Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Happiness Studies 5/2017

25-07-2016 | Research Paper

Comparing the Effects of Three Online Cognitive Reappraisal Trainings on Well-Being

Authors: Rachel M. Ranney, Emma Bruehlman-Senecal, Ozlem Ayduk

Published in: Journal of Happiness Studies | Issue 5/2017

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This experimental training study examined which of three brief online cognitive reappraisal training protocols best enhances well-being and emotion regulation in response to stressful events. Participants were randomly assigned to learn positive reframing, self-distancing, or temporal distancing, and were asked to practice these techniques in their daily lives as interpersonal stressors arose naturally. The control group was instructed to continue regulating their emotions as they naturally would. Compared to the control, all training groups showed decreased negative emotional reactivity to the visualization of a recent stressful event 2 weeks post-training. They also showed a significant increase in general well-being from baseline to post-training. Participants’ change in reappraisal accounted for the training groups’ increased well-being.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
We also administered the Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (ARSQ; Downey et al. 2006) and a selection of subscales from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI: Buysse et al. 1989) at Phases 1 and 3. Condition did not significantly affect any of the utilized PSQI subscales, which were sleep latency, overall sleep quality, and day dysfunction due to sleepiness. Condition had a marginally significant effect on ARSQ, F(3, 199) = 2.10, p = .10, with the temporal distancing group showing lower rejection sensitivity than the control group at Phase 3, F(1, 199) = 5.37, p = .02, and the positive reframing group showing marginally lower rejection sensitivity than the control group at Phase 3, F(1, 199) = 3.65, p = .06.
 
Literature
go back to reference Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2010b). From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 809–829. doi:10.1037/a0019205.CrossRef Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2010b). From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 809–829. doi:10.​1037/​a0019205.CrossRef
go back to reference Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, O. (2015). This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 356–375. doi:10.1037/a0038324.CrossRef Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, O. (2015). This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 356–375. doi:10.​1037/​a0038324.CrossRef
go back to reference Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Ayduk, Ö., & John, O. P. (2016). Taking the long view: Implications of individual differences in temporal distancing for affect, stress reactivity, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi:10.1037/pspp0000103 Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Ayduk, Ö., & John, O. P. (2016). Taking the long view: Implications of individual differences in temporal distancing for affect, stress reactivity, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi:10.​1037/​pspp0000103
go back to reference Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980.CrossRef Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. doi:10.​1177/​1745691610393980​.CrossRef
go back to reference Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(1), 56–65. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3601_6.CrossRef Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(1), 56–65. doi:10.​1207/​s15374424jccp360​1_​6.CrossRef
go back to reference Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.CrossRef Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. doi:10.​1016/​0165-1781(89)90047-4.CrossRef
go back to reference Crandal, R. (1973). The measurement of self-esteem and related constructs. In J. P. Robinson & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Measures of social psychological attitudes (Revised ed., pp. 80–82). Ann Arbor: ISR. Crandal, R. (1973). The measurement of self-esteem and related constructs. In J. P. Robinson & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Measures of social psychological attitudes (Revised ed., pp. 80–82). Ann Arbor: ISR.
go back to reference Denny, B. T. (2013). Examining the temporal dynamics of emotion regulation via cognitive reappraisal. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, (1353284298; 2013-99060-022). Denny, B. T. (2013). Examining the temporal dynamics of emotion regulation via cognitive reappraisal. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, (1353284298; 2013-99060-022).
go back to reference Denson, T. F., Grisham, J. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2011). Cognitive reappraisal increases heart rate variability in response to an anger provocation. Motivation and Emotion, 35(1), 14–22. doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9201-5.CrossRef Denson, T. F., Grisham, J. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2011). Cognitive reappraisal increases heart rate variability in response to an anger provocation. Motivation and Emotion, 35(1), 14–22. doi:10.​1007/​s11031-011-9201-5.CrossRef
go back to reference Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522–541. doi:10.1177/1077558709335173.CrossRef Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522–541. doi:10.​1177/​1077558709335173​.CrossRef
go back to reference Gallo, I. S., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2007). Implementation intentions: Control of fear despite cognitive load. Psicothema, 19(2), 280–285. Gallo, I. S., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2007). Implementation intentions: Control of fear despite cognitive load. Psicothema, 19(2), 280–285.
go back to reference Gallo, I. S., Keil, A., McCulloch, K. C., Rockstroh, B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2009). Strategic automation of emotion regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 11–31. doi:10.1037/a0013460.CrossRef Gallo, I. S., Keil, A., McCulloch, K. C., Rockstroh, B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2009). Strategic automation of emotion regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 11–31. doi:10.​1037/​a0013460.CrossRef
go back to reference Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). Positive reappraisal mediates the stress-reductive effects of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2(1), 59–67. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8.CrossRef Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). Positive reappraisal mediates the stress-reductive effects of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2(1), 59–67. doi:10.​1007/​s12671-011-0043-8.CrossRef
go back to reference Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659–1669. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009.CrossRef Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659–1669. doi:10.​1016/​j.​paid.​2005.​12.​009.CrossRef
go back to reference Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348.CrossRef Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. doi:10.​1037/​0022-3514.​85.​2.​348.CrossRef
go back to reference Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychological Science, 24(1), 106–111. doi:10.1177/0956797612452572.CrossRef Halperin, E., Porat, R., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychological Science, 24(1), 106–111. doi:10.​1177/​0956797612452572​.CrossRef
go back to reference Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Johansson, P., & Høglend, P. (2007). Identifying mechanisms of change in psychotherapy: Mediators of treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(1), 1–9. doi:10.1002/cpp.514.CrossRef Johansson, P., & Høglend, P. (2007). Identifying mechanisms of change in psychotherapy: Mediators of treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(1), 1–9. doi:10.​1002/​cpp.​514.CrossRef
go back to reference Kersting, A., Kroker, K., Schlicht, S., Baust, K., & Wagner, B. (2011). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral internet-based therapy in parents after the loss of a child during pregnancy: Pilot data from a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 14(6), 465–477. doi:10.1007/s00737-011-0240-4.CrossRef Kersting, A., Kroker, K., Schlicht, S., Baust, K., & Wagner, B. (2011). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral internet-based therapy in parents after the loss of a child during pregnancy: Pilot data from a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 14(6), 465–477. doi:10.​1007/​s00737-011-0240-4.CrossRef
go back to reference Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 924–938. doi:10.1177/0146167208315938.CrossRef Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 924–938. doi:10.​1177/​0146167208315938​.CrossRef
go back to reference Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., et al. (2014). Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(2), 304–324. doi:10.1037/a0035173.CrossRef Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., et al. (2014). Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(2), 304–324. doi:10.​1037/​a0035173.CrossRef
go back to reference Kross, E., Gard, D., Deldin, P., Clifton, J., & Ayduk, O. (2012). “Asking why” from a distance: Its cognitive and emotional consequences for people with major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(3), 559–569. doi:10.1037/a0028808.CrossRef Kross, E., Gard, D., Deldin, P., Clifton, J., & Ayduk, O. (2012). “Asking why” from a distance: Its cognitive and emotional consequences for people with major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(3), 559–569. doi:10.​1037/​a0028808.CrossRef
go back to reference Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Jorm, A. F., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2007a). Websites as a mode of delivering mental health information: Perceptions from the australian public. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(2), 167–172. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0138-z.CrossRef Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Jorm, A. F., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2007a). Websites as a mode of delivering mental health information: Perceptions from the australian public. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(2), 167–172. doi:10.​1007/​s00127-006-0138-z.CrossRef
go back to reference McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 143–162. doi:10.1177/1368430207088035.CrossRef McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 143–162. doi:10.​1177/​1368430207088035​.CrossRef
go back to reference Menchola, M. (2007). Physiological measures of affective chronometry during habitual and voluntary use of emotion regulation strategies. (Ph.D., The University of Arizona). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, (304895699). Menchola, M. (2007). Physiological measures of affective chronometry during habitual and voluntary use of emotion regulation strategies. (Ph.D., The University of Arizona). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, (304895699).
go back to reference Morris, M. E., Kathawala, Q., Leen, T. K., Gorenstein, E. E., Guilak, F., Labhard, M., et al. (2010). Mobile therapy: Case study evaluations of a cell phone application for emotional self-awareness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(2), p33–p50. doi:10.2196/jmir.1371.CrossRef Morris, M. E., Kathawala, Q., Leen, T. K., Gorenstein, E. E., Guilak, F., Labhard, M., et al. (2010). Mobile therapy: Case study evaluations of a cell phone application for emotional self-awareness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(2), p33–p50. doi:10.​2196/​jmir.​1371.CrossRef
go back to reference Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D., et al. (2004). For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neuroimage, 23(2), 483–499. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030.CrossRef Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D., et al. (2004). For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neuroimage, 23(2), 483–499. doi:10.​1016/​j.​neuroimage.​2004.​06.​030.CrossRef
go back to reference O’Donohue, W. T., & Draper, C. (2011). The case for evidence-based stepped care as part of a reformed delivery system. Stepped care and e-health: Practical applications to behavioral disorders (pp. 1–16). New York, NY: Springer. O’Donohue, W. T., & Draper, C. (2011). The case for evidence-based stepped care as part of a reformed delivery system. Stepped care and e-health: Practical applications to behavioral disorders (pp. 1–16). New York, NY: Springer.
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.CrossRef Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.​3758/​BRM.​40.​3.​879.CrossRef
go back to reference Ray, C. A. (2010). The effect of engagement in cognitive reappraisal in response to previously conditioned stimuli on online and long-term expectancy ratings and emotion indices. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, (622324398; 2010-99020-273). Ray, C. A. (2010). The effect of engagement in cognitive reappraisal in response to previously conditioned stimuli on online and long-term expectancy ratings and emotion indices. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, (622324398; 2010-99020-273).
go back to reference Ray, R. D., McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Cognitive reappraisal of negative affect: Converging evidence from EMG and self-report. Emotion, 10(4), 587–592. doi:10.1037/a0019015.CrossRef Ray, R. D., McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Cognitive reappraisal of negative affect: Converging evidence from EMG and self-report. Emotion, 10(4), 587–592. doi:10.​1037/​a0019015.CrossRef
go back to reference Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRef Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Ryff, C. D., Love, G. D., Urry, H. L., Muller, D., Rosenkranz, M. A., Friedman, E. M., et al. (2006). Psychological well-being and ill-being: Do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(2), 85–95. doi:10.1159/000090892.CrossRef Ryff, C. D., Love, G. D., Urry, H. L., Muller, D., Rosenkranz, M. A., Friedman, E. M., et al. (2006). Psychological well-being and ill-being: Do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(2), 85–95. doi:10.​1159/​000090892.CrossRef
go back to reference Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2012). Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 416–429. doi:10.1037/a0029208.CrossRef Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2012). Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 416–429. doi:10.​1037/​a0029208.CrossRef
go back to reference Stöber, J., & Bittencourt, J. (1998). Weekly assessment of worry: An adaptation of the penn state worry questionnaire for monitoring changes during treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(6), 645–656. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00031-X.CrossRef Stöber, J., & Bittencourt, J. (1998). Weekly assessment of worry: An adaptation of the penn state worry questionnaire for monitoring changes during treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(6), 645–656. doi:10.​1016/​S0005-7967(98)00031-X.CrossRef
go back to reference Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284.CrossRef Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. doi:10.​1037/​0022-3514.​76.​2.​284.CrossRef
go back to reference Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320.CrossRef Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. doi:10.​1037/​0022-3514.​86.​2.​320.CrossRef
go back to reference Wantland, D. J., Portillo, C. J., Holzemer, W. L., Slaughter, R., & McGhee, E. M. (2004). The effectiveness of web-based vs. non-web-based interventions: A meta-analysis of behavioral change outcomes. Journal of Medical Internet Research., 6(4), 40. doi:10.2196/jmir.6.4.e40.CrossRef Wantland, D. J., Portillo, C. J., Holzemer, W. L., Slaughter, R., & McGhee, E. M. (2004). The effectiveness of web-based vs. non-web-based interventions: A meta-analysis of behavioral change outcomes. Journal of Medical Internet Research., 6(4), 40. doi:10.​2196/​jmir.​6.​4.​e40.CrossRef
go back to reference Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.CrossRef Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. doi:10.​1037/​0022-3514.​54.​6.​1063.CrossRef
go back to reference Williams, L. E., Bargh, J. A., Nocera, C. C., & Gray, J. R. (2009). The unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate emotional reactivity. Emotion, 9(6), 847–854. doi:10.1037/a0017745.CrossRef Williams, L. E., Bargh, J. A., Nocera, C. C., & Gray, J. R. (2009). The unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate emotional reactivity. Emotion, 9(6), 847–854. doi:10.​1037/​a0017745.CrossRef
go back to reference Woud, M. L., Holmes, E. A., Postma, P., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2012). Ameliorating intrusive memories of distressing experiences using computerized reappraisal training. Emotion, 12(4), 778–784. doi:10.1037/a0024992.CrossRef Woud, M. L., Holmes, E. A., Postma, P., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2012). Ameliorating intrusive memories of distressing experiences using computerized reappraisal training. Emotion, 12(4), 778–784. doi:10.​1037/​a0024992.CrossRef
go back to reference Woud, M. L., Postma, P., Holmes, E. A., & Mackintosh, B. (2013). Reducing analogue trauma symptoms by computerized reappraisal training—Considering a cognitive prophylaxis? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(3), 312–315. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.01.003.CrossRef Woud, M. L., Postma, P., Holmes, E. A., & Mackintosh, B. (2013). Reducing analogue trauma symptoms by computerized reappraisal training—Considering a cognitive prophylaxis? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(3), 312–315. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jbtep.​2013.​01.​003.CrossRef
go back to reference Zhang, W., Guo, J., Zhang, J., & Luo, J. (2013). Neural mechanism of placebo effects and cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 40, 364–373. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.02.CrossRef Zhang, W., Guo, J., Zhang, J., & Luo, J. (2013). Neural mechanism of placebo effects and cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 40, 364–373. doi:10.​1016/​j.​pnpbp.​2012.​10.​02.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Comparing the Effects of Three Online Cognitive Reappraisal Trainings on Well-Being
Authors
Rachel M. Ranney
Emma Bruehlman-Senecal
Ozlem Ayduk
Publication date
25-07-2016
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Journal of Happiness Studies / Issue 5/2017
Print ISSN: 1389-4978
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7780
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9779-0

Other articles of this Issue 5/2017

Journal of Happiness Studies 5/2017 Go to the issue