Introduction
Methods
Research design
Sample
Variables of the study
S. no. | Variables | Description of variables | Code/level of categories |
---|---|---|---|
1. | IOS | Information and opportunity seeking factor score | None |
2. | CPS | Creativity and problem-solving skill factor score | None |
3. | AIR | Achievement and instrumental readiness factor score | None |
4. | DEE | Discouragement by external environment factor score | None |
5. | SCSE | Self-confidence and self-esteem factor score | None |
6. | GS | Goal setting factor score | None |
7. | SP | Systematic planning factor score | None |
8. | BOF | Business owned family | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
9. | PBE | Previous business experience with family | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
10. | BOC | Business owned colleague | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
11. | AF | Access to finance/capitals | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
12. | IG | Information gathering | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
13. | CFBI | Clear future business ideas | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
14. | RTC | Risk taking commitment for a career decision | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
15. | N_E | Networking with entrepreneurs | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
16. | NERK | No. of entrepreneurs respondents know | 1 = not at all, 2 = less than 2, 3 = 2 up to 4, 4 = above 4 |
17. | PO | Parents occupation | 1 = agriculture, 2 = gov’t employee, 3 = private business owned, 4 = others |
18. | MFSB | Means of finance for a career business | 1 = family, 2 = colleague, 3 = micro finance, 4 = inheritance, 5 = others |
19. | EE | Entrepreneurship education/trainings | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
20. | BC | Business counselling | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
21. | SBIE | Sharing of business ideas and experiences by invited guests | 1 = yes, 2 = no |
Model specification
Empty model
Fixed- effect model
Random effect model
Estimation techniques
Model selection
Results and discussion
Descriptive results
Reliability and factor analysis
Fitted multilevel logistic regression models
Null model (Model 1)
(a) Using classical approach | (b) Using Bayesian approach | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. (Std. err.) | P > |z| | 95% Coef. Interval | Length | Mean (Std. dev.) | MCSE | Median | 95% Cred. Interval | Length | |
Fixed effect | |||||||||
Intercept | 0.3295 (0.1208) | 0.006 | [0.0927, 0.5663] | 0.4736 | 0.3271 (0.1148) | 0.0205 | 0.3269 | [0.1021, 0.5521] | 0.4500 |
Random effect | |||||||||
Var (intercept) | 0.2929 (0.1010) | [0.0949, 0.4909] | 0.3960 | 0.2809 (0.0975) | 0.0096 | 0.2801 | [0.0898, 0.4720] | 0.3822 |
Fixed effect model (Model 2)
(a) Using classical approach | (b) Using Bayesian approach | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. (Std. Err.) | P > |z| | [95% Conf. Interval] | Length | Mean (Std. Dev.) | MCSE | Median | [95% cred. Interval] | Length | |
Fixed effect | |||||||||
Student-level chxs | |||||||||
Intercept | 0.2570 (0.0697) | 0.000 | [0.1203, 0.3937] | 0.2734 | 0.2553 (0.0703) | 0.0022 | 0.2558 | [0.1149, 0.3869] | 0.2720 |
SP | 0.0333 (0.0875) | 0.703 | [− 0.138, 0.2049] | 0.3431 | 0.018 (0.0664) | 0.0098 | 0.0124 | [− 0.105, 0.1619] | 0.2670 |
GS | 0.5967 (0.0948) | 0.000 | [0.4109, 0.7824] | 0.3715 | 0.6147 (0.0718) | 0.0078 | 0.6150 | [0.4729, 0.7521] | 0.2792 |
SCSE | 0.4159 (0.0931) | 0.000 | [0.2334, 0.5985] | 0.3651 | 0.3684 (0.0858) | 0.0197 | 0.3613 | [0.2216, 0.5658] | 0.3442 |
DEE | 0.0700 (0.096) | 0.466 | [− 0.118, 0.2582] | 0.3764 | 0.0957 (0.086) | 0.0159 | 0.0968 | [− 0.076, 0.2666] | 0.3425 |
AIR | 0.8484 (0.0991) | 0.000 | [0.6541, 1.0426] | 0.3885 | 0.8483 (0.0698) | 0.0047 | 0.8473 | [0.7151, 0.9934] | 0.2783 |
CPS | 0.3515 (0.0949) | 0.000 | [0.1655, 0.5376] | 0.3721 | 0.3799 (0.0618) | 0.0084 | 0.3780 | [0.2609, 0.5033] | 0.2424 |
IOS | 1.3379 (0.1203) | 0.000 | [1.1022, 1.5737] | 0.4715 | 1.3673 (0.114) | 0.0206 | 1.3729 | [1.139, 1.5734] | 0.4344 |
RTC (1) | 0.2079 (0.2383) | 0.383 | [− 0.259, 0.6750] | 0.9342 | 0.2546 (0.1093) | 0.0155 | 0.2617 | [0.037, 0.4566] | 0.4195 |
CFBI (1) | 0.3409 (0.2005) | 0.089 | [− 0.052,0.7338] | 0.7860 | 0.3256 (0.1393) | 0.0217 | 0.3227 | [0.0595, 0.6053] | 0.5458 |
IG (1) | 0.4517 (0.2379) | 0.058 | [− 0.015, 0.9180] | 0.9326 | 0.5487 (0.1204) | 0.0182 | 0.5442 | [0.3144, 0.7884] | 0.4740 |
MFSB (1) | 1.1817 (0.4158) | 0.004 | [0.3668, 1.9966] | 1.6298 | 1.2457 (0.1339) | 0.0185 | 1.2427 | [0.9863, 1.5150] | 0.5287 |
(2) | − 0.384 (0.9024) | 0.708 | [− 2.107, 1.4302] | 3.5372 | − 0.338 (0.174) | 0.0103 | − 0.3410 | [− 0.688− , 0.0020] | 0.6861 |
(3) | 0.0564 (0.2956) | 0.849 | [− 0.523, 0.6358] | 1.1589 | − 0.03 (0.1584) | 0.0214 | − 0.0350 | [− 0.343, 0.2930] | 0.6358 |
AF (1) | 0.7801 (0.3121) | 0.012 | [0.1684, 1.3917] | 1.2234 | 0.7969 (0.0734) | 0.009 | 0.7984 | [0.6504, 0.9413] | 0.2910 |
BOC (1) | 0.0310 (0.2005) | 0.877 | [− 0.362, 0.4240] | 0.7859 | 0.0042 (0.1429) | 0.0318 | 0.0155 | [− 0.289, 0.2483] | 0.5371 |
PBE (1) | 0.3880 (0.1416) | 0.006 | [0.1040, 0.6600] | 0.5560 | 0.389 (0.1395) | 0.0021 | 0.0000 | [0.1126, 0.6593] | 0.5467 |
BOF (1) | 0.6088 (0.3263) | 0.000 | [0.5448, 0.6727] | 0.1279 | 0.6087 (0.0326) | 0.0004 | 0.6087 | [0.5450, 0.6729] | 0.1279 |
NERK (1) | − 0.410 (0.2628) | 0.119 | [− 0.925, 0.1048] | 1.0300 | − 0.44 (0.1023) | 0.0173 | − 0.4430 | [− 0.635, − 0.233] | 0.4017 |
(2) | 0.1624 (0.2975) | 0.585 | [− 0.421, 0.7455] | 1.1661 | 0.1204 (0.1411) | 0.0223 | 0.1196 | [− 0.152, 0.3997] | 0.5520 |
(3) | − 0.325 (0.2715) | 0.231 | [− 0.857, 0.2067] | 1.0642 | − 0.375 (0.1398) | 0.0287 | − 0.3690 | [− 0.638, − 0.114] | 0.5243 |
N_E (1) | 0.4943 (0.0970) | 0.000 | [0.3023, 0.6827] | 0.3804 | 0.4957 (0.0967) | 0.0009 | 0.4963 | [0.3043, 0.6835] | 0.3790 |
PO (1) | − 0.286 (0.3312) | 0.388 | [− 0.935, 0.3633] | 1.2983 | − 0.246 (0.138) | 0.0107 | − 0.2440 | [− 0.523, 0.0237] | 0.5467 |
(2) | − 0.087 (0.3669) | 0.813 | [− 0.806, 0.6320] | 1.4381 | − 0.071 (0.1267) | 0.0216 | − 0.074 | [− 0.300, 0.1838] | 0.4834 |
(3) | − 0.077 (0.3639) | 0.832 | [− 0.791, 0.6360] | 1.4265 | 0.0214 (0.1629) | 0.0182 | 0.018 | [− 0.279, 0.3536] | 0.6330 |
Random effect | |||||||||
Var (intercept) | 0.2802 (0.0863) | [0.1111, 0.4493] | 0.3382 | 0.2781 (0.0805) | 0.0053 | 0.2800 | [0.1203, 0.4359] | 0.3156 |
Random effect model (Model 3)
(a) Using classical approach | (b) Using Bayesian approach | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. (Std. Err.) | P > z | [95% Conf. Interval] | Length | Mean (Std. Dev.) | MCSE | Median | [95% Cred. interval] | Length | |
Fixed effect | |||||||||
Student-level chxs | |||||||||
Intercept | 0.2498 (0.0690) | 0.000 | [0.1146, 0.3850] | 0.2704 | 0.2451 (0.0592) | 0.0041 | 0.2459 | [0.1291, 0.3611] | 0.2320 |
SP | 0.0322 (0.0876) | 0.713 | [− 0.1394, 0.2039] | 0.3432 | 0.0375 (0.0636) | 0.0058 | 0.0404 | [− 0.0837, 0.1594] | 0.2432 |
GS | 0.5951 (0.0948) | 0.000 | [0.4093, 0.7810] | 0.3716 | 0.622 (0.0727) | 0.0093 | 0.619 | [0.48602, 0.7692] | 0.2832 |
SCSE | 0.4139 (0.0933) | 0.000 | [0.2311, 0.5967] | 0.3656 | 0.401 (0.0707) | 0.0067 | 0.4004 | [0.26941, 0.5445] | 0.2751 |
AIR | 0.8472 (0.0989) | 0.000 | [0.6532, 1.0410] | 0.3877 | 0.8487 (0.0687) | 0.0073 | 0.8469 | [0.7211, 0.9782] | 0.2571 |
CPS | 0.3464 (0.0950) | 0.000 | [0.1602, 0.5327] | 0.3724 | 0.3873 (0.0773) | 0.01 | 0.3868 | [0.2292, 0.5327] | 0.3035 |
IOS | 1.3411 (0.1203) | 0.000 | [1.1052, 1.5769] | 0.4717 | 1.3399 (0.055) | 0.0112 | 1.339 | [1.2348, 1.4469] | 0.2122 |
RTC (1) | 0.2016 (0.2381) | 0.397 | [− 0.265, 0.6682] | 0.9332 | 0.2229 (0.1265) | 0.0112 | 0.2283 | [− 0.0212, 0.4651] | 0.4863 |
CFBI (1) | 0.3502 (0.2005) | 0.081 | [− 0.0428, 0.7433] | 0.7861 | 0.3406 (0.1114) | 0.0158 | 0.3385 | [0.1397, 0.5605] | 0.4208 |
IG (1) | 0.4594 (0.2376) | 0.053 | [− 0.0063, 0.9250] | 0.9313 | 0.4588 (0.124) | 0.0093 | 0.4617 | [0.2077, 0.7059] | 0.4981 |
MFSB (1) | 1.1915 (0.4159) | 0.004 | [0.3762, 2.0068] | 1.6305 | 1.1868 (0.1075) | 0.0107 | 1.186 | [0.9823, 1.4027] | 0.4204 |
(2) | − 0.2700 (0.9143) | 0.768 | [− 2.0616, 1.5224] | 3.5841 | − 0.262 (0.1398) | 0.0263 | − 0.262 | [− 0.5344, 0.0267] | 0.5611 |
(3) | 0.0563 (0.2955) | 0.849 | [− 0.5229, 0.6356] | 1.1585 | 0.0585 (0.1272) | 0.0122 | 0.0502 | [− 0.1599, 0.3254] | 0.4854 |
AF (1) | 0.7919 (0.3114) | 0.011 | [0.1815, 1.4022] | 1.2207 | 0.8029 (0.0789) | 0.015 | 0.8024 | [0.6377, 0.9566] | 0.3189 |
BOC (1) | 0.0326 (0.2008) | 0.871 | [− 0.361, 0.4262] | 0.7872 | 0.0773 (0.1175) | 0.011 | 0.0707 | [− 0.1306, 0.3188] | 0.4493 |
PBE (1) | 0.3880 (0.1416) | 0.006 | [0.1040, 0.6600] | 0.5560 | 0.389 (0.1395) | 0.0021 | 0.000 | [0.1126, 0.6593] | 0.5467 |
BOF (1) | 0.6088 (0.3263) | 0.000 | [0.5448, 0.6727] | 0.1279 | 0.6087 (0.0326) | 0.0004 | 0.6087 | [0.5450, 0.6729] | 0.1279 |
NERK (1) | − 0.3500 (0.2685) | 0.192 | [− 0.8765, 0.1760] | 1.0526 | − 0.354 (0.084) | 0.0132 | − 0.357 | [− 0.5166, − 0.184] | 0.3326 |
(2) | 0.1893 (0.2990) | 0.527 | [− 0.3968, 0.7753] | 1.1721 | 0.1477 (0.1149) | 0.0189 | 0.1481 | [− 0.0858, 0.3738] | 0.4596 |
(3) | − 0.291 (0.2735) | 0.288 | [− 0.8268, 0.2451] | 1.0720 | − 0.306 (0.0952) | 0.0174 | − 0.306 | [− 0.4999, − 0.112] | 0.3879 |
N_E (1) | 0.4943 (0.0970) | 0.000 | [0.3023, 0.6827] | 0.3804 | 0.4957 (0.0967) | 0.0009 | 0.4963 | [0.3043, 0.6835] | 0.3790 |
PO (1) | − 0.267 (0.3318) | 0.421 | [− 0.9171, 0.3835] | 1.3007 | − 0.25 (0.0772) | 0.0062 | − 0.253 | [− 0.3966, − 0.1018] | 0.2947 |
(2) | − 0.050 (0.3688) | 0.893 | [− 0.7726, 0.6731] | 1.4456 | − 0.014 (0.1141) | 0.0122 | − 0.011 | [− 0.2504, 0.1847] | 0.4352 |
(3) | − 0.035 (0.3668) | 0.923 | [− 0.7543, 0.6834] | 1.4377 | 0.0189 (0.0983) | 0.0137 | 0.0199 | [− 0.1640, 0.2092] | 0.3732 |
University-level chxs | |||||||||
EE (1) | 1.0426 (0.2928) | 0.000 | [0.4687, 1.6165] | 1.1478 | 1.0209 (0.2822) | 0.0143 | 1.0094 | [0.4943, 1.5903] | 1.0960 |
BC (1) | − 0.0042 (0.0683) | 0.951 | [− 0.1380, 0.1296] | 0.2676 | − 0.0034 (0.0671) | 0.0034 | − 0.0077 | [− 0.1349, 0.1281] | 0.2630 |
ETIG (1) | 0.0185 (0.0689) | 0.788 | [− 0.1165, 0.1536] | 0.2701 | 0.0183 (0.0611) | 0.0028 | 0.0173 | [− 0.1380, 0.1015] | 0.2395 |
Random effect | |||||||||
Var (intercept) | 0.2774 (0.0796) | [0.1214, 0.4334] | 0.3120 | 0.2703 (0.0712) | 0.0015 | 0.2700 | [0.1307, 0.4099] | 0.2792 | |
Var (EE) | 0.1273 (0.0439) | [0.0413, 0.2133] | 0.1720 | 0.1268 (0.0407) | 0.0396 | 0.1264 | [0.0470, 0.2066] | 0.1596 |
Model | Classical approach | Bayesian approach | |
---|---|---|---|
AIC | BIC | DIC | |
Empty model (Model 1) | 1257.775 | 1267.426 | 1253.195 |
Fixed effect model (Model 2) | 863.654 | 987.455 | 830.051 |
Random effect model (Model 3) | 859.075 | 968.591 | 828.661 |