicz (2020), p. 294; Beliznay (1994), p. 2.

Homoki-Nagy (2020a), p. 330.

For the following, see Csorba et al. (2001), p. 192.

This development also had important ramifications on the legal development of these territories. For example, in relation to Transylvania, see Veress (2020) and Joó (2021).

Romsics (2016), pp. 100–102.

Cartledge (2006), p. 525.

EUR-Lex (2007).

European Union. Hungary. https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles/hungary_en.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2020).

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Magyarország Bíróságai, Ügyforgalmi Elemzés 2021. I. Félév, pp. 25, 113; Az Országos Bírósági Hivatal elnökének tájékoztatója a 2021. II. félévi tevékenységéről, Országos Bírói Tanács, pp. 1–2.

The Fundamental Law, Article 1(2)(e).

Curia of Hungary (n.d.-a).

Courts of Hungary (n.d.-c).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 25(2).

Constitutional Court of Hungary (2017a).

Act CLXI of 2011 on the Organisation and Administration of the Courts, Section 21(1).

Act CLXI of 2011 on the Organisation and Administration of the Courts, Section 22(1).

Magyarország Bíróságai, Bírósági Iránytű – ügyféltájékoztatók; Magyarország Bíróságai, A bírósági szervezetrendszer.

European Commission (2020), p. 1.

European Commission (2022c), The 2022 EU Justice Scoreboard, Figure 50 and Figure 52 (pp. 40–41).

See European Commission (2021a), 2021 Rule of Law Report, pp. 2–7; European Commission (2022b), 2022 Rule of Law Report, pp. 3–5.

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 25(1).

For this and the following see Act CLXI of 2011 on the Organisation and Administration of the Courts, Section 24.

Courts of Hungary (n.d.-b).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 25(3).

European Justice, ‘National case law: Hungary’. Available at https://eustice.europa.eu/13/EN/national_case_law?HUNGARY&member=1.

The decisions can be found at Magyarország Bíróságai, Bírósági Határozatok Gyűjteménye, https://birosag.hu/birosagi-hatarozatok-gyujtemenye.

Curia of Hungary (n.d.-b).

Badó and Bencze (2007), p. 2.

Badó et al. (2019).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 27(2).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 27(3).

Bencze (2022), p. 57.

European Justice, ‘National justice systems’. Available at https://ejustice.europa.eu/content_judicial_systems_in_member_states-16-hu-en.do?member=1.

Szegedi Tudományegyetem Közérthetőségi Szócikk Adatbázis, -Bírósági ülnök, https://u-szeged.hu/efop362-00007/minden-szocikk/birosagi-ulnok.

Szentgáli-Tóth and Burnán (2020).

Bignami (2012), p. 154.

Hungarian Helsinki Committee (2019); Szentgáli-Tóth and Burnán (2020).

European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) (2019), p. 7.

European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) (2019), p. 25.

Szakacs (2019).

Hungarian Helsinki Committee (2019).

Reuters (2019).

Courts of Hungary (2020).

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 24.

Constitutional Court of Hungary (2017b).

The competences outlined in the following are contained in The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 24.

Hungarian National Assembly (n.d.-a).

100

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 24(3)(a)–(b).

101

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 24(3)(c).

102

Constitutional Court of Hungary (2022).

103

Act CLI of 2011 on the Constitutional Court, Section 36(1).

104

Act CLI of 2011 on the Constitutional Court Section 7 (1)–(2), Section 8(1).

105

Act CLI of 2011 on the Constitutional Court Section 6(3).

106

Act CLI of 2011 on the Constitutional Court Section 16(3)–(4). See Section 16(5) for further examples when they may lose their office.

107

Nagy and Trócsányi (2018).

108

Pigler (n.d.).

109

Pigler (n.d.).

110

Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Court of Arbitration. https://mkik.hu/en/court-of-arbitration. Pigler (n.d.). For an exploration of the issue of arbitration in relation to consumer disputes, see Hajnal (2022).

111

Jessel-Holst (2012), pp. 607 and 624.

112

Courts of Hungary (n.d.-a).

113

Nagy and Trócsányi (2018).

114

Chambers and Partners, International Arbitration 2022: Hungary, https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/international-arbitration-2022/hungary.

115

Nagy and Trócsányi (2018).

116

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 1(1).

117

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 1(2)(a)–(b).

118

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article R(1).

119

Chronowski et al. (2019), p. 1441.

120

Halmai (2018), p. 971.

121

Chronowski et al. (2019), p. 1441.

122

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article S(2).

123

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article T(3).

124

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article T(4).

125

Website of the Hungarian Government.

126

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Articles G(4), L(3), T(1).

127

Mauro Mazza (2013), p. 142.

128

European Commission (2021a), 2021 Rule of Law Report, p. 20.

129

European Commission (2021a), 2021 Rule of Law Report, p. 20.

130

Hungarian National Assembly (n.d.-b).

131

Képessy (2019), p. 155.

132

Szaldits (1937), p. 165.

133

The English title is The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts. Svecová and Laclavíková (2018), pp. 468–469.

134

Péter (2012), p. 136.

135

Hamza (2014), p. 385.

136

Szaldits (1937), p. 166.

137

Bokwa and Jarosz (2020), p. 71.

138

Gönczi (2003), p. 96.

139

Bokwa and Jarosz (2020), p. 72.

140

For the following, see Hungarian National Assembly (n.d.-a).

141

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 25(3).

142

Kúria. Uniformity decisions. https://kuria-birosag.hu/en/uniformity-decisions.

143

Pozsár-Szentmiklósy (2020), p. 144.

144

European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) (2019), p. 23.

145

European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) (2019), p. 23.

Novák (2020).

Kuti (2021).

Novák (2020).

Kuti (2021).

Novák (2020).

Tomori et al. (2022).

152

For this and the following, see Novák (2020).

153

Novák (2020).

154

Zajtay (1971), p. 81.

155

Harmathy (2012), p. 397.

156

Werbőczy (2005), pp. 19 and 25.

157

Werbőczy (2005), p. 39.

158

Rees (2016), p. 25.

159

Kontler (1999), p. 128.

160

After the Battle of Mohács the memory of King Matthias increased in importance, as a reminder of the country’s past glories. See Birnbaum (1992), p. 104. On the connection between Hungarian folk culture and law, one interesting example is that of the consciousness of legal issues that can be seen in the folk poetry of Szatmar County. See Sallai (2023).

161

Kischel (2019), p. 553.

162

Cieger (2016), p. 123.

163

Szabó (2000), p. 167.

164

Kischel (2019), p. 553.

165

Örkény and Scheppele (1997), p. 77.

166

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article A(1).

167

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article IV(1).

168

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article XXVIII. See also Ficsor (2021), p. 4.

169

Ficsor (2018), p. 277.

170

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article U(1).

171

Chronowski (2020), p. 136.

172

Chronowski (2020), p. 155.

173

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 30(1), (3).

174

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 30(2).

175

Act CXI of 2011 on the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights, Section 1(2)(d).

176

However, it should be noted that this does not include an administrative decision’s judicial review. See Office of the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights of Hungary, About the Office, https://www.ajbh.hu/web/ajbh-en/about-the-office.

177

Act CXI of 2011 on the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights, Section 31(1).

178

Office for the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights of Hungary.

179

Werbőczy (2005), p. 39.

180

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 25(1).

181

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 26(1).

182

Badó and Bencze (2016), p. 19.

183

Kischel (2019), p. 553.

184

Bencze (2011), p. 1287.

185

Bencze (2011), p. 1287.

186

Szabó (1998), p. 53.

187

Novák (2020).

188

Tóth (2016), p. 197; Pokol (2001a), p. 466.

Tóth (2016), p. 181.

Tóth (2016), p. 176.

Tóth (2016), p. 181.

Pokol (2001b), p. 67.

193

Pokol (2001b), p. 70.

194

Tóth (2022), p. 256.

195

For this and the following, see the Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article 28.

196

Karáscony (2004), p. 5.

197

Németh (2015), p. 113.

198

Zajtay (1971), p. 81.

199

Balogh (2020b), p. 95.

200

Merryman and Pérez-Perdomo (2007), p. 27.

201

Hamza (2019), pp. 443 and 447.

202

Kühn (2006), p. 223.

203

Hamza (2019), p. 443.

204

Németh (2015), p. 113.

205

Madai (2022), p. 144.

206

Pallo (2021), p. 113.

207

Kühn (2006), pp. 218–219.

208

Schweitzer (2011), p. 51.

209

Szabadfalvi (2010), p. 338.

210

Rady (2012), p. 464.

211

Schweitzer (2011), p. 51.

212

Schweitzer (2011), p. 54.

213

Szabó (2023), p. 7.

214

Koncsek (2022) and Hvg.hu (2022).

215

Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar (2020).

216

Szőnyi (2021), p. 7.

217

Szőnyi (2021), p. 7.

218

Andrási (2013), pp. 3, 4.

219

Pokol (2001b), pp. 123–124.

220

Act LXXVIII of 2017 on Legal Practice, Section 58.

221

Act CLXII of 2011 on the Legal Status and Remuneration of Judges, Section 4(1)(a)–(g).

222

Magyar Országos Közjegyzői Kamara.

223

Magyar Országos Közjegyzői Kamara.

224

European Justice, Types of Legal Professions.

225

European Justice, Types of Legal Professions.

226

Karáscony (2004), p. 6.

227

Szabó (2000), p. 165.

228

Hamza (2014), p. 384.

229

Szabó (2000), p. 149.

230

Hamza (2014), p. 386.

231

Péter (2012), p. 135.

232

Harmathy (2012), p. 390.

233

Harmathy (2012), p. 390.

234

Hamza (2014), p. 392.

235

Béli et al. (2012), pp. 78–79.

236

Földi (1990), p. 221.

237

Képes (2016), p. 102.

238

Zweigert and Kötz (1998), p. 154.

239

Képessy (2019), p. 164.

240

Képessy (2019), p. 165. It should also be pointed out that the 1911 Swiss code, the Zivilgesetzbuch had a significant impact on the development of Hungarian private law. See Vékás (2018).

241

Harmathy (2012), p. 397.

242

Boóc (2021).

243

Kühn (2006), p. 218.

244

Balogh (2020a), p. 126.

245

Vincze et al. (2020).

246

Szabó (2000), p. 149.

247

Harmathy (2012), p. 397.

248

For this and the following points, see Zweigert and Kötz (1998), p. 154.

249

Vincze et al. (2020).

250

Chronowski and Varju, p. 2.

251

Kühn (2006), p. 232.

252

For this and the following, see Polgári and Nagy (2021), p. 97.

253

It is worth mentioning, as another example of the internationalisation of Hungarian law, the influence of the norms espoused by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. For example, the Hungarian Arbitration Act of 2017 closely conforms to the 2006 UNCITRAL Model Law and in fact was passed in part to harmonise with the latter. See International Arbitration Law and Rules in Hungary. CMS law tax future. https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/cms-expert-guide-to-international-arbitration/hungary.

254

For example, the German Constitutional Court case of Solange I. See Könczöl and Kevevári (2020), p. 166.

255

Decision 22/2016. (XII. 5.) AB on the Interpretation of Article E) (2) of the Fundamental Law, Reasoning paragraphs 64–65.

256

Decision 22/2016. (XII. 5.) AB on the Interpretation of Article E) (2) of the Fundamental Law, Reasoning paragraphs 65.

257

Constitutional Court X/477/2021, Decision paragraph 3.

258

See Scholtes (2021).

259

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article R (3).

260

Decision 22/2016. (XII. 5.) AB on the Interpretation of Article E) (2) of the Fundamental Law, Reasoning paragraph 64.

261

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, National Avowal. The National Avowal is placed in the Fundamental Law and contains various statements on Hungarian history and identity.

262

Könczöl and Kevevári (2020), p. 163.

263

Gárdos-Orosz (2020), pp. 36, 37 and 45.

264

Gárdos-Orosz (2020), p. 45.

265

Council of Europe, Map & Members. https://www.coe.int/en/web/tbilisi/the-coe/objectives-and-missions.

266

European Court of Human Rights (2022). Hungary, Press country profile. January 2022. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/cp_hungary_eng.pdf.

267

Council of Europe. Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights: Hungary. https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/hungary.

268

Council of Europe. Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights: Hungary.

269

Department for the Execution of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, Hungary, Main Achievements. https://rm.coe.int/ma-hungary-eng/1680a186ac.

270

Varju and Várnay (2014), p. 21.

271

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article E(1).

272

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article E.

273

The Fundamental Law of Hungary, Article E(2).

274

Bartha (2014), p. 320.

275

Varju and Várnay (2014), p. 22.

276

See, for example, decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. See Van Dorpe (2021).

277

Constitutional Court X/477/2021, Decision paragraph 1.

278

Constitutional Court of Hungary (2021).

279

European Parliament (2018), p. 3.

280

For this and the following, see European Commission (2020), pp. 1–2.

281

European Commission (2021a), 2021 Rule of Law Report, p. 1.

282

Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2092 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on a general regime of conditionality for the protection of the Union budget. OJ L 433I, 22.12.2020, pp. 1–10.

283

See Article 5 of the Regulation.

284

Court of Justice of the European Union (2022).

285

Bayer (2022).

286

For this and the following, see European Commission (2022a), paragraph 5, pp. 1–2.

287

Tajti and Whitman (2016), pp. 709–710.

288

Tajti and Whitman (2016), p. 711.

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Title: An Introduction to Hungarian Legal Culture
Author: Daniel Haitas
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Handbook on Legal Cultures
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27744-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-27745-0

Copyright Year: 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27745-0_17

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