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1993 | Book

Anorthosites

Author: Professor Lewis D. Ashwal

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Book Series : Minerals and Rocks

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About this book

The idea for a book on anorthosites came to me in January of 1986 while returning to Houston after holiday festivities in Dallas. The original idea was a review paper on anorthosites, but by the time I reached Houston, the subject material I contemplated induding was obviously too extensive for a single paper. The Director of the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Kevin Burke, was receptive to the idea of a book, and suggested that I contact Peter Wyllie, who serves as Editor of the Springer-Verlag series Minerals and Rocks. This effort, which I originally expected would take about a year, has taken nearly 6. I have many excuses- indolence, moving to another continent, other commitments, etc.-but the basic truth is that writing a book is much larger an undertaking than can be anticipated. Many people are aware of this, and I was duly forewarned. . But why write a book on anorthosites? This is a very good question, which I have considered from many angles. One rationale can be expressed in terms of a comparison between anorthosite and basalt. A first-order understanding of basalt genesis has been extant for many years. By contrast, there is little agreement about the origin of anorthosite. There are good reasons for studying and writing about basalt: it is the most abundant rock type on the Earth's surface, and is also plentiful on the surfaces of the other terrestrial planets.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Anorthosite attracted its early discoverers with its beauty. The remarkable iridescence of the feldspar along parts of coastal Labrador was described by Steinhauer (1814): “…its colours darting through the limpid crystal of the lake, and flashing from the cliffs more especially when moistened by a shower of rain, changing continually with every alteration in the position of the boat, are described as almost realizing a scene in fairy land.” Anorthosite was referred to for many years as Labrador stone, and intermediate plagioclases of all compositions were called labradorite. Further details about the early history and discovery of anorthosite can be found in de Waard (1968a).
Lewis D. Ashwal
Chapter 2. Archean Megacrystic Anorthosites
Abstract
Anorthosite has been recognized as a component of Archean terranes since at least the 1930s. Interestingly, the early studies of Archean anorthosite were made on occurrences at some of the highest metamorphic grades, for example in Madagascar, India, South Africa, and West Greenland (e.g., Lacroix 1939; Sohnge 1946). A new, third type of anorthosite, separate from those which occur as Proterozoic “massifs” (Chap. 3) or as components of mafic layered intrusions (Chap. 4), was suggested by Boulanger (1957, 1959) based on occurrences near the village of Sakeny, Madagascar. These and similar occurrences of highly metamorphosed calcic anorthosite were referred to as Sakeny-type anorthosites, and were thought to have formed by high grade metamorphism of calcareous sediments. It was not until the discovery of associated layered chromitites (e.g., Subramaniam 1956a; Ghisler 1966) that a convincing case could be made that these anorthosites represented components of layered igneous complexes. The pioneering work of B.F. Windley and colleagues in the 1960s and 1970s, and J.S. Myers in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly on the Fiskenæsset complex of West Greenland set the stage for modern investigations. More recent work by W.C. Phinney and colleagues has focused on the lower grade Archean anorthosite occurrences, particularly in the Canadian Shield.
Lewis D. Ashwal
Chapter 3. Proterozoic Massif-Type Anorthosites
Abstract
This type comprises the most voluminous anorthosites on Earth. They have been described and studied for over a century, and although plausible petrological hypotheses have been put forward, considerable disagreement still exists as to their origin. There is an extensive literature on massif-type anorthosites, including several review papers (Emslie 1978a,b 1980, 1985; Ashwal 1982b; Morse 1982b; Duchesne 1984; Leelanandam 1987), focusing on various aspects. In this chapter, I attempt to summarize current knowledge on the subject.
Lewis D. Ashwal
Chapter 4. Anorthosites in Layered Mafic Intrusions
Abstract
Layered mafic intrusions (LMI) may be defined here, with due caution, as differentiated bodies of igneous rock, having broadly gabbroic, noritic, or troctolitic bulk compositions and well developed layering, that have been emplaced into continental crust.4 There is usually a substantial volume of ultramafic rocks, in addition to plagioclase-bearing cumulates, including anorthosite. This definition is meant to effectively distinguish the “stratiform” anorthosites of these intrusions from those of Proterozoic massifs (Chap. 3), although problems remain with several intrusions that have features common to both (Sects. 3.1.3, 3.12).
Lewis D. Ashwal
Chapter 5. Anorthosites of Oceanic Settings
Abstract
Anorthosites are found among samples dredged from the ocean basins and are believed to constitute a minor fraction of the oceanic crust. They are also found in ophiolite complexes, which are interpreted as pieces of oceanic or island-arc crust in various states of fragmentation. In both settings, the anorthosites are thought to represent cumulates formed from the crystallization of basaltic magmas.
Lewis D. Ashwal
Chapter 6. Anorthosite Inclusions in Other Igneous Rocks
Abstract
Anorthosite and related rocks occur as inclusions in a variety of other igneous rock types, and represent either accumulations of plagioclase from the same magmas as their host (cognate inclusions), or fragments of older, unrelated anorthosite (xenolithic inclusions). It can be difficult to distinguish cognate from xenolithic types only on the basis of field observations; petrography, geochemistry, and ultimately, isotopes may be required. Host rocks vary in composition from basalt to granite to kimberlite.
Lewis D. Ashwal
Chapter 7. Extraterrestrial Anorthosites
Abstract
The fact that anorthosite occurs elsewhere in the solar system as well as in the Earth was demonstrated by the U.S. Apollo space program. The abundance of ancient anorthosite on the lunar surface (and perhaps in the lunar interior) establishes this rock type as a potentially important one in the formation of the earliest planetary crusts. Accordingly, lunar anorthosites have revolutionized thinking about crustal evolution in general, and have revitalized study of terrestrial anorthosites, both in their own right and as lunar analogs. Consideration of the origin of lunar anorthosites has broadened the scope of the “anorthosite problem”, but the questions to be answered (Sect. 1.3) remain the same for both lunar and terrestrial examples.
Lewis D. Ashwal
Chapter 8. Synthesis and Summary
Abstract
Although prevalent in some planetary crusts such as that of the Moon (and possibly Mercury), anorthosites are not abundant on Earth, except in a few places like the Grenville Province of the eastern Canadian Shield. Nevertheless, terrestrial anorthosites are distinctive, and may be classified into at least five separate types: (1) Archean megacrystic, (2) Proterozoic massif-type, (3) those in layered mafic intrusions, (4) oceanic, and (5) inclusions in other igneous rocks.
Lewis D. Ashwal
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Anorthosites
Author
Professor Lewis D. Ashwal
Copyright Year
1993
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-77440-9
Print ISBN
978-3-642-77442-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77440-9