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Minds and Machines

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21-12-2016

Artificial Intelligence, Cybercities and Technosocieties

Authors: Javier Echeverría, Raúl Tabarés

Published in: Minds and Machines | Issue 3/2017

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Abstract

Information technologies have made possible the rising of new forms of communities, cities and societies. These changes are analyzed from the perspective of innovation studies, as technological but also social innovations. Starting from the contributions of Ortega y Gasset to the philosophy of technology, and applying these ideas to the information and communications technologies (ICT) system, this article introduces the notions of technosocieties and cybercities. Our aim is to deeply examine the Telepolis project; a digital and global city supported by ICT and artificial intelligence (AI). We pay attention to the different challenges that AI will have to face in upcoming years in technosocieties and cybercities. In our opinion, the future of AI is tightly related with the technological support of this kind of new city and their cybercitizens. Finally, we claim that there won’t be a shared public space in the infosphere till public organizations acknowledge the importance of promoting and maintaining this new and already needed digital agora.

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Floridi defined the infosphere so: “It is a context constituted by the whole system of information objects, including all agents and patients, messages, their attributes and mutual relations” (Floridi 2002, 8).

In the Internet, a meme is a digital object (video, image, text, etc.) that spreads rapidly from person to person via a digital platform (or several platforms), usually in a humorous way.

Bruno Latour’s actor/network theory is the reference for this (Latour 2005), even though it has several debatable aspects. The aforementioned Ortegan metaphor, ontological centaurs, is much more beautiful.

In the case of cybercities, there are authors at the end of the 20th century who analyzed its basic structure properly like William Mitchell. His approach was architectural not philosophical and, because of this, he focused on the spaces and constructions on the “superhighway” (infobahn) which was what cyberspace was called then. See Mitchell (1995, 1999).

Castells states that “the power in network society is held by programmers and linkers” (Castells 2011, p. 550).

Of course, the network administrator uses his or her own hardware and software by means of which he or she controls the actions of the group of users. This entire data can later been stored automatically in “the Cloud” producing another additional trade, carried out by a computer, not by a person, even though this computer had to have been previously designed and programmed for this task.

However, this has still not appeared as a political problem because there is no polis yet, only communities of knowledge and societies of information (techno-societies).

In this way it is interesting to acknowledge the emergence in last years of of hacktivism. This subversive use of computers and computer networks to promote a political agenda has been clearly shaped by a digital culture.

Siri by Apple, Cortana by Microsoft and Google Now by Google are some examples of how AI is being fueled by these companies. All of them have shown exciting capabilities but these tools are oriented at the end to targeted advertising.

Cultural and creative sectors have proved to be highly innovative and the associated industries have gained a bigger impact on the GDP of different western economies.

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Title: Artificial Intelligence, Cybercities and Technosocieties
Authors: Javier Echeverría
Raúl Tabarés
Publication date: 21-12-2016
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Minds and Machines / Issue 3/2017
Print ISSN: 0924-6495
Electronic ISSN: 1572-8641
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-016-9412-3

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Other articles of this Issue 3/2017

AI and the Origins of the Functional Programming Language Style

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Deterrence by Norms to Stop Interstate Cyber Attacks

A Constructionist Philosophy of Logic

The Logic of Design as a Conceptual Logic of Information

Artificial Intelligence in a New Context: “Internal” and “External” Factors

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