Top

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

Published in:

11-01-2023 | ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Cobalt extraction from spent lithium-ion battery cathode material using a sulfuric acid solution containing SO₂

Authors: Dragana V. Medić, Miroslav D. Sokić, Maja M. Nujkić, Stefan S. Đorđievski, Snežana M. Milić, Slađana Č. Alagić, Milan M. Antonijević

Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management | Issue 2/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

To increase the degree of cobalt (Co) extraction, the process of the cathode material leaching was performed in a sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) solution containing sulfur dioxide (SO₂) as a reducing agent. To provide a high resolution of the obtained results, frequent monitoring of Co concentrations in leached solution was conducted using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer with several specific modifications related to the connection of the reaction vessel with the instrumental cuvette. The maximum degree of Co leaching (99.4%) was achieved with H₂SO₄ concentration of 3 mol/L, solid phase concentration of 33 g/L, temperature of 85 °C, SO₂ volume flow of 2 L/min, and leaching time of 60 min. The results of the performed kinetic analyses indicated that the Avrami equation best describes the investigated leaching process, which later was supported by the results of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses. Also, the activation energy of 28 ± 3 kJ/mol is in favor of the fact that the process of Co leaching was controlled by the factors, such as diffusion and chemical reaction. The results of this study indicated that SO₂ can be used as an effective reducing agent in the investigated process.

previous article Automotive industrial waste-based pigment synthesis for application in ceramic glaze systems

next article Sustainable red ceramic block: recycling of a sewage sludge as raw material

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Sattar R, Ilyas S, Bhatti HN, Ghaffar A (2019) Resource recovery of critically-rare metals by hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lithium ion batteries. Sep Purif Technol 209:725–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.019CrossRef

Tang H, Tan F, Dai X, Qiao Y, Zheng X (2020) Comprehensive recovery of mixed spent of LiNi_xCo_yMn_(1–_x₋_y₎O₂ and LiFePO₄. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 22:1734–1743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01059-6CrossRef

Zheng X, Zhu Z, Lin X, Zhang Y, He Y, Cao H, Sun Z (2018) A Mini-Review on Metal Recycling from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries. Engineering 4:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.05.018CrossRef

Takahashi VCI, Botelho Junior AB, Espinosa DCR, Tenório JAS (2020) Enhancing cobalt recovery from Li-ion batteries using grinding treatment prior to the leaching and solvent extraction process. J Environ Chem Eng 8:103801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103801CrossRef

Chen H, Gu S, Guo Y, Dai X, Zeng L, Wang K, He C, Dodbiba G, Wei Y, Fujita T (2021) Leaching of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries by using a mixture of ascorbic acid and HNO₃. Hydrometallurgy 205:105746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105746CrossRef

Rarotra S, Kumar P, Satyabrata S, Kumar P, Kim KH (2022) Transformation of recovered cobalt from lithium-ion batteries into zeolitic imidazolate framework-67. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 24:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01328-yCrossRef

Badawy SM, Nayl AA, El Khashab RA, El Khateeb MA (2014) Cobalt separation from waste mobile phone batteries using selective precipitation and chelating resin. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 16:739–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-013-0213-yCrossRef

Takacova Z, Havlik T, Kukurugya F, Orac D (2016) Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent Li-ion batteries: Theoretical and experimental approach. Hydrometallurgy 163:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.03.007CrossRef

Medić D, Milić S, Alagić S, Đorđević I, Dimitrijević S (2020) Classification of spent Li-ion batteries based on ICP-OES/X-ray characterization of the cathode materials. Hem Ind 74:221–230. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND200114012MCrossRef

10.

Ndalamo J, Mulaba-Bafubiandi AF, Mamba BB (2011) UV/visible spectroscopic analysis of CO³⁺ and CO²⁺ during the dissolution of cobalt from mixed Co-Cu oxidized ores. Int J Min Met Mater 18:260–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-011-0432-yCrossRef

11.

Swain B, Jeong J, Jae-chun Lee J-C, Lee G-H, Sohn J-S (2007) Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of cobalt from waste cathodic active material generated during manufacturing of lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources 167:536–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.046CrossRef

12.

Kang J, Senanayake G, Sohn J, Shin SM (2010) Recovery of cobalt sulfate from spent lithium ion batteries by reductive leaching and solvent extraction with Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy 100:168–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.10.010CrossRef

13.

Zhu S, He W, Li G, Zhou X, Zhang X, Huang J (2012) Recovery of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries by combination method of acid leaching and chemical precipitation. T Nonferr Metal Soc 22:2274–2281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61460-XCrossRef

14.

Nadimi H, Karazmoudeh NJ (2020) Leaching of Co, Mn and Ni Using H₂O₂ in sulfuric acid medium from mobile phone LIBs. J Inst Eng India Ser D 101:111–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-020-00221-6CrossRef

15.

Vieceli N, Nogueira CA, Guimarães C, Pereira MFC, Durão FO, Margarido F (2018) Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries by reductive leaching with sodium metabisulphite. Waste Manage 71:350–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.032CrossRef

16.

Meshram P, Abhilash PBD, Mankhand TR, Devec H (2016) Comparision of different reductants in leaching of spent lithium ion batteries. JOM 68:2613–2623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-2032-9CrossRef

17.

Chen X, Luo C, Zhang J, Kong J, Zhou T (2015) Sustainable recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: A green process. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:3104–3113. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01000CrossRef

18.

Chen X, Guo C, Ma H, Li J, Zho T, Cao L, Kang D (2018) Organic reductants based leaching: A sustainable process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries. Waste Manage 75:459–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.021CrossRef

19.

Wan X, Taskinen P, Shi J, Jokilaakso (2021) A potential industrial waste–waste co-treatment process of utilizing waste SO₂ gas and residue heat to recover Co, Ni, and Cu from copper smelting slag. J Hazard Mater 414:125541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125541

20.

Guo Y, Zhao YL, Lou X, Zhou T, Wang Z, Fang C, Guan J, Chen S, Xu X, Zhang RQ (2020) Efficient degradation of industrial pollutants with sulfur (IV) mediated by LiCoO₂ cathode powders of spent lithium ion batteries: A “treating waste with waste” strategy. J Hazard Mater 123090 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123090

21.

Ren J, Li R, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Mu D, Zheng R, Liu J, Dai C (2017) The impact of aluminum impurity on the regenerated lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials from spent LIBs. New J Chem 41:10959–10965. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ01206CCrossRef

22.

Peng C, Lahtinen K, Medina E, Kauranen P, Karppinen M, Kallio T, Wilson BP, Lundström M (2020) Role of impurity copper in Li-ion battery recycling to LiCoO₂ cathode materials. J Power Sources 450:227630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227630CrossRef

23.

Fu Y, He Y, Qu L, Feng Y, Li J, Liu J, Zhang G, Xie W (2019) Enhancement in leaching process of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using benzenesulfonic acid system. Waste Manage 88:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.044CrossRef

24.

Nayaka GP, Zhan Y, Dong P, Wang D, Pai KV, Manjanna J, Santhosh G, Duan J, Zhou Z, Xiao J (2018) Effective and environmentally friendly recycling process designed for LiCoO₂ cathode powders of spent Li-ion batteries using mixture of mild organic acids. Waste Manage 78:51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.030CrossRef

25.

Golmohammadzadeh R, Rashchi F, Vahidi E (2017) Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids: process optimization and kinetic aspects. Waste Manage 64:244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.037CrossRef

26.

Meng Q, Zhang Y, Dong P (2017) Use of glucose as reductant to recover Co from spent lithium ions batteries. Waste Manage 64:214–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.017CrossRef

27.

Chernyaev A, Partinen J, Klemettinen L, Wilson BP, Jokilaakso A, Lundström M (2021) The efficiency of scrap Cu and Al current collector materials as reductants in LIB waste leaching. Hydrometallurgy 203:105608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105608CrossRef

28.

Das TN (2005) Saturation Concentration of Dissolved O₂ in Highly Acidic Aqueous Solutions of H₂SO₄. Ind Eng Chem Res 44:1660–1664. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie049539mCrossRef

29.

Yang J, Jiang LX, Liu FY, Jia M, Lai YQ (2020) Reductive acid leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrazine sulfate as reductant. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 30:2256–2264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65376-6CrossRef

30.

Gao W, Zhang X, Zheng X, Lin X, Cao H, Zhang Y, Sun ZHI (2017) Lithium carbonate recovery from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion battery: A closed-loop process. Environ Sci Technol 51:1662–1669. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03320CrossRef

31.

Jha MK, Kumari A, Jha AK, Kumar V, Hait J, Pandey BD (2013) Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone. Waste Manag 33:1890–1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.008jhaCrossRef

32.

Jiang F, Chen Y, Ju S, Zhu Q, Zhang L, Peng J, Wang X, Miller JD (2018) Ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries. Ultrason Sonochem 48:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.05.019CrossRef

33.

Lin M, Pei ZY, Lei SM, Liu YY, Xia ZJ, Xie FX (2018) Trace muscovite dissolution separation from vein quartz by elevated temperature and pressure acid leaching using sulphuric acid and ammonia chloride solutions. Physicochem Probl Mi 54:448–458. https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp1839CrossRef

34.

Zhang C, Wang S, Cao ZF, Zhong H (2018) Kinetics and mechanism of one-step reductive leaching of manganese oxide ores by EDTA/EDTA-2Na. Physicochem Probl Miner Process 54:858–867. https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp1887CrossRef

35.

Muzayanha SU, Yudha CS, Hasanah LM, Gupita LT, Widiyandari H, Purwanto A (2020) Comparative study of various kinetic models on leaching of NCA cathode material. Indones J Chem 20:1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.49412CrossRef

36.

Li L, Zhai L, Zhang X, Lu J, Chen R, Wu F, Amine K (2014) Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process. J Power Sources 262:380–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.013CrossRef

37.

Partinen J, Halli P, Helin S, Wilson BP, Lundström M (2022) Utilizing Cu⁺ as catalyst in reductive leaching of lithium-ion battery cathode materials in H₂SO₄–NaCl solutions. Hydrometallurgy 208:105808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105808CrossRef

38.

Cerrillo-Gonzalez MM, Villen-Guzman M, Acedo-Bueno LF, Rodriguez-Maroto JM, Paz-Garcia JM (2020) Hydrometallurgical extraction of Li and Co from LiCoO₂ particles-experimental and modeling. Appl Sci 10:6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186375CrossRef

39.

Dehaine Q, Tijsseling LT, Glass HJ, Törmӓnen T, Butcher AR (2021) Geometallurgy of cobalt ores: A review. Miner Eng 160:106656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106656CrossRef

40.

Serbula SM, Milosavljevic JS, Kalinovic JV, Kalinovic TS, Radojevic AA, Apostolovski Trujic TLJ, Tasic VM (2021) Arsenic and SO₂ hotspot in South-Eastern Europe: An overview of the air quality after the implementation of the flash smelting technology for copper production. Sci Total Environ 777:145981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021CrossRef

41.

Waste management program of the Republic of Serbia for the period 2022–2031 https://www.ekologija.gov.rs/dokumenta/upravljanje-otpadom/program Accessed 12 November 2022

Title: Cobalt extraction from spent lithium-ion battery cathode material using a sulfuric acid solution containing SO2
Authors: Dragana V. Medić
Miroslav D. Sokić
Maja M. Nujkić
Stefan S. Đorđievski
Snežana M. Milić
Slađana Č. Alagić
Milan M. Antonijević
Publication date: 11-01-2023
Publisher: Springer Japan
Published in: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management / Issue 2/2023
Print ISSN: 1438-4957
Electronic ISSN: 1611-8227
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01580-w

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 2/2023

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of emerging municipal solid waste management options: a case study in Thailand

Study to improve the reactivity of magnesium cations to CO2 for carbon capture and utilization technology using edible salt manufacturing plant wastewater

Non-catalytic and catalytic wet oxidation of landfill leachate over CuO and MoO3

Characterization of Cu2+ adsorption for eco-hydroxyapatite derived from limestone sludge via hydrothermal synthesis

Sensor-based sorting of waste digital devices by CNN-based image recognition using composite images created from mass and 2D/3D appearances

Leaching behavior and mineral speciation of cement-solidified boiler fly ash from industrial waste incineration containing waste tires