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Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

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01-03-2009 | Original Paper

Comparison of Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Movement in Smiles and Eyebrow Raises

Authors: Karen L. Schmidt, Sharika Bhattacharya, Rachel Denlinger

Published in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior | Issue 1/2009

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Abstract

We investigated movement differences between deliberately posed and spontaneously occurring smiles and eyebrow raises during a videotaped interview that included a facial movement assessment. Using automated facial image analysis, we quantified lip corner and eyebrow movement during periods of visible smiles and eyebrow raises and compared facial movement within participants. As in an earlier study, maximum speed of movement onset was greater in deliberate smiles. Maximum speed and amplitude were greater and duration shorter in deliberate compared to spontaneous eyebrow raises. Asymmetry of movement did not differ within participants. Similar patterns contrasting deliberate and spontaneous movement in both smiles and eyebrow raises suggest a common pattern of signaling for spontaneous facial displays.

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Spontaneous smile onsets as described here are to be distinguished from periods of smiling that are continuous in terms of facial action coding but are likely punctuated with multiple brief movements of the type described in this and other studies (Hess and Kleck 1997; Schmidt et al. 2003; Tarantili et al. 2005; Valstar et al. 2006).

Participants in the current study represent a newly collected data set at the University of Pittsburgh, independent of individuals in an earlier study (Schmidt et al. 2006).

The current study focused on movement during onset for two reasons. Onset or rapid change at the start of facial movement is the most salient feature of any facial signal (Leonard et al. 1991). Perceptual response to facial displays occurs within the average onset timing of previously studied spontaneous smiles (Dimberg and Thunberg 1998; Schmidt et al.2006a; Schmidt et al. 2003). Offsets are also by definition non independent of onsets, as they occur subsequently to onsets and are constrained in total movement as they involve the return of facial features to a more neutral position. Previous research has indicated that offset movement is very similar to that of onsets (Schmidt et al. 2006b).

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Title: Comparison of Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Movement in Smiles and Eyebrow Raises
Authors: Karen L. Schmidt
Sharika Bhattacharya
Rachel Denlinger
Publication date: 01-03-2009
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior / Issue 1/2009
Print ISSN: 0191-5886
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3653
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-008-0058-6

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Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

Detecting Deception from Emotional and Unemotional Cues

Effects of Dynamic Attributes of Smiles in Human and Synthetic Faces: A Simulated Job Interview Setting

Anti-Semitism and Identification of Jewish Group Membership from Photographs

All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous

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