Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Neural Computing and Applications 1/2017

20-04-2016 | Original Article

Comparison of HMM- and SVM-based stroke classifiers for Gurmukhi script

Authors: Karun Verma, Rajendra Kumar Sharma

Published in: Neural Computing and Applications | Special Issue 1/2017

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

With the evolution of touch-based devices, development of handwriting recognition systems has received attention from many researchers. An online handwriting recognition system for Gurmukhi script is proposed in this paper. In this work, 74 stroke classes have been identified and implemented for character recognition of Gurmukhi script. Seventy-two different combinations of SVM- and HMM-based stroke classifiers with five different features have been experimented. The results of recognition of 35 basic characters of Gurmukhi script on a data set of 1750 Gurmukhi characters written by 10 writers have been reported using three best classifiers and a voting-based classifier built with the help of these classifiers. A character recognition rate of 96.7 % has been achieved using the voting-based classifier, whereas a recognition rate of 96.4 % has been achieved with an HMM-based classifier.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Almuallim H, Yamaguchi S (1987) A method of recognition of Arabic cursive handwriting. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 9(5):715–722CrossRef Almuallim H, Yamaguchi S (1987) A method of recognition of Arabic cursive handwriting. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 9(5):715–722CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Bellegarda EJ, Bellegarda JR, Nahamoo D, Nathan KS (1993) A continuous parameter hidden markov model approach to automatic handwriting recognition, 1993. EP Patent 0,550,865 Bellegarda EJ, Bellegarda JR, Nahamoo D, Nathan KS (1993) A continuous parameter hidden markov model approach to automatic handwriting recognition, 1993. EP Patent 0,550,865
3.
go back to reference Kumar R, Sharma RK (2013) An efficient post processing algorithm for online handwriting Gurmukhi character recognition using set theory. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 27(04):1–17CrossRef Kumar R, Sharma RK (2013) An efficient post processing algorithm for online handwriting Gurmukhi character recognition using set theory. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 27(04):1–17CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Verma K, Sharma R (2015) Performance analysis of zone based features for online handwritten Gurmukhi script recognition using support vector machine. In: Selvaraj H, Zydek D, Chmaj G (eds) Progress in systems engineering. Volume 330 of advances in intelligent systems and computing. Springer International Publishing, Berlin, pp 747–753 Verma K, Sharma R (2015) Performance analysis of zone based features for online handwritten Gurmukhi script recognition using support vector machine. In: Selvaraj H, Zydek D, Chmaj G (eds) Progress in systems engineering. Volume 330 of advances in intelligent systems and computing. Springer International Publishing, Berlin, pp 747–753
5.
go back to reference Jäger S, Liu C-L, Nakagawa M (2003) The state of the art in Japanese online handwriting recognition compared to techniques in western handwriting recognition. Doc Anal Recognit 6(2):75–88CrossRef Jäger S, Liu C-L, Nakagawa M (2003) The state of the art in Japanese online handwriting recognition compared to techniques in western handwriting recognition. Doc Anal Recognit 6(2):75–88CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Liu C-L, Jaeger S, Nakagawa M (2004) Online recognition of Chinese characters: the state-of-the-art. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 26(2):198–213CrossRef Liu C-L, Jaeger S, Nakagawa M (2004) Online recognition of Chinese characters: the state-of-the-art. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 26(2):198–213CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Tappert CC, Suen CY, Wakahara T (1990) The state of the art in online handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 12(8):787–808CrossRef Tappert CC, Suen CY, Wakahara T (1990) The state of the art in online handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 12(8):787–808CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Bharath A, Madhvanath S (2012) Hmm-based lexicon-driven and lexicon-free word recognition for online handwritten Indic scripts. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 34(4):670–682CrossRef Bharath A, Madhvanath S (2012) Hmm-based lexicon-driven and lexicon-free word recognition for online handwritten Indic scripts. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 34(4):670–682CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Bhattacharya N, Pal U (2012) Stroke segmentation and recognition from Bangla online handwritten text. In: IEEE 2012 international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR). pp 740–745 Bhattacharya N, Pal U (2012) Stroke segmentation and recognition from Bangla online handwritten text. In: IEEE 2012 international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR). pp 740–745
10.
go back to reference Biswas C, Bhattacharya U, Parui SK (2012) Hmm based online handwritten Bangla character recognition using dirichlet distributions. In: IEEE 2012 international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR). pp 600–605 Biswas C, Bhattacharya U, Parui SK (2012) Hmm based online handwritten Bangla character recognition using dirichlet distributions. In: IEEE 2012 international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR). pp 600–605
11.
go back to reference Sundaram S, Ramakrishnan A (2013) Attention-feedback based robust segmentation of online handwritten isolated Tamil words. ACM Trans Asian Lang Inf Process (TALIP) 12(1):4 Sundaram S, Ramakrishnan A (2013) Attention-feedback based robust segmentation of online handwritten isolated Tamil words. ACM Trans Asian Lang Inf Process (TALIP) 12(1):4
12.
go back to reference Yaeger LS, Richard WFI, Pagallo GM (2009) Method and apparatus for acquiring and organizing ink information in pen-aware computer systems, 21 July 2009. US Patent 7,564,995 Yaeger LS, Richard WFI, Pagallo GM (2009) Method and apparatus for acquiring and organizing ink information in pen-aware computer systems, 21 July 2009. US Patent 7,564,995
13.
go back to reference Plamondon R, Srihari SN (2000) Online and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1):63–84CrossRef Plamondon R, Srihari SN (2000) Online and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1):63–84CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Bhattacharya U, Gupta BK, Parui SK (2007) Direction code based features for recognition of online handwritten characters of Bangla. In: IEEE ninth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 1. pp 58–62 Bhattacharya U, Gupta BK, Parui SK (2007) Direction code based features for recognition of online handwritten characters of Bangla. In: IEEE ninth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 1. pp 58–62
15.
go back to reference Bhowmik TK, Ghanty P, Roy A, Parui SK (2009) Svm-based hierarchical architectures for handwritten Bangla character recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recognit 12(2):97–108CrossRef Bhowmik TK, Ghanty P, Roy A, Parui SK (2009) Svm-based hierarchical architectures for handwritten Bangla character recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recognit 12(2):97–108CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Dutta A, Chaudhury S (1993) Bengali alpha-numeric character recognition using curvature features. Pattern Recognit 26(12):1757–1770CrossRef Dutta A, Chaudhury S (1993) Bengali alpha-numeric character recognition using curvature features. Pattern Recognit 26(12):1757–1770CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Parui SK, Guin K, Bhattacharya U, Chaudhuri BB (2008) Online handwritten Bangla character recognition using hmm. In: IEEE 19th international conference on pattern recognition, 2008, ICPR 2008. pp 1–4 Parui SK, Guin K, Bhattacharya U, Chaudhuri BB (2008) Online handwritten Bangla character recognition using hmm. In: IEEE 19th international conference on pattern recognition, 2008, ICPR 2008. pp 1–4
18.
go back to reference Garcia-Salicetti S, Doizzi B, Gallinari P, Mellouk A, Fanchon D (1995) A hidden markov model extension of a neural predictive system for online character recognition. In: IEEE proceedings of the third international conference on document analysis and recognition, 1995, vol 1. pp 50–53 Garcia-Salicetti S, Doizzi B, Gallinari P, Mellouk A, Fanchon D (1995) A hidden markov model extension of a neural predictive system for online character recognition. In: IEEE proceedings of the third international conference on document analysis and recognition, 1995, vol 1. pp 50–53
19.
go back to reference Hu J, Brown MK, Turin W (1996) Hmm based online handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 18(10):1039–1045CrossRef Hu J, Brown MK, Turin W (1996) Hmm based online handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 18(10):1039–1045CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Connell SD, Sinha R, Jain AK (2000) Recognition of unconstrained online Devanagari characters. In: IEEE proceedings of 15th international conference on pattern recognition, 2000, vol 2. pp 368–371 Connell SD, Sinha R, Jain AK (2000) Recognition of unconstrained online Devanagari characters. In: IEEE proceedings of 15th international conference on pattern recognition, 2000, vol 2. pp 368–371
21.
go back to reference Joshi N, Sita G, Ramakrishnan A, Deepu V, Madhvanath S (2005) Machine recognition of online handwritten Devanagari characters. In: IEEE proceedings of eighth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2005. pp 1156–1160 Joshi N, Sita G, Ramakrishnan A, Deepu V, Madhvanath S (2005) Machine recognition of online handwritten Devanagari characters. In: IEEE proceedings of eighth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2005. pp 1156–1160
22.
go back to reference Bhattacharya U, Parui S, Shaw B, Bhattacharya K et al (2006) Neural combination of ann and hmm for handwritten Devanagari numeral recognition. In: Tenth international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition Bhattacharya U, Parui S, Shaw B, Bhattacharya K et al (2006) Neural combination of ann and hmm for handwritten Devanagari numeral recognition. In: Tenth international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition
23.
go back to reference Takahashi K, Yasuda H, Matsumoto T (1997) A fast hmm algorithm for on-line handwritten character recognition. In: IEEE proceedings of the fourth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 1997, vol 1. pp 369–375 Takahashi K, Yasuda H, Matsumoto T (1997) A fast hmm algorithm for on-line handwritten character recognition. In: IEEE proceedings of the fourth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 1997, vol 1. pp 369–375
24.
go back to reference Prasad MM, Sukumar M, Ramakrishnan A (2009) Divide and conquer technique in online handwritten Kannada character recognition. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on multilingual OCR. pp 1–7 Prasad MM, Sukumar M, Ramakrishnan A (2009) Divide and conquer technique in online handwritten Kannada character recognition. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on multilingual OCR. pp 1–7
25.
go back to reference Lehal G, Singh C (2000) A Gurmukhi script recognition system. In: IEEE proceedings of the15th international conference on pattern recognition, 2000, vol 2. pp 557–560 Lehal G, Singh C (2000) A Gurmukhi script recognition system. In: IEEE proceedings of the15th international conference on pattern recognition, 2000, vol 2. pp 557–560
26.
go back to reference Sharma A, Kumar R, Sharma R (2008) Online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition using elastic matching. In: IEEE congress on image and signal processing, 2008. CISP’08, vol 2. pp 391–396 Sharma A, Kumar R, Sharma R (2008) Online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition using elastic matching. In: IEEE congress on image and signal processing, 2008. CISP’08, vol 2. pp 391–396
27.
go back to reference Sharma A (2009) Online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition. Ph.D. thesis, Thapar University Sharma A (2009) Online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition. Ph.D. thesis, Thapar University
28.
go back to reference Sharma A, Kumar R, Sharma R (2010) Hmm-based online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition. Mach Gr Vis Int J 19(4):439–449 Sharma A, Kumar R, Sharma R (2010) Hmm-based online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition. Mach Gr Vis Int J 19(4):439–449
29.
go back to reference Kumar R, Sharma RK, Sharma A (2015) Recognition of multi-stroke based online handwritten Gurmukhi aksharas. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect A Phys Sci 85(1):159–168CrossRef Kumar R, Sharma RK, Sharma A (2015) Recognition of multi-stroke based online handwritten Gurmukhi aksharas. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect A Phys Sci 85(1):159–168CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Bharath A, Madhvanath S (2007) Hidden markov models for online handwritten Tamil word recognition. In: IEEE ninth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 1. pp 506–510 Bharath A, Madhvanath S (2007) Hidden markov models for online handwritten Tamil word recognition. In: IEEE ninth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 1. pp 506–510
31.
go back to reference Joshi N, Sita G, Ramakrishnan A, Madhvanath S (2004) Comparison of elastic matching algorithms for online Tamil handwritten character recognition. In: IEEE ninth international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, 2004. IWFHR-9 2004. pp 444–449 Joshi N, Sita G, Ramakrishnan A, Madhvanath S (2004) Comparison of elastic matching algorithms for online Tamil handwritten character recognition. In: IEEE ninth international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, 2004. IWFHR-9 2004. pp 444–449
32.
go back to reference Aparna K, Subramanian V, Kasirajan M, Prakash GV, Chakravarthy V, Madhvanath S (2004) Online handwriting recognition for Tamil. In: IEEE ninth international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, 2004. IWFHR-9 2004. pp 438–443 Aparna K, Subramanian V, Kasirajan M, Prakash GV, Chakravarthy V, Madhvanath S (2004) Online handwriting recognition for Tamil. In: IEEE ninth international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, 2004. IWFHR-9 2004. pp 438–443
33.
go back to reference Jayaraman A, Chandra SC, Srinivasa CV (2007) Modular approach to recognition of strokes in Telugu script. In: IEEE ninth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 1. pp 501–505 Jayaraman A, Chandra SC, Srinivasa CV (2007) Modular approach to recognition of strokes in Telugu script. In: IEEE ninth international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 1. pp 501–505
34.
go back to reference Kline M (2013) Calculus: an intuitive and physical approach. Courier Corporation, Chelmsford Kline M (2013) Calculus: an intuitive and physical approach. Courier Corporation, Chelmsford
35.
go back to reference Rabiner LR, Juang B-H (1986) An introduction to hidden markov models. IEEE ASSP Mag 3(1):4–16CrossRef Rabiner LR, Juang B-H (1986) An introduction to hidden markov models. IEEE ASSP Mag 3(1):4–16CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Comparison of HMM- and SVM-based stroke classifiers for Gurmukhi script
Authors
Karun Verma
Rajendra Kumar Sharma
Publication date
20-04-2016
Publisher
Springer London
Published in
Neural Computing and Applications / Issue Special Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 0941-0643
Electronic ISSN: 1433-3058
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-016-2309-5

Other articles of this Special Issue 1/2017

Neural Computing and Applications 1/2017 Go to the issue

Premium Partner