Skip to main content
Top
Published in: The Urban Review 2/2011

01-06-2011

Bridging the Legacy of Activism Across Generations: Life Stories of African American Educators in Post-Civil Rights Birmingham

Author: Tondra L. Loder-Jackson

Published in: The Urban Review | Issue 2/2011

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This qualitative study takes account of the salience of activism in informing the worldviews and professional practices of a multigenerational sample of 42 African American educators in Birmingham, Alabama. Framed by life course, Black feminist thought, and hip-hop educational research perspectives, the study highlights how the participants grapple with: generational misunderstandings; re-visioning traditional notions of activism; and forging intergenerational alliances. Birmingham, forever bound by its haunted yet sacred civil rights history, is presented as a prototypical space for examining this inquiry and sparking a resurgent activism among African American educators. The author concludes with implications for the capacity of contemporary African American educators in the U.S. South to forge intergenerational alliances to advance the aims of African American education.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference American Demographics. (2001). The forgotten baby boom. American Demographics, 23(2), 48–51. American Demographics. (2001). The forgotten baby boom. American Demographics, 23(2), 48–51.
go back to reference Anderson, J. D. (1988). The education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina.CrossRef Anderson, J. D. (1988). The education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina.CrossRef
go back to reference Anderson, J. (2004). Board to redraw elementary zones. Superintendent Jack Farr retires, cites battle against cancerous brain tumor. Birmingham News. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com. Anderson, J. (2004). Board to redraw elementary zones. Superintendent Jack Farr retires, cites battle against cancerous brain tumor. Birmingham News. Retrieved from http://​www.​lexisnexis.​com.
go back to reference Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2002). A womanist experience of caring: Understanding the pedagogy of exemplary Black women teachers. The Urban Review, 34(1), 71–86.CrossRef Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2002). A womanist experience of caring: Understanding the pedagogy of exemplary Black women teachers. The Urban Review, 34(1), 71–86.CrossRef
go back to reference Bositis, D. A. (2001). Diverging generations: The transformation of African American policy views. Washington, D.C.: The Joint Center for Political & Economic Studies. Bositis, D. A. (2001). Diverging generations: The transformation of African American policy views. Washington, D.C.: The Joint Center for Political & Economic Studies.
go back to reference Boyd, T. (2003). The new H.N.I.C.: The death of civil rights and the reign of hip hop. New York: New York University. Boyd, T. (2003). The new H.N.I.C.: The death of civil rights and the reign of hip hop. New York: New York University.
go back to reference Bynoe, Y. (2004). Connected but distinct; hip-hop culture versus hip-hop activism. The Network Journal, 11(5), 14. Bynoe, Y. (2004). Connected but distinct; hip-hop culture versus hip-hop activism. The Network Journal, 11(5), 14.
go back to reference Christensen, L. M., & Loder, T. L. (2005). Keeping the dream alive through in-service and pre-service teacher education: Alabama educators’ reflections on teaching an innovative Civil Rights Movement course. In Presentation at the National Association of Multicultural Education Conference. Atlanta, GA. Christensen, L. M., & Loder, T. L. (2005). Keeping the dream alive through in-service and pre-service teacher education: Alabama educators’ reflections on teaching an innovative Civil Rights Movement course. In Presentation at the National Association of Multicultural Education Conference. Atlanta, GA.
go back to reference Clausen, J. (1998). Life reviews and life stories. In J. Z. Giele & G. H. Elder Jr (Eds.), Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (pp. 189–212). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Clausen, J. (1998). Life reviews and life stories. In J. Z. Giele & G. H. Elder Jr (Eds.), Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (pp. 189–212). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Coffin, G. C. (1972). The black school administrator and how he’s being pushed to extinction. American School Board Journal, 159(11), 33–36. Coffin, G. C. (1972). The black school administrator and how he’s being pushed to extinction. American School Board Journal, 159(11), 33–36.
go back to reference Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Crosnoe, R., Johnson, M. K., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2004). Intergenerational bonding in school: The behavioral and contextual correlates of student-teacher relationships. Sociology of Education, 77(1), 60–81.CrossRef Crosnoe, R., Johnson, M. K., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2004). Intergenerational bonding in school: The behavioral and contextual correlates of student-teacher relationships. Sociology of Education, 77(1), 60–81.CrossRef
go back to reference Dagbovie, P. G. (2006). Strategies for teaching African American history: Musings from the past, ruminations for the future. The Journal of Negro Education, 75(4), 635–648. Dagbovie, P. G. (2006). Strategies for teaching African American history: Musings from the past, ruminations for the future. The Journal of Negro Education, 75(4), 635–648.
go back to reference Dingus, J. E. (2006). Doing the best we could: African American teachers’ counterstory on school desegregation. The Urban Review, 38(3), 211–233.CrossRef Dingus, J. E. (2006). Doing the best we could: African American teachers’ counterstory on school desegregation. The Urban Review, 38(3), 211–233.CrossRef
go back to reference Dixson, A. D. (2003). “Let’s do this!” Black women teachers’ politics and pedagogy. Urban Education, 38(2), 217–235.CrossRef Dixson, A. D. (2003). “Let’s do this!” Black women teachers’ politics and pedagogy. Urban Education, 38(2), 217–235.CrossRef
go back to reference Elder, G. H., & Pellerin, L. A. (1998). Linking history and human lives. In J. Z. Giele & G. H. Elder Jr. (Eds.), Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (pp. 264–294). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Elder, G. H., & Pellerin, L. A. (1998). Linking history and human lives. In J. Z. Giele & G. H. Elder Jr. (Eds.), Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (pp. 264–294). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Eskew, G. T. (1997). But for Birmingham: The local and national movements in the civil rights struggle. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina. Eskew, G. T. (1997). But for Birmingham: The local and national movements in the civil rights struggle. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina.
go back to reference Fairclough, A. (2001). Teaching equality: Black schools in the age of Jim Crow. Athens: The University of Georgia. Fairclough, A. (2001). Teaching equality: Black schools in the age of Jim Crow. Athens: The University of Georgia.
go back to reference Foster, M. (1990). The politics of race: Through the eyes of African-American teachers. Journal of Education, 172, 123–141. Foster, M. (1990). The politics of race: Through the eyes of African-American teachers. Journal of Education, 172, 123–141.
go back to reference Foster, M. (1993). Self-portraits of Black teachers: Narratives of individual and collective struggle against racism. In D. McLaughlin & W. G. Tierney (Eds.), Naming silenced lives: Personal narratives & processes of educational change (pp. 155–176). New York: Routledge. Foster, M. (1993). Self-portraits of Black teachers: Narratives of individual and collective struggle against racism. In D. McLaughlin & W. G. Tierney (Eds.), Naming silenced lives: Personal narratives & processes of educational change (pp. 155–176). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Foster, M. (1997). Black teachers on teaching. New York: Norton. Foster, M. (1997). Black teachers on teaching. New York: Norton.
go back to reference Franklin, V. P. (2008). “They rose or fell together”: African American educators and community leadership, 1795–1954. In L. Tillman (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of African American Education (pp. 35–51). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Franklin, V. P. (2008). “They rose or fell together”: African American educators and community leadership, 1795–1954. In L. Tillman (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of African American Education (pp. 35–51). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Fultz, M. (1995). African American teachers in the South, 1890–1940: Powerlessness and the ironies of expectation and protest. History of Education Quarterly, 35, 401–422.CrossRef Fultz, M. (1995). African American teachers in the South, 1890–1940: Powerlessness and the ironies of expectation and protest. History of Education Quarterly, 35, 401–422.CrossRef
go back to reference Fultz, M. (2004). The displacement of Black educators post-Brown: An overview and analysis. History of Education Quarterly, 44(1), 11–45.CrossRef Fultz, M. (2004). The displacement of Black educators post-Brown: An overview and analysis. History of Education Quarterly, 44(1), 11–45.CrossRef
go back to reference Fultz, M. (2008). Caught between a rock and a hard place: The dissolution of Black state teachers associations, 1954–1970. In L. Tillman (Ed.), The Sage handbook of African American education (pp. 67–82). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Fultz, M. (2008). Caught between a rock and a hard place: The dissolution of Black state teachers associations, 1954–1970. In L. Tillman (Ed.), The Sage handbook of African American education (pp. 67–82). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Generett, G. G. (2005). Intergenerational discussions as a curriculum strategy: Modeling audacious hope in action. [Special issue]. The Urban Review, 37(3), 267–277.CrossRef Generett, G. G. (2005). Intergenerational discussions as a curriculum strategy: Modeling audacious hope in action. [Special issue]. The Urban Review, 37(3), 267–277.CrossRef
go back to reference Giele, J. Z., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (Eds.). (1998). Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Giele, J. Z., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (Eds.). (1998). Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Ginsburg, F. D. (1989). Contested lives: The abortion debate in an American community. Berkeley: University of California. Ginsburg, F. D. (1989). Contested lives: The abortion debate in an American community. Berkeley: University of California.
go back to reference Gray, J. (2009). Rights activist Lowery honored. The Birmingham News, 122(246), p. 8D. Gray, J. (2009). Rights activist Lowery honored. The Birmingham News, 122(246), p. 8D.
go back to reference Green, K., & Runell, M. (2006). Hip hop & education: An exploratory dialogue. In Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Association for Multicultural Education. Phoenix, Arizona. Green, K., & Runell, M. (2006). Hip hop & education: An exploratory dialogue. In Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Association for Multicultural Education. Phoenix, Arizona.
go back to reference Hamilton, K. (2003). Activists for the new millennium. Black Issues in Higher Education, 20(5), 16–21. Hamilton, K. (2003). Activists for the new millennium. Black Issues in Higher Education, 20(5), 16–21.
go back to reference Hansen, J., & Leech, M. (2006). City’s black students leaving for the suburbs. The Birmingham News [Electronic version]. Retrieved from http://www.al.com. Hansen, J., & Leech, M. (2006). City’s black students leaving for the suburbs. The Birmingham News [Electronic version]. Retrieved from http://​www.​al.​com.
go back to reference Huberman, M., & Miles, M. (1994). Data management and analysis methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 428–444). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Huberman, M., & Miles, M. (1994). Data management and analysis methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 428–444). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Hudson, M. J., & Holmes, B. J. (1994). Missing teachers, impaired communities: The unanticipated consequences of Brown vs. Board of Education on the African American teaching force at the precollegiate level. Journal of Negro Education, 63, 388–393.CrossRef Hudson, M. J., & Holmes, B. J. (1994). Missing teachers, impaired communities: The unanticipated consequences of Brown vs. Board of Education on the African American teaching force at the precollegiate level. Journal of Negro Education, 63, 388–393.CrossRef
go back to reference Karpinski, C. F. (2008). “A visible company of professionals”: African Americans and the National Education Association during the civil rights movement. New York City, NY: Peter Lang. Karpinski, C. F. (2008). “A visible company of professionals”: African Americans and the National Education Association during the civil rights movement. New York City, NY: Peter Lang.
go back to reference Kelly, D. C. (2009). In preparation for adulthood: Exploring civic participation social trust among young minorities. Youth and Society, 40(4), 526–540.CrossRef Kelly, D. C. (2009). In preparation for adulthood: Exploring civic participation social trust among young minorities. Youth and Society, 40(4), 526–540.CrossRef
go back to reference Kitwana, B. (2002). The hip hop generation: Young Blacks and the crisis in African American culture. New York: Basic Civitas Books. Kitwana, B. (2002). The hip hop generation: Young Blacks and the crisis in African American culture. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
go back to reference Levine, D. (2002). The Milwaukee Platoon school battle: Lessons for activist teachers. The Urban Review, 34(1), 47–69.CrossRef Levine, D. (2002). The Milwaukee Platoon school battle: Lessons for activist teachers. The Urban Review, 34(1), 47–69.CrossRef
go back to reference Linde, C. (1987). Explanatory systems in oral life stories. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 343–366). Cambridge: Cambridge University. Linde, C. (1987). Explanatory systems in oral life stories. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 343–366). Cambridge: Cambridge University.
go back to reference Loder, T. L. (2005a). African-American women principals’ reflections on social change, community othermothering, and Chicago public school reform. Urban Education, 40(3), 298–320.CrossRef Loder, T. L. (2005a). African-American women principals’ reflections on social change, community othermothering, and Chicago public school reform. Urban Education, 40(3), 298–320.CrossRef
go back to reference Loder, T. L. (2005b). Women administrators’ negotiate work-family conflicts during changing times: An intergenerational perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(5), 741–776.CrossRef Loder, T. L. (2005b). Women administrators’ negotiate work-family conflicts during changing times: An intergenerational perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(5), 741–776.CrossRef
go back to reference Loder, T. L. (2005c). On deferred dreams, callings, and revolving doors of opportunity: African-American women’s reflections on becoming principals. The Urban Review, 37(3), 243–265.CrossRef Loder, T. L. (2005c). On deferred dreams, callings, and revolving doors of opportunity: African-American women’s reflections on becoming principals. The Urban Review, 37(3), 243–265.CrossRef
go back to reference Loder, T. L. (2006). Dilemmas confronting urban principals in the post-civil rights era. In J. L. Kincheloe, K. Hayes, K. Rose, & P. M. Anderson (Eds.), Urban education: An Encyclopedia (pp. 70–77). Westport, CT: Greenwood. Loder, T. L. (2006). Dilemmas confronting urban principals in the post-civil rights era. In J. L. Kincheloe, K. Hayes, K. Rose, & P. M. Anderson (Eds.), Urban education: An Encyclopedia (pp. 70–77). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
go back to reference Loder-Jackson, T. L. (2007). Convener, Chair & Keynote Speaker. The role of educators in the Civil Rights Movement [Conference presentation]. Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. Loder-Jackson, T. L. (2007). Convener, Chair & Keynote Speaker. The role of educators in the Civil Rights Movement [Conference presentation]. Birmingham Civil Rights Institute.
go back to reference Loder-Jackson, T. L., & Chambers, II, M. C. (2008). Is activism still alive in post-civil rights Birmingham? Intergenerational perspectives from African American educators. In The 93rd annual convention of the Association for the Study of African American Life & History. Birmingham, AL. Loder-Jackson, T. L., & Chambers, II, M. C. (2008). Is activism still alive in post-civil rights Birmingham? Intergenerational perspectives from African American educators. In The 93rd annual convention of the Association for the Study of African American Life & History. Birmingham, AL.
go back to reference Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In K. Mannheim (Ed.), Essays on the sociology of knowledge (pp. 276–322). London: Routledge & Kegal Paul. (Original work published in 1928). Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In K. Mannheim (Ed.), Essays on the sociology of knowledge (pp. 276–322). London: Routledge & Kegal Paul. (Original work published in 1928).
go back to reference McWhorter, D. (2001). Carry me home: Birmingham, Alabama, The climactic battle of the civil rights revolution. New York, NY: Touchstone. McWhorter, D. (2001). Carry me home: Birmingham, Alabama, The climactic battle of the civil rights revolution. New York, NY: Touchstone.
go back to reference Morris, J. E. (1999). A pillar of strength: An African American school’s communal bonds with families and community since ‘Brown’. Urban Education, 33(5), 584–605.CrossRef Morris, J. E. (1999). A pillar of strength: An African American school’s communal bonds with families and community since ‘Brown’. Urban Education, 33(5), 584–605.CrossRef
go back to reference Morris, J. E., & Monroe, C. R. (2009). Why study the U.S. South? The nexus of race and place in investigating Black student achievement. Educational Researcher, 38(1), 21–36.CrossRef Morris, J. E., & Monroe, C. R. (2009). Why study the U.S. South? The nexus of race and place in investigating Black student achievement. Educational Researcher, 38(1), 21–36.CrossRef
go back to reference Morris, V. G., & Morris, C. L. (2000). Creating caring and nurturing educational environments for African American children. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey. Morris, V. G., & Morris, C. L. (2000). Creating caring and nurturing educational environments for African American children. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
go back to reference Newman, K. S. (1986). Symbolic dialects and generations of women: Variation in the meaning of post-divorce downward mobility. American Ethnologist, 13, 230–252.CrossRef Newman, K. S. (1986). Symbolic dialects and generations of women: Variation in the meaning of post-divorce downward mobility. American Ethnologist, 13, 230–252.CrossRef
go back to reference Payne, C. (1995). I’ve got the light of freedom: The organizing tradition and the Mississippi freedom struggle. Berkeley, CA: University of California. Payne, C. (1995). I’ve got the light of freedom: The organizing tradition and the Mississippi freedom struggle. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
go back to reference Perlstein, D. (2002). Minds stayed on freedom: Politics and pedagogy in the African-American freedom struggle. American Educational Research Journal, 39(2), 249–277.CrossRef Perlstein, D. (2002). Minds stayed on freedom: Politics and pedagogy in the African-American freedom struggle. American Educational Research Journal, 39(2), 249–277.CrossRef
go back to reference Personal Narratives Group (Ed.). (1989). Interpreting women’s lives: Feminist theory and personal narratives. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. Personal Narratives Group (Ed.). (1989). Interpreting women’s lives: Feminist theory and personal narratives. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.
go back to reference Petchauer, E. C. (2009). Framing & reviewing hip-hop educational research. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 946–978.CrossRef Petchauer, E. C. (2009). Framing & reviewing hip-hop educational research. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 946–978.CrossRef
go back to reference Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Ryder, N. B. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30, 843–861.CrossRef Ryder, N. B. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30, 843–861.CrossRef
go back to reference Sartain, L. (2007). Invisible activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the struggle for civil rights, 1915–1945. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. Sartain, L. (2007). Invisible activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the struggle for civil rights, 1915–1945. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.
go back to reference Shaw, S. (1996). What a woman ought to be and to do: Black professional women workers during the Jim Crow era. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago. Shaw, S. (1996). What a woman ought to be and to do: Black professional women workers during the Jim Crow era. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago.
go back to reference Teaching Tolerance and Home Box Office (Producers), & Hudson, R. (Director). (2004). Mighty times: The children’s march. [Documentary film]. (Available from Teaching Tolerance, 400 Washington Avenue, Montgomery, AL, 36104). Teaching Tolerance and Home Box Office (Producers), & Hudson, R. (Director). (2004). Mighty times: The children’s march. [Documentary film]. (Available from Teaching Tolerance, 400 Washington Avenue, Montgomery, AL, 36104).
go back to reference Tillman, L. C. (2004a). African American principals and the legacy of Brown. Review of Research in Education, 28, 101–146.CrossRef Tillman, L. C. (2004a). African American principals and the legacy of Brown. Review of Research in Education, 28, 101–146.CrossRef
go back to reference Tillman, L. C. (2004b). (Un)intended consequences? The impact of Brown vs. Board of Education decision on the employment status of Black educators. Education in Urban Society, 36, 280–303.CrossRef Tillman, L. C. (2004b). (Un)intended consequences? The impact of Brown vs. Board of Education decision on the employment status of Black educators. Education in Urban Society, 36, 280–303.CrossRef
go back to reference Walker, V. S. (2000). Valued segregated schools for African American children in the South, 1935–1969: A review of common themes and characteristics. Review of Educational Research, 70, 253–285. Walker, V. S. (2000). Valued segregated schools for African American children in the South, 1935–1969: A review of common themes and characteristics. Review of Educational Research, 70, 253–285.
go back to reference Walker, V. S. (2005). Organized resistance and Black educators’ quest for school equality, 1878–1938. Teachers College Record, 107(3), 355–388.CrossRef Walker, V. S. (2005). Organized resistance and Black educators’ quest for school equality, 1878–1938. Teachers College Record, 107(3), 355–388.CrossRef
go back to reference Wesson, L. (1995). Equity issues for women and minorities in educational administration. In B. Irby & G. Brown (Eds.), Women as school executives: Voices and visions (pp. 149–157). Austin, TX: Texas Association of School Administrators. Wesson, L. (1995). Equity issues for women and minorities in educational administration. In B. Irby & G. Brown (Eds.), Women as school executives: Voices and visions (pp. 149–157). Austin, TX: Texas Association of School Administrators.
go back to reference Williams, J. (1987). Eyes on the prize: America’s civil rights years, 1954–1965. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Williams, J. (1987). Eyes on the prize: America’s civil rights years, 1954–1965. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
go back to reference Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago. Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago.
go back to reference Wilson, B. M. (2000). Race and place in Birmingham: The civil rights and neighborhood movements. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Wilson, B. M. (2000). Race and place in Birmingham: The civil rights and neighborhood movements. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Metadata
Title
Bridging the Legacy of Activism Across Generations: Life Stories of African American Educators in Post-Civil Rights Birmingham
Author
Tondra L. Loder-Jackson
Publication date
01-06-2011
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
The Urban Review / Issue 2/2011
Print ISSN: 0042-0972
Electronic ISSN: 1573-1960
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-009-0142-1

Other articles of this Issue 2/2011

The Urban Review 2/2011 Go to the issue