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Legal Cultures: Combining Diversity and Structure Read chapter Read first chapter

2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

An Introduction to Scottish Legal Culture

Author : Andrew R. C. Simpson

Published in: Handbook on Legal Cultures

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Legal culture may be defined as ideas and expectations of law made operational by institutional (-like) practices. In other words, legal culture can be analysed in terms of its ‘institutional’ elements—identified as mechanisms of conflict resolution and norm production—and its ‘intellectual elements’—ideas and expectations of law manifested in terms of an ideal of justice, legal method, the degree of professionalisation and the character of internationalisation within the culture in question. The present contribution takes this analytical model and applies it to the law of Scotland. In terms of conflict resolution, it draws attention to Scotland’s two primary hierarchies of courts, these being the civil and the criminal courts. In terms of norm production, it explores statute and precedent, and the use of authoritative juristic works known as the Institutional Writings. It presents the Scottish ideal of justice as being shaped by a desire for legal certainty, and notes that Scottish legal method is complex, as informed by the equally complex history of Scots law itself. There is a high degree of professionalisation within the culture, with a strong emphasis on academic training. Lawyers and legal academics also frequently show significant willingness to entertain ideas drawn from without Scottish legal culture, and intellectually cosmopolitan outlooks are valued.

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Footnotes
1
I am grateful to the late David Carey Miller, and to Malcolm Combe, John Ford, Greg Gordon, Tina Soliman Hunter and Eddie Simpson for their comments on the original version of this article; thanks are due too to Roddy Paisley and John Paterson for some thoughts on aspects of the present article. I am also grateful to Grace Johnston for her help as a research assistant in preparing the text, and to the School of Law at Edinburgh University for providing the necessary funding for this support. Any errors remain my own.
 
2
Rodger (1996), pp. 11, 23–24.
 
3
Reid (1996a), pp. 39–49.
 
4
While a majority of Scots voted to remain within the United Kingdom in a referendum September 2014, about 45% of the population voted in favour of independence; see The Electoral Management Board (2014), Scottish Independence Referendum Result. http://​www.​scotlandreferend​um.​info/​.
 
6
Reference by the Lord Advocate of devolution issues under paragraph 34 of Schedule 6 to the Scotland Act 1998 [2022] UKSC 31.
 
7
See Woolf (2007).
 
8
See Oram (2011), Broun (2013), Brown (2004) and Nicholson (1978).
 
9
For the general political developments see Donaldson (1971), pp. 157–291.
 
10
See Cameron (2010), pp. 320–371.
 
11
See, for example, the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944 (c. 41) Sch. 3 (which is no longer in force).
 
12
This is subject to the well-known convention that Westminster will not legislate in relation to devolved matters unless Holyrood permits it; see MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 1.29–1.30.
 
13
See National Records of Scotland (2022), Scotland’s Census. https://​www.​scotlandscensus.​gov.​uk/​. At the date of writing, the data from the census for 2022 is not yet available.
 
14
Office for National Statistics (2012) Country Profiles: Key Statistics—Scotland, August 2012. 1 http://​www.​ons.​gov.​uk/​ons/​dcp171780_​275330.​pdf.
 
17
On Scottish legal history generally, see Cairns (2000), pp. 14–184; see also now Simpson and Wilson (2017).
 
18
On the brieves, see MacQueen (2016); see also the critique of his thesis in Carpenter (2013), pp. 117–159. See also now the highly significant contribution found in Taylor (2016).
 
19
On the judices, see now, above all, Taylor (2016), pp. 114–175.
 
20
But see Sellar (1988), pp. 3–4.
 
21
See the debate emerging from MacQueen (2016), pp. 33–73 and Carpenter (2013), pp. 138–154.
 
22
Godfrey (2009), pp. 10–11.
 
23
See the discussions in MacQueen, Common Law (2016), pp. 240–241, 257–259; Godfrey, Civil Justice (2009), pp. 40–160; Cairns (2006), pp. 27–50.
 
24
This is essentially the argument advanced in Godfrey (2009), pp. 40–160, 207–354; it is summarised at pp. 441–453.
 
25
Godfrey (2009), pp. 40–160; Cairns (2006).
 
26
See Cairns (2000), pp. 50–155.
 
27
For these points, see Cairns (2000), pp. 53, 62, 122–123, 147–149.
 
28
See Finlay (2000), pp. 170–205.
 
29
See the Court of Session Act 1988 (c. 36) s. 22; Jones and Taggart (2018), para. 2.52.
 
30
Cairns (2000), pp. 112–118; Ford (2007b).
 
31
See the discussion in Ford (2009); the passages cited are at pp. 106–107.
 
32
Cairns (2000), pp. 147–149.
 
33
Cairns (2000), pp. 85–86; Finlay (2012), pp. 11–13; see also Ford (2007a), pp. 6–7.
 
34
Cairns (2000), pp. 149–154, 178.
 
35
Croft Dickinson (1958), pp. 408–412, 411.
 
36
Godfrey (2012), p. 143, citing the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46) s. 1(2).
 
37
Cairns (2000), p. 154.
 
38
Malcolm (1958), pp. 356–362.
 
39
Cairns (2000), p. 178.
 
40
MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 2.01, 2.05, 2.09.
 
41
Court of Session Act 1988 (c. 36) s. 1, as amended by the Maximum Number of Judges (Scotland) Order 2022/96 (Scottish SI) Art.​ 2.
 
42
Godfrey (2012), p. 144.
 
43
See Cameron (2010), pp. 349–371.
 
44
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.29; Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46) s. 2, Sch. 4 Part 1 para. 2; Sch. 5.
 
45
Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46) s. 29.
 
46
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c 4) s. 40(3); see now the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 (asp 18) s. 117.
 
47
Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46) Sch. 5–6.
 
48
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 (asp 18).
 
49
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 (asp 18) ss. 44–62.
 
50
The background to the reforms of the 2014 Act is discussed in Scottish Civil Courts Review (2009), Report of the Scottish Civil Courts Review. https://​www.​scotcourts.​gov.​uk/​about-the-scottish-court-service/​the-scottish-civil-courts-reform.
 
51
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 s. 39(1–2).
 
52
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 ss. 5, 44–45.
 
53
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 s. 44; Sch. 1 para. 7.
 
54
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 ss. 109–111, 134.
 
55
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 ss. 46–62; 109.
 
56
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 ss. 112–117.
 
57
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 s. 45.
 
58
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 s. 118.
 
59
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 s. 119.
 
60
MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 2.20, 2.32.
 
61
Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ss. 20–21, 37; MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 2.30–2.31.
 
62
Tribunals (Scotland) Act 2014 (asp 10).
 
63
Rodger (1996), p. 11.
 
64
Reid (2014), pp. 338–339.
 
65
On the history of the parliaments of Scotland before 1707, see, above all Brown and Tanner (2004); Brown and Mann (2005); Brown and MacDonald (2010).
 
66
Records of the Parliaments of Scotland (RPS) 1450/1/6, in Brown et al. (2007–2017), The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland. http://​www.​rps.​ac.​uk/​trans/​1450/​1/​16.
 
67
McAra v Edinburgh City Council (1913) 2 S.L.T. 110.
 
68
MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 1.29–1.30, 1.39.
 
69
See The National Archives (2022), legislation.gov.uk; Legislation from 2021 Applicable to Scotland. http://​www.​legislation.​gov.​uk/​2021/​scotland; http://​www.​legislation.​gov.​uk/​2021.
 
70
See ibid.
 
71
MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 1.29–1.30, 1.35–1.36.
 
72
For this point, and the discussion that follows, see Reid (2014), pp. 338–339.
 
73
Children (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 36) s. 11(7)(a).
 
74
See the discussion in Reid (1996b), paras. 1–16.
 
75
MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 44.100–44.102.
 
76
Sale of Goods Act 1979 (c. 54).
 
77
See the Scottish Law Commission (2018), Contract law in light of the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). http://​www.​scotlawcom.​gov.​uk/​law-reform/​law-reform-projects/​contract-law-light-draft-common-frame-reference-dcf/​; see also Scottish Law Commission (2018).
 
78
Succession (Scotland) Act 1964 (c. 41).
 
79
Succession (Scotland) Act 2016 (asp 7).
 
80
Succession (Scotland) Act 2016 (asp 7) ss. 3–4.
 
81
See, for example, MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 39.01–39.37.
 
82
Reid (2014), p. 339.
 
83
Reid (2014), p. 339.
 
84
Ford (2007a) p. 5.
 
85
Ford (2007a), pp. 181–246, 305–312.
 
86
Ford (2007a); the argument is developed very clearly at pp. 507–572, and a summary of the major distinction drawn here is at p. 539; a full explanation of this is beyond the scope of this article.
 
87
See the brief discussion in Simpson (2009), pp. 471–472.
 
88
Cairns (2000), pp. 172–177 (the passage quoted is at p. 174).
 
89
See Anderson (2012), pp. v–xlv, xx–xxiii.
 
90
Cairns (2000), pp. 172–177.
 
91
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.56.
 
92
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.56.
 
93
Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 (asp 18) s. 48.
 
94
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.56.
 
95
See, for example, Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2002 S.C. 580 per Lord Hamilton at paras. 52–53.
 
96
MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 1.26–1.56.
 
97
On the development of the ‘institutional’ status of various texts, see Cairns (1984).
 
98
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.56 lists the ‘chief’ authorities as ‘Viscount Stair, Lord Bankton, Erskine and Bell’ and ‘in the special sphere of criminal law’ Hume and Alison. For a very high view of the authority of the writers, and a discussion of the canon, see Smith (1962), p. 32.
 
99
Cairns (1984), pp. 102–104; the passage quoted is at 103.
 
100
Humphries, Petitioner v X and Y 1982 S.C. 79 at 83, per Lord President Emslie.
 
101
See MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.55, citing Snell v Beadle [2001] 2 A.C. 304 at 312, per Lord Hope.
 
102
Wilkie v Scottish Aviation 1956 S.C. 198 at 205 per Lord President Clyde.
 
103
The facts of the case were summarised in detail by Lord Hope in the Inner House; see Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 457–458 per Lord President Hope.
 
104
Companies (Floating Charges) (Scotland) Act 1961 c. 46.
 
105
See MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 36.50–36.69.
 
106
See Reid (1997), p. 465.
 
107
See Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455 at 475–479, per Lord President Hope.
 
108
Yet, note the comments about such claims in Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. 19 at 69, per Lord Rodger.
 
109
See Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455 at 475–479, per Lord President Hope.
 
110
Companies Act 1985 (c. 6) s. 462(1).
 
111
Sharp v Thomson 1994 S.C. 503.
 
112
Now published as Reid (1996b).
 
113
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 461–475, per Lord President Hope.
 
114
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455 at 477, per Lord President Hope.
 
115
Sharp v Thomson 1997 S.C. (H.L.) 66.
 
116
Reid (1997), p. 465.
 
117
Sharp v Thomson 1997 S.C. (H.L.) 66 at 80–81, per Lord Clyde, citing Heritable Reversionary Company Ltd v Millar (1892) 19 R. (H.L.) 43; Thomas v Lord Advocate 1953 S.C. 151 and Bowman v Wright 1877 4 R. 322.
 
118
Sharp v Thomson 1997 S.C. (H.L.) 82–85, per Lord Clyde.
 
119
(1892) 19 R. (H.L.) 43.
 
120
1939 S.C. 11.
 
121
See Sharp v Thomson 1997 S.C. (H.L.) 66 at 68–77, per Lord Jauncey.
 
122
Reid (1997), p. 469.
 
123
Reid (1997), pp. 468–469.
 
124
Reid (1997), p. 466.
 
125
See, for example, Reid (1997); Rennie (2000); Styles (2000); Gretton (2001).
 
126
Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66) s. 31(1).
 
127
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 42, per Lord Rodger, citing the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66) s. 3(1).
 
128
For these facts, see Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 39–41, per Lord Rodger.
 
129
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 42, per Lord Rodger.
 
130
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 42–43, per Lord Rodger. A recent study of Lord Rodger’s approach as a judge—which proved very helpful in writing the present article—can be found in Gordon (2016).
 
131
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 44–45, per Lord Rodger.
 
132
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 45, per Lord Rodger.
 
133
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 45, per Lord Rodger.
 
134
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 62–63, per Lord Rodger; see generally his arguments at 53–66.
 
135
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 54–60 (particularly at 59–60), per Lord Rodger.
 
136
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 60–66, per Lord Rodger.
 
137
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 69.
 
138
Pairc Crofters Ltd v the Scottish Ministers 2013 S.L.T. 308, discussing the meaning of the words ‘sustainable development’ in the context of the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 (asp 2) Part 3.
 
139
Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016 (asp 18) Part 5. I am grateful to Mr Malcolm Combe for discussing this with me.
 
140
Burnett’s Trustee v Grainger 2004 S.C. (H.L.) 19 at 42.
 
141
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.41.
 
142
ibid 1.41–1.53.
 
143
Magistrates of Buckie v Dowager Countess of Seafield’s Trustees 1928 S.C. 525 at 529 per Lord President Clyde, as discussed in MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.44.
 
144
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.51.
 
145
Henretty v Hart (1885) 13 R. (J.) 9, as discussed in MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.51.
 
146
See MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.50 and footnote 296, discussing Lord McCluskey’s views in Friel v Initial Contract Services Ltd 1994 S.L.T. 1216, 1221.
 
147
See, for example, Cooper (1957), pp. 201–209. Few (if any) would endorse all of the views found in this paper today, but it contains a very good (and influential) summary of the philosophical approach to law mentioned here.
 
148
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 463 per Lord President Hope.
 
149
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 461, per Lord President Hope.
 
150
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 461, per Lord President Hope.
 
151
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 462, per Lord President Hope, citing Stair, Institutions, I.1.22.
 
152
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 462, per Lord President Hope, citing Erskine, Institute II.1.1 and III.1.2.
 
153
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 462, per Lord President Hope, citing Erskine, Institute III.1.2.
 
154
Sharp v Thomson 1995 S.C. 455, at 463–465, per Lord President Hope; the passage quoted is at 463.
 
155
MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.56.
 
156
See Smith (1986), paras. 439–441.
 
157
See, for example, Smith (1962), p. 33; Smith (1986), paras. 442–445.
 
158
See Faculty of Advocates (2017), Regulations as to Intrants. http://​www.​advocates.​org.​uk/​media/​2363/​regulations-as-to-intrants.​pdf.
 
160
See, for example, Aberdeen University (2022), Aberdeen University Calendar—Degrees in Law. https://​www.​abdn.​ac.​uk/​registry/​calendar/​law.​php.
 
162
See Law Society of Scotland (2019), Admission as a Solicitor (Scotland) Regulations 2019. https://​www.​lawscot.​org.​uk/​media/​368407/​admission-as-solicitor-scotland-regulations-2019-amendment-3-feb-2020-clean.​pdf. Regulation 6.
 
163
Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980 s. 4.
 
165
See The Society of Advocates in Aberdeen (2022), http://​www.​socofadvocates.​com/​. The Royal Society of Procurators in Glasgow (2022), http://​www.​rfpg.​org/​.
 
166
See Clancy (2012), pp. 101–103.
 
167
Godfrey (2012), p. 139.
 
168
For this stage in the history of the profession, see Finlay (2000).
 
169
Reid (1996a).
 
171
See Reid (2014), pp. 339–340.
 
172
Consider the Abolition of Feudal Tenure (Scotland) Act 2000 (asp 5) and Scottish Law Commission (1999).
 
173
These broad trends are discussed in various essays contained in Reid and Carey Miller (2005), including Reid (2005), pp. 1–29; Gretton (2005), pp. 30–43; MacQueen (2005), pp. 44–72; and Blackie (2005), pp. 73–99.
 
174
See, for example, Carey Miller (2008).
 
175
Consider, for example, Forte (2001).
 
176
Evans-Jones (1998).
 
177
See, for example, the comments made by Lord Hodge in Moohan and Another v Lord Advocate 2015 S.C. (U.K.C.S.) 1, paras. 29–30, 38.
 
178
Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46) s. 29(2)(d) (as originally enacted).
 
179
European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) s. 2(1).
 
180
For a fuller discussion, see, for example, MacQueen et al. (2022), paras. 1.23, 1.31–34.
 
181
R v Secretary of State, Ex p. Factortame (No. 2) [1991] 1 A.C. 603 at 659, per Lord Bridge of Harwich.
 
182
See MacQueen et al. (2017), para. 1.32, citing Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Art. 267 and—on the authority of the ECJ—Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lübeck-Ost (314/85) [1987] E.C.R. 4199.
 
183
See MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.23. See also, for example, the sentiments expressed in Forte (2001), p. 248.
 
185
European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (c. 16) s. 1.
 
186
For a fuller discussion, see MacQueen et al. (2022), para. 1.32.
 
187
Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46) s. 29(2)(d).
 
188
Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42) s. 1(1).
 
189
Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42) s. 2.
 
190
Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42) ss. 3–4.
 
191
See, for example, Boyle et al. (2002).
 
192
See the documentation on the Bills of Rights Bill on the UK Parliament House of Commons website. https://​bills.​parliament.​uk/​bills/​3227.
 
193
Ford (2011), p. 76.
 
194
A similar—but by no means identical—point is made in Ford (2011), pp. 74–76.
 
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Metadata
Title
An Introduction to Scottish Legal Culture
Author
Andrew R. C. Simpson
Copyright Year
2023
Book
Handbook on Legal Cultures

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27744-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-27745-0

Copyright Year: 2023

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27745-0_22