Introduction
Materials and methods
Chemicals for pulping and pretreatment
Normal and tension wood sampling
Chlorite bleaching of wood
Direct harsh TEMPO oxidation
Direct mild TEMPO oxidation
Mechanical fibrillation
Solid and nanofibrillation yield
Nanofibril network preparation
Viscosity
Polarized optical microscopy
Atomic force microscopy
Hemicellulose monosugar analysis
UV–vis transparency
X-ray diffraction
Tensile testing
Nanomechanical properties
FTIR
Results and discussion
TEMPO oxidation of wood samples
Cellulose and nanofibril properties
Cellulose and nanofibril yield
Monosugar analysis
Monosugar | TW | NW |
---|---|---|
Arabinose | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) |
Rhamnose | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.0) |
Fucose | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.14 (0.0) |
Xylose | 60.7 (2.2) | 72.6 (0.6) |
Mannose | 0.8 (0.0) | 5.7 (0.3) |
4-O-meGlcA | 2.2 (0.0) | 5.1 (0.2) |
Galactose | 2.4 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) |
Galacturonic acid | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.3 (0.2) |
Glucose | 27.7 (2.4) | 10.4 (0.3) |
Glucuronic acid | 0.05 (0.0) | 0.05 (0.0) |