1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Quality of service
2.2 Erasure coding
Usage per month | Price per GB in $ |
---|---|
Storage price | |
Next 50 TB | 0.0245 |
Next 450 TB | 0.0235 |
>500 TB | 0.0225 |
Outgoing traffic price | |
First 1 GB | 0.000 |
Up to 10 TB | 0.090 |
Next 40 TB | 0.085 |
Next 100 TB | 0.070 |
Next 350 TB | 0.050 |
>524 TB | On demand |
2.3 Pricing models
3 Data object placement
3.1 System model
3.1.1 Variables
3.1.2 Cost model
3.1.3 Decision variables
3.2 Local placement problem
3.2.1 Objective function
3.2.2 Constraints
3.3 Global placement problem
3.3.1 Objective function
3.3.2 Constraints
3.4 Heuristic placement
4 Evaluation setup
4.1 Prototype
4.2 Storages
Provider | Region | Storage Class |
---|---|---|
AWS S3 | US Oregon | Standard |
AWS S3 | US Oregon | IA |
AWS S3 | US North California | Standard |
AWS S3 | EU Frankfurt | Standard |
AWS S3 | EU Frankfurt | IA |
AWS S3 | Asia Pacific Tokyo | Standard |
AWS S3 | Sao Paulo | Standard |
Google Cloud | – | Standard |
self-hosted | – | Standard |
self-hosted | – | Long-term |
4.3 Evaluation data
4.4 Evaluation process
4.5 Baseline
5 Evaluation scenarios
5.1 Evaluation scenario 1
5.2 Evaluation scenario 2
Period of time | Optimization approach | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Global (2,3) | Global (2,4) | Global (3,4) | Heuristic | |
2014-01-12 - 2014-01-16 | 5234.68 (\(\sigma \) = 1874.43) | 16545.00 (\(\sigma \) = 8244.95) | 18441.40 (\(\sigma \) = 9194.95) | 101.64 (\(\sigma \) = 111.40) |
2014-01-16 - 2014-01-20 | 8220.39 (\(\sigma \) = 681.44) | 30195.59 (\(\sigma \) = 3895.66) | 31273.46 (\(\sigma \) = 3537.07) | 66.82 (\(\sigma \) = 57.98) |
2014-01-20 - 2014-01-24 | 8619.54 (\(\sigma \) = 735.15) | 31161.40 (\(\sigma \) = 2385.11) | 34398.01 (\(\sigma \) = 2018.19) | 63.76 (\(\sigma \) = 51.82) |
2014-01-24 - 2014-01-28 | 7848.41 (\(\sigma \) = 551.78) | 28316.06 (\(\sigma \) = 1485.12) | 32774.72 (\(\sigma \) = 2371.04) | 46.02 (\(\sigma \) = 35.39) |
2014-01-28 - 2014-02-01 | 7796.64 (\(\sigma \) = 574.05) | 27802.95 (\(\sigma \) = 1832.27) | 31537.52 (\(\sigma \) = 1940.05) | 50.89 (\(\sigma \) = 46.55) |
2014-02-01 - 2014-02-05 | 8427.38 (\(\sigma \) = 698.55) | 32041.39 (\(\sigma \) = 1752.86) | 35216.57 (\(\sigma \) = 2029.41) | 129.25(\(\sigma \) = 82.02) |
2014-02-05 - 2014-02-09 | 8776.35 (\(\sigma \) = 671.00) | 33185.79 (\(\sigma \) = 2757.59) | 36707.68 (\(\sigma \) = 2467.75) | 83.61 (\(\sigma \) = 37.67) |
2014-02-09 - 2014-02-13 | 8837.22 (\(\sigma \) = 666.09) | 35158.29 (\(\sigma \) = 3728.90) | 37827.12 (\(\sigma \) = 2075.87) | 65.32 (\(\sigma \) = 46.79) |
Period of time | Optimization approach | ||
---|---|---|---|
Heuristic (a) | Heuristic (b) | Heuristic (c) | |
2014-01-12 - 2014-01-16 | 1172.64 (\(\sigma \) = 1197.39) | 1975.32 (\(\sigma \) = 1538.12) | 2367.85 (\(\sigma \) = 2254.36) |
2014-01-16 - 2014-01-20 | 1674.16 (\(\sigma \) = 1235.99) | 1825.43 (\(\sigma \) = 1587.28) | 2452.91 (\(\sigma \) = 2356.32) |
2014-01-20 - 2014-01-24 | 2805.21 (\(\sigma \) = 2043.55) | 3690.85 (\(\sigma \) = 2509.79) | 5010.23 (\(\sigma \) = 3270.17) |
2014-01-24 - 2014-01-28 | 3311.27 (\(\sigma \) = 2042.38) | 3243.43 (\(\sigma \) = 2401.33) | 5425.47 (\(\sigma \) = 3161.41) |
2014-01-28 - 2014-02-01 | 3073.95 (\(\sigma \) = 2430.86) | 3495.16 (\(\sigma \) = 2668.05) | 5527.75 (\(\sigma \) = 4072.79) |
2014-02-01 - 2014-02-05 | 2330.78 (\(\sigma \) = 2137.01) | 3089.97 (\(\sigma \) = 2841.69) | 5250.59 (\(\sigma \) = 3957.38) |
2014-02-05 - 2014-02-09 | 2786.73 (\(\sigma \) = 2208.62) | 2871.69 (\(\sigma \) = 2861.58) | 4078.78 (\(\sigma \) = 4018.28) |
2014-02-09 - 2014-02-13 | 3588.81 (\(\sigma \) = 2340.87) | 4402.05 (\(\sigma \) = 3440.64) | 6194.82 (\(\sigma \) = 4666.80) |