Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Human Rights Review 4/2019

17-10-2019

Crime Policy in Ukraine: Toward Condemnation of Communism and Political Rehabilitation and Heroization of Nazism

Author: Leanid Kazyrytski

Published in: Human Rights Review | Issue 4/2019

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The present study provides analysis of the institutionalization of historical revisionism in Ukraine and examines the impact of this revisionism on the formation of modern Ukrainian criminal policy. The characteristics of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and its armed wing, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, will be determined, and their role during World War II will be analyzed, with special emphasis placed on their involvement in crimes against humanity. The study focuses on the fact that the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army have all the features of profascist organizations, and in this regard, the institutionalization of their heroization not only creates the prerequisites for modern glorification of Nazism, but also constitutes a legal basis for the decriminalization of glorification of Nazism, as well as for the criminalization of behavior disputing this glorification.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
By the beginning of World War II, an independent Ukrainian state did not exist and the Ukrainians settled mainly in the territories of states such as Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and the USSR (Snyder 2004).
 
2
In addition, it should be noted that the OUN and UPA also actively fought against the Polish partisan movement on the basis of the “Armia Krajowa” (Iliushin 2009) and against the Soviet partisans (Adamushko 2012).
 
3
In late 1941, Nachtigall battalion was reformed in Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201 in which Roman Shukhevych, one of the OUN top leaders and now a cult personality in many areas of modern Ukraine, held a high position (Himka 2011d).
 
4
Nevertheless, there are academics that indicate the autumn of 1942 as the time of the UPA creation (Serhiychuk 1996:231). October 14 is recognized by the modern Ukrainian authorities as the official date of the UPA creation.
 
5
It is quite remarkable that this position changed only after the arrival of the Soviet army in Ukraine (Motyka 2014:160).
 
6
Before the German attack on the USSR the OUN did not plan the practical implementation of mass destruction of ethnic minorities (Dyukov 2008:71). However, according to the protocol of the Nuremberg Trials in 1939 there were attempts on the part of the top leaders of Nazi Germany through its intelligence agency to use the Ukrainian nationalists to kill Poles and Jews in Poland (IMT 1947a:478).
 
7
According to the report of Fritz Katzmann, who was a Higher SS and Police Leader of District of Galicia, which was released in 1943 under the title “The Solution of the Jewish Question in the District of Galicia” (Lösung der Judenfrage im Distrikt Galizien) Ukrainian police units along with the German units actively participated in the destruction of the Jewish population (IMT 1949a:404).
 
8
Until September 1939 the western regions of Ukraine were part of the Polish Republic, but after World War II these territories were annexed by the USSR. In this sense, the reduction in the number of Polish population in the territory of Western Ukraine was the result of the repressive policy of the Stalinist regime in the Soviet Union, which led to the fact that hundreds of thousands of Poles were arrested as enemies of the regime and sentenced either to death or exiled to labor camps in Siberia and Kazakhstan (Snyder 2003; Snyder 2004:163; Snyder 2011:164).
 
9
According to research of Motyka (2014: 275), the number of victims among the Ukrainian population did not exceed five thousand people.
 
10
In this sense, Serhiychuk’ position (1996:233) causes certain controversy, because of his contradictory claims that the attack on the Polish settlement was due to the fact that “their inhabitants began to help both the Germans and Soviet partisans in the genocide of Ukrainians.”
 
11
“New laws in Ukraine potential threat to free expression and free media”, OSCE, Press release, http://​www.​osce.​org/​fom/​158581 30 august 2016
 
Literature
go back to reference Adamushko, V. I. (2012). OUN-UPA v Belarusi. 1939–1953 gg.: dokumenty i materialy. Minsk: Vyshjejshaja shkola. Adamushko, V. I. (2012). OUN-UPA v Belarusi. 1939–1953 gg.: dokumenty i materialy. Minsk: Vyshjejshaja shkola.
go back to reference Alvarez, A. (2001). Governments, Citizens and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach. Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press. Alvarez, A. (2001). Governments, Citizens and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach. Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press.
go back to reference Alvarez, A. (2009). Genocidal Crimes. New York: Routledge. Alvarez, A. (2009). Genocidal Crimes. New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Artizov, A. N. (2012). Ukrainskie nacionalisticheskie organizacii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Dokumenty v dvuh tomah, Moskva: ROSSPЕN. Artizov, A. N. (2012). Ukrainskie nacionalisticheskie organizacii v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Dokumenty v dvuh tomah, Moskva: ROSSPЕN.
go back to reference Bakanov, A. I. (2012). Nacionalnyj vopros v ideologii Organizacii ukrainskih nacionalistov: 1929–1945 gg. : avtoref. dis.... kand. ist. Nauk. Moskva: Gosudarstvennyj Akademicheskij Universitet Gumanitarnyh Nauk. Bakanov, A. I. (2012). Nacionalnyj vopros v ideologii Organizacii ukrainskih nacionalistov: 1929–1945 gg. : avtoref. dis.... kand. ist. Nauk. Moskva: Gosudarstvennyj Akademicheskij Universitet Gumanitarnyh Nauk.
go back to reference Berkhoff, K. C., & Carynnyk, M. (1999). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'Ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 23(3/4), 149–184. Berkhoff, K. C., & Carynnyk, M. (1999). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'Ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 23(3/4), 149–184.
go back to reference Bolyanovs’kyi, A. (2000). Divіzіja “Galichina”. Іstorіja. Lvіv: Іnstitut ukraиnoznavstva іm. І. Kripjakevicha NAN Ukraini. Bolyanovs’kyi, A. (2000). Divіzіja “Galichina”. Іstorіja. Lvіv: Іnstitut ukraиnoznavstva іm. І. Kripjakevicha NAN Ukraini.
go back to reference Bondarenko, G. B. (2010). Roman Shukhevych u nacіonalno-vizvolnomu rusі Ukraini: avtoref. dis ... kand. іst. Nauk. Kiiv: Kiivskij Unіversitet Іmenі Borisa Grіnchenka. Bondarenko, G. B. (2010). Roman Shukhevych u nacіonalno-vizvolnomu rusі Ukraini: avtoref. dis ... kand. іst. Nauk. Kiiv: Kiivskij Unіversitet Іmenі Borisa Grіnchenka.
go back to reference Carynnyk, M. (2011). Foes of our rebirth: Ukrainian nationalist discussions about Jews, 1929-1947. Nationalities Papers, 39(3), 315–352. Carynnyk, M. (2011). Foes of our rebirth: Ukrainian nationalist discussions about Jews, 1929-1947. Nationalities Papers, 39(3), 315–352.
go back to reference Chernyak, Y. (2007). Dejatelnost ukrainskih organizacij i ih vooruzhennyh formirovanij na territorii Zapadnoj Belarusi v gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny: avtoref. dis.... kand. ist. nauk. Minsk: Bel. gos. ped. un-t im. Maksima Tanka. Chernyak, Y. (2007). Dejatelnost ukrainskih organizacij i ih vooruzhennyh formirovanij na territorii Zapadnoj Belarusi v gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny: avtoref. dis.... kand. ist. nauk. Minsk: Bel. gos. ped. un-t im. Maksima Tanka.
go back to reference Chuev, S. (2006). Ukrainskij legion. Moskva: Jauza Chuev, S. (2006). Ukrainskij legion. Moskva: Jauza
go back to reference Cohen, S. (2001). States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity Press. Cohen, S. (2001). States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity Press.
go back to reference Darovanets, O. (2003). Borotba Organіzacіi Ukrainskih Nacіonalіstіv proti asimіljacіjno-represivnoi polіtiki polskoi vladi shhodo ukraincіv Volinі (1929-1939). Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 53–73. Darovanets, O. (2003). Borotba Organіzacіi Ukrainskih Nacіonalіstіv proti asimіljacіjno-represivnoi polіtiki polskoi vladi shhodo ukraincіv Volinі (1929-1939). Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 53–73.
go back to reference Darovanets, O. (2004). Represivna akcіja polskoi vladi shhodo Organіzacіi Ukrainskih Nacіonalіstіv na Volinі v listopadі 1938 r.- veresnі 1939 r. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 3, 102–144. Darovanets, O. (2004). Represivna akcіja polskoi vladi shhodo Organіzacіi Ukrainskih Nacіonalіstіv na Volinі v listopadі 1938 r.- veresnі 1939 r. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 3, 102–144.
go back to reference Day, L.E., & Vandiver, M. (2000). Criminology and genocide studies: Notes on what might have been and what still could be. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34, 43–59. Day, L.E., & Vandiver, M. (2000). Criminology and genocide studies: Notes on what might have been and what still could be. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34, 43–59.
go back to reference Dean, M. (2000). Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Dean, M. (2000). Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
go back to reference Derevinskyi, V. (2008). Polske pitannja v etnonacіonalnіj koncepcіi OUN. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 12, 163–180. Derevinskyi, V. (2008). Polske pitannja v etnonacіonalnіj koncepcіi OUN. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 12, 163–180.
go back to reference Derevіnskyi, V. (2006). Dejakі aspekti іdejnih zasad OUN 1920–1930-h rr. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 6, 83–94. Derevіnskyi, V. (2006). Dejakі aspekti іdejnih zasad OUN 1920–1930-h rr. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 6, 83–94.
go back to reference Dmiterko, O. M. (2004) Propagandistska dіjalnіst OUN і UPA v 1944–1950-h rokah: avtoref. dis... kand. іst. Nauk. Lviv: Lvіvskij nacіonalnij un-t іm. Іvana Franka. Dmiterko, O. M. (2004) Propagandistska dіjalnіst OUN і UPA v 1944–1950-h rokah: avtoref. dis... kand. іst. Nauk. Lviv: Lvіvskij nacіonalnij un-t іm. Іvana Franka.
go back to reference Donselaar, J. V. (1993). Post-war fascism in the Netherland, Crime, Law & Social Change, 19(1), 87–100. Donselaar, J. V. (1993). Post-war fascism in the Netherland, Crime, Law & Social Change, 19(1), 87–100.
go back to reference Drobyazko, S. (2005). Pod znamenami vraga. Antisovetskie formirovanija v sostave germanskih vooruzhennyh sil 1941–1945 gg. Moskva: Eksmo. Drobyazko, S. (2005). Pod znamenami vraga. Antisovetskie formirovanija v sostave germanskih vooruzhennyh sil 1941–1945 gg. Moskva: Eksmo.
go back to reference Drobyazko, S., Romanko, O., & Semenov, K. (2011). Inostrannye formirovanija Tretego rejha. Moskva: Astrel Drobyazko, S., Romanko, O., & Semenov, K. (2011). Inostrannye formirovanija Tretego rejha. Moskva: Astrel
go back to reference Dyukov, A. (2008). “Polskiy vopros” v planah OUN(B): Ot nasilstvennoy assimiljacii k etnicheskim chistkam. In A. Dyukov (Ed.), Zabytiy genocid: “Volynskaja reznja” 1943–1944 godov: sbornik dokumentov i issledovaniy (pp. 63–89). Moskva: Alekseiy Jakovlev. Dyukov, A. (2008). “Polskiy vopros” v planah OUN(B): Ot nasilstvennoy assimiljacii k etnicheskim chistkam. In A. Dyukov (Ed.), Zabytiy genocid: “Volynskaja reznja” 1943–1944 godov: sbornik dokumentov i issledovaniy (pp. 63–89). Moskva: Alekseiy Jakovlev.
go back to reference Dyukov, A. (2015). Splanirovannoe prestuplenie: antievrejskaja politika OUN letom 1941 goda. In B. Paź (Ed.), Neizvestnyj genocid. Prestuplenija ukrainskih nacionalistov na jugo-vostochnom pogranichie Polshi, 1939–1946 gg. (pp. 214-243). Moskva: Fond “Istoricheskaja pamjat”. Dyukov, A. (2015). Splanirovannoe prestuplenie: antievrejskaja politika OUN letom 1941 goda. In B. Paź (Ed.), Neizvestnyj genocid. Prestuplenija ukrainskih nacionalistov na jugo-vostochnom pogranichie Polshi, 1939–1946 gg. (pp. 214-243). Moskva: Fond “Istoricheskaja pamjat”.
go back to reference Friedrichs, D.O. (2000). The crime of the century? The case for the Holocaust. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34(1), 21–41. Friedrichs, D.O. (2000). The crime of the century? The case for the Holocaust. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34(1), 21–41.
go back to reference Friedrichs, D.O. (2011). The crime of the last century – and of this century? In D.L. Rothe & C.W. Mullins (Eds.), State Crime – Current Perspectives (pp. 49–67). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. Friedrichs, D.O. (2011). The crime of the last century – and of this century? In D.L. Rothe & C.W. Mullins (Eds.), State Crime – Current Perspectives (pp. 49–67). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
go back to reference Grytsiv, M. (2011). Pacifіkacіja 1930 r. і sudova sistema Drugoi Rechі Pospolitoi. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 15, 27–48. Grytsiv, M. (2011). Pacifіkacіja 1930 r. і sudova sistema Drugoi Rechі Pospolitoi. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 15, 27–48.
go back to reference Hamm, M.S. (2004). Apocalyptic violence: The seduction of terrorist subcultures. Theoretical Criminology, 8(3), 323–339. Hamm, M.S. (2004). Apocalyptic violence: The seduction of terrorist subcultures. Theoretical Criminology, 8(3), 323–339.
go back to reference Haveman, R., & Smeulers, A. (2008). Criminology in a State of Denial - Towards a Criminology of International Crimes: Supranational Criminology. In A. Smeulers & R. Haveman (Eds.), Supranational Criminology: Towards a Criminology of International Crimes (pp. 3–26). Antwerp: Intersentia. Haveman, R., & Smeulers, A. (2008). Criminology in a State of Denial - Towards a Criminology of International Crimes: Supranational Criminology. In A. Smeulers & R. Haveman (Eds.), Supranational Criminology: Towards a Criminology of International Crimes (pp. 3–26). Antwerp: Intersentia.
go back to reference Hazani, M. (1991). The universal applicability of the theory of neutralization: German youth coming to terms with the Holocaust. An empirical study with theoretical implications. Crime, Law & Social Change, 15(2), 135–149. Hazani, M. (1991). The universal applicability of the theory of neutralization: German youth coming to terms with the Holocaust. An empirical study with theoretical implications. Crime, Law & Social Change, 15(2), 135–149.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2009). The Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Holocaust. 41 stNational convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Boston, 12–15 November. Himka, J.-P. (2009). The Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Holocaust. 41 stNational convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Boston, 12–15 November.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2011a). Collaboration and or Resistance: The OUN and UPA during the War. Ukrainian Jewish Encounter Shared Narrative Series: Conference on Issues Relating to World War II. Potsdam, 27–30 June. Himka, J.-P. (2011a). Collaboration and or Resistance: The OUN and UPA during the War. Ukrainian Jewish Encounter Shared Narrative Series: Conference on Issues Relating to World War II. Potsdam, 27–30 June.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2011b). Debates in Ukraine over nationalist involvement in the Holocaust, 2004–2008. Nationalities Papers, 39(3), 353–370. Himka, J.-P. (2011b). Debates in Ukraine over nationalist involvement in the Holocaust, 2004–2008. Nationalities Papers, 39(3), 353–370.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2011c). The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd. Canadian Slavonic Papers, LIII( 2–3–4), 209–243. Himka, J.-P. (2011c). The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd. Canadian Slavonic Papers, LIII( 2–3–4), 209–243.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2011d). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Police, and the Holocaust. Seventh Annual Danyliw Research Seminar on Contemporary Ukraine. University of Ottawa, 20-22 October. Himka, J.-P. (2011d). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Police, and the Holocaust. Seventh Annual Danyliw Research Seminar on Contemporary Ukraine. University of Ottawa, 20-22 October.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2012). Druzhestvennye vmeshatelstva: borba s mifami v ukrainskoj istorii XX v. In A. Miller & M. Lipman (Eds.), Istoricheskaja politika v HHI veke. Sbornik statej (pp. 421–454). Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. Himka, J.-P. (2012). Druzhestvennye vmeshatelstva: borba s mifami v ukrainskoj istorii XX v. In A. Miller & M. Lipman (Eds.), Istoricheskaja politika v HHI veke. Sbornik statej (pp. 421–454). Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2013). The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Ukraine. In J.-P. Himka & J. B. Michlic (Eds.), Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe (pp. 626–661). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Himka, J.-P. (2013). The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Ukraine. In J.-P. Himka & J. B. Michlic (Eds.), Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe (pp. 626–661). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
go back to reference Himka, J.-P. (2015). The History behind the Regional Conflict in Ukraine. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 16(1), 129–136. Himka, J.-P. (2015). The History behind the Regional Conflict in Ukraine. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 16(1), 129–136.
go back to reference Hinton, A. L. (2012). Critical Genocide Studies. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 7(1), 4–15. Hinton, A. L. (2012). Critical Genocide Studies. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 7(1), 4–15.
go back to reference Hrytsak, Y. (2004). Strasti za nacionalizmom: Istorichni esei. Kiiv: Kritika Hrytsak, Y. (2004). Strasti za nacionalizmom: Istorichni esei. Kiiv: Kritika
go back to reference Hryvul, T. (2003). Polskij teror proti ukrainskogo naselennja v 1939 ta v 1941 rr. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 86–93. Hryvul, T. (2003). Polskij teror proti ukrainskogo naselennja v 1939 ta v 1941 rr. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 86–93.
go back to reference Hunczak, T. (2005). Problemi іstorіografіi: іstorіja ta ii dzherela,¡. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 4, 253–264. Hunczak, T. (2005). Problemi іstorіografіi: іstorіja ta ii dzherela,¡. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 4, 253–264.
go back to reference Hunczak, T. (2007). OUN і nacistska Nіmechchina: mіzh kolaboracіonіzmom і rezistansom, Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 11, 61–80. Hunczak, T. (2007). OUN і nacistska Nіmechchina: mіzh kolaboracіonіzmom і rezistansom, Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 11, 61–80.
go back to reference Hunczak, T. (2011). Kljuchovі problemi іstorіografіi u drugіj svіtovіj vіjnі (Zbіrnik statej). Kiiv: Ukrainska vidavnicha spіlka іm. Ju. Lipi. Hunczak, T. (2011). Kljuchovі problemi іstorіografіi u drugіj svіtovіj vіjnі (Zbіrnik statej). Kiiv: Ukrainska vidavnicha spіlka іm. Ju. Lipi.
go back to reference IIU (2006). OUN u 1941 rocі. Dokumenti. Іnstitut Istorіi Ukraini, Kiіv: Nacіonalna akademіja nauk Ukraini. IIU (2006). OUN u 1941 rocі. Dokumenti. Іnstitut Istorіi Ukraini, Kiіv: Nacіonalna akademіja nauk Ukraini.
go back to reference Iliushin, I. (2009). Ukrainska Povstanska Armіja і Armіja Krajova: Protistojannja v Zahіdnіj Ukrainі (1939-1945 rr.). Kiiv: Vidavnichij dіm "Kiєvo-Mogiljanska Akademіja". Iliushin, I. (2009). Ukrainska Povstanska Armіja і Armіja Krajova: Protistojannja v Zahіdnіj Ukrainі (1939-1945 rr.). Kiiv: Vidavnichij dіm "Kiєvo-Mogiljanska Akademіja".
go back to reference IMT (1947a). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946. Vol. II. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal. IMT (1947a). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946. Vol. II. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal.
go back to reference IMT (1947b). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946, Vol. VII. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal. IMT (1947b). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946, Vol. VII. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal.
go back to reference IMT (1948). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, Vol. XXII. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal. IMT (1948). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, Vol. XXII. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal.
go back to reference IMT (1949a). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946, Vol. XXXVII. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal. IMT (1949a). Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946, Vol. XXXVII. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal.
go back to reference IMT (1949b) Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946, Vol. XXXIX, Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal. IMT (1949b) Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945—1 October 1946, Vol. XXXIX, Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal.
go back to reference Katchanovski, I. (2010). Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine, Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association. Montreal, June 1–3. Katchanovski, I. (2010). Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine, Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association. Montreal, June 1–3.
go back to reference Katchanovski, I. (2013). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and the nazi genocide in Ukraine. “Collaboration in Eastern Europe during World War II and the Holocaust” Conference. Center for advanced holocaust studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum & Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies. Vienna, December 5-7. Katchanovski, I. (2013). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and the nazi genocide in Ukraine. “Collaboration in Eastern Europe during World War II and the Holocaust” Conference. Center for advanced holocaust studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum & Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies. Vienna, December 5-7.
go back to reference Katchanovski, I. (2014a). Ethnic cleansing, genocide or Ukrainian-Polish conflict? The mass murder of poles by the OUN and the UPA in Volhynia. 19th Annual World Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities. New York, Columbia University, April 24-26. Katchanovski, I. (2014a). Ethnic cleansing, genocide or Ukrainian-Polish conflict? The mass murder of poles by the OUN and the UPA in Volhynia. 19th Annual World Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities. New York, Columbia University, April 24-26.
go back to reference Katchanovski, I. (2014b). OUN(b) i nacistskie massovye ubijstva letom 1941 goda na istoricheskoj Volyni. Forum novejshej vostochnoevropejskoj istorii i kultury, 2, 214–241. Katchanovski, I. (2014b). OUN(b) i nacistskie massovye ubijstva letom 1941 goda na istoricheskoj Volyni. Forum novejshej vostochnoevropejskoj istorii i kultury, 2, 214–241.
go back to reference Kazyrytski, L. (2016). Latvian SS-Legion: past and present. Some issues regarding the modern glorification of Nazism. Criminal Law Forum, 27(3), 361–385. Kazyrytski, L. (2016). Latvian SS-Legion: past and present. Some issues regarding the modern glorification of Nazism. Criminal Law Forum, 27(3), 361–385.
go back to reference Kentiy, A. (2008). Zbrojnij chin Ukraіnskih nacіonalіstіv. 1920—1956. Іstoriko-arhіvnі narisi. T. 2. Ukraіnska povstanska armіja ta zbrojne pіdpіllja Organіzacc ukraіnskih nacіonalіstіv. 1942—1956. Kiiv: Centralnij derzhavnij arhіv gromadskih obednan Ukraini. Kentiy, A. (2008). Zbrojnij chin Ukraіnskih nacіonalіstіv. 1920—1956. Іstoriko-arhіvnі narisi. T. 2. Ukraіnska povstanska armіja ta zbrojne pіdpіllja Organіzacc ukraіnskih nacіonalіstіv. 1942—1956. Kiiv: Centralnij derzhavnij arhіv gromadskih obednan Ukraini.
go back to reference Khvylia, H. (1957). V lavakh UPA na Volyni. In P. Mirchuk & V. Davidenko (Eds.), V riadakh UPA. New York: Dnipro, 19–58. Khvylia, H. (1957). V lavakh UPA na Volyni. In P. Mirchuk & V. Davidenko (Eds.), V riadakh UPA. New York: Dnipro, 19–58.
go back to reference Kosik, V. (2003a). Garvard patronue nenaukovі metodi іstorichnogo doslіdzhennja, Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 1, 176–189. Kosik, V. (2003a). Garvard patronue nenaukovі metodi іstorichnogo doslіdzhennja, Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 1, 176–189.
go back to reference Kosik, V. (2003b). Polsko-ukrainska tragedіja pіd chas Drugoi svіtovoї vіjni (1942-1944), Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 94–107. Kosik, V. (2003b). Polsko-ukrainska tragedіja pіd chas Drugoi svіtovoї vіjni (1942-1944), Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 94–107.
go back to reference Kovalchuk, I. V. (2012). Polіtichno-vіjskovі і socіalno-ekonomіchnі skladovі dіjalnostі OUN ta UPA na teritorії Zhitomirskoї і zahіdnih rajonіv Kiїvskoї oblastej (vіjskova okruga “Tjutjunnik”) u 1941–1943 rr, avtoref. dis... kand. іst. Nauk. Kiїv: Nacіonalnij pedagogіchnij unіversitet іmenі M. P. Dragomanova. Kovalchuk, I. V. (2012). Polіtichno-vіjskovі і socіalno-ekonomіchnі skladovі dіjalnostі OUN ta UPA na teritorії Zhitomirskoї і zahіdnih rajonіv Kiїvskoї oblastej (vіjskova okruga “Tjutjunnik”) u 1941–1943 rr, avtoref. dis... kand. іst. Nauk. Kiїv: Nacіonalnij pedagogіchnij unіversitet іmenі M. P. Dragomanova.
go back to reference Krysin, M. Y. (2007). Pribaltijskij fashizm. Istorija i sovremennost. Moskva: Veche. Krysin, M. Y. (2007). Pribaltijskij fashizm. Istorija i sovremennost. Moskva: Veche.
go back to reference Lobba, P. (2015). Holocaust denial before the European Court of Human Rights: Evolution of an exceptional regime. The European Journal of International Law, 26(1), 237–253. Lobba, P. (2015). Holocaust denial before the European Court of Human Rights: Evolution of an exceptional regime. The European Journal of International Law, 26(1), 237–253.
go back to reference Maier-Katkin, D., Mears, D. P., & Bernard, T. J. (2009). Towards a criminology of crimes against humanity. Theoretical Criminology, 13(2), 227–255. Maier-Katkin, D., Mears, D. P., & Bernard, T. J. (2009). Towards a criminology of crimes against humanity. Theoretical Criminology, 13(2), 227–255.
go back to reference McGarry, R., & Walklate, S. (2016). Introduction: The criminology of war, what is it good for? In R. McGarry & S. Walklate (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of criminology and war (pp. 1–21). London: Palgrave Macmillan. McGarry, R., & Walklate, S. (2016). Introduction: The criminology of war, what is it good for? In R. McGarry & S. Walklate (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of criminology and war (pp. 1–21). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Morrison, W. (2003). Criminology, genocide, and modernity: remarks on the companion that criminology ignored. In C. Sumner (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Criminology (pp. 68–88). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Morrison, W. (2003). Criminology, genocide, and modernity: remarks on the companion that criminology ignored. In C. Sumner (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Criminology (pp. 68–88). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
go back to reference Motyka, G. (2014). Ot volynskoj rezni do operacii "Visla". Polsko-ukrainskij konflikt: 1943–1947. Moskva: ROSSPEN. Motyka, G. (2014). Ot volynskoj rezni do operacii "Visla". Polsko-ukrainskij konflikt: 1943–1947. Moskva: ROSSPEN.
go back to reference Myzak, N. S. (2011). Borotba UPA-"Zahіd" і zbrojnogo pіdpіllja OUN na zahіdnoukrainskih zemljah (1942–1960 rr.): avtoref. dis… d-ra іst. nauk. Chernіvcі: Chernіv. nac. un-t іm. Ju. Fedkovicha. Myzak, N. S. (2011). Borotba UPA-"Zahіd" і zbrojnogo pіdpіllja OUN na zahіdnoukrainskih zemljah (1942–1960 rr.): avtoref. dis… d-ra іst. nauk. Chernіvcі: Chernіv. nac. un-t іm. Ju. Fedkovicha.
go back to reference Olusanya, O. (2014). Using the macro–micro integrated theoretical model to understand the dynamics of collective violence. In I. Bantekas & E. Mylonaki (Eds.), Criminological approaches to international criminal law (pp. 222–239). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Olusanya, O. (2014). Using the macro–micro integrated theoretical model to understand the dynamics of collective violence. In I. Bantekas & E. Mylonaki (Eds.), Criminological approaches to international criminal law (pp. 222–239). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Patrylyak, I. K. (2004). Vіjskova dіjalnіst OUN(B) u 1940—1942 rokah. Kiiv: Kiivskij nacіonal'nij unіversitet іmenі Tarasa Shevchenka, Іnstitut іstorії Ukraini NAN Ukraїni. Patrylyak, I. K. (2004). Vіjskova dіjalnіst OUN(B) u 1940—1942 rokah. Kiiv: Kiivskij nacіonal'nij unіversitet іmenі Tarasa Shevchenka, Іnstitut іstorії Ukraini NAN Ukraїni.
go back to reference Patrylyak I. (2009). 1943 rіk v іstorіi OUN і UPA. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 13, 133–194. Patrylyak I. (2009). 1943 rіk v іstorіi OUN і UPA. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 13, 133–194.
go back to reference Romanko, O. (2013). Belorusskie kollaboracionisty. Sotrudnichestvo s okkupantami na territorii Belorussii. 1941–1945. Moskva: Centrpoligraf. Romanko, O. (2013). Belorusskie kollaboracionisty. Sotrudnichestvo s okkupantami na territorii Belorussii. 1941–1945. Moskva: Centrpoligraf.
go back to reference Rossoliński-Liebe, G. (2014). Stepan Bandera: the life and afterlife of a Ukrainian nationalist. Fascism, genocide, and cult. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. Rossoliński-Liebe, G. (2014). Stepan Bandera: the life and afterlife of a Ukrainian nationalist. Fascism, genocide, and cult. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press.
go back to reference Rossoliński-Liebe, G. (2015). The Fascist Kernel of Ukrainian Genocidal Nationalism. The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, Number 2402. Pittsburgh: The Center for Russian and East European studies. Rossoliński-Liebe, G. (2015). The Fascist Kernel of Ukrainian Genocidal Nationalism. The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, Number 2402. Pittsburgh: The Center for Russian and East European studies.
go back to reference Rudling, P. A. (2011a). Terror and local collaboration in occupied Belarus: the case of Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118. Part I: Background, Nicolae Iorga Historical Yearbook, Bucharest: Romanian Academy, Vol. VIII, 195-214. Rudling, P. A. (2011a). Terror and local collaboration in occupied Belarus: the case of Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118. Part I: Background, Nicolae Iorga Historical Yearbook, Bucharest: Romanian Academy, Vol. VIII, 195-214.
go back to reference Rudling, P. A. (2011b). The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, Number 2107. Pittsburgh: The Center for Russian and East European Studies. Rudling, P. A. (2011b). The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, Number 2107. Pittsburgh: The Center for Russian and East European Studies.
go back to reference Rudling, P. A. (2012a). The Khatyn massacre in Belorussia: a historical controversy revisited. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 26(1), 29–58. Rudling, P. A. (2012a). The Khatyn massacre in Belorussia: a historical controversy revisited. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 26(1), 29–58.
go back to reference Rudling, P. A. (2012b). “They defended Ukraine”: The 14.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Galizische Nr. 1) revisited. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 25(3), 329–368. Rudling, P. A. (2012b). “They defended Ukraine”: The 14.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Galizische Nr. 1) revisited. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 25(3), 329–368.
go back to reference Savelsberg, J. J. (2010). Crime and human rights: criminology of genocide and atrocities. London: Sage. Savelsberg, J. J. (2010). Crime and human rights: criminology of genocide and atrocities. London: Sage.
go back to reference Serhiychuk, V. I. (1996). OUN-UPA v roki vіjni. Novі dokumenti і materіali. Kiiv: Dnipro. Serhiychuk, V. I. (1996). OUN-UPA v roki vіjni. Novі dokumenti і materіali. Kiiv: Dnipro.
go back to reference Shevtsov, Y. (2008). Voennye posledstvija “Volynskoj rezni”: sozdanie UPA i sderzhivanie sovetskogo partizanskogo dvizhenija. In A. Dyukov (Ed.), Zabytyi genocid: “Volynskaja reznja” 1943–1944 godov: sbornik dokumentov i issledovanii (pp. 119–141). Moskva: Aleksei Jakovlev. Shevtsov, Y. (2008). Voennye posledstvija “Volynskoj rezni”: sozdanie UPA i sderzhivanie sovetskogo partizanskogo dvizhenija. In A. Dyukov (Ed.), Zabytyi genocid: “Volynskaja reznja” 1943–1944 godov: sbornik dokumentov i issledovanii (pp. 119–141). Moskva: Aleksei Jakovlev.
go back to reference Slivka, Y. (2003). UPA і ukrainsko-polske protistojannja. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 108–126. Slivka, Y. (2003). UPA і ukrainsko-polske protistojannja. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 2, 108–126.
go back to reference Snyder T. (2003). The causes of Ukrainian–Polish ethnic cleansing 1943. Past and Present, 179 (1), 197–234. Snyder T. (2003). The causes of Ukrainian–Polish ethnic cleansing 1943. Past and Present, 179 (1), 197–234.
go back to reference Snyder, T. (2004). The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Snyder, T. (2004). The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
go back to reference Snyder, T. (2011). Tierras de sangre. Europa entre Hitler y Stalin. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg. Snyder, T. (2011). Tierras de sangre. Europa entre Hitler y Stalin. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
go back to reference Snyder, T. (2015). Tierra negra. El Holocausto como historia y advertencia. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg. Snyder, T. (2015). Tierra negra. El Holocausto como historia y advertencia. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
go back to reference Steiner, J. M. (2000). The role margin as the site for moral and social intelligence: The case of Germany and National Socialism. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34(1), 61–75. Steiner, J. M. (2000). The role margin as the site for moral and social intelligence: The case of Germany and National Socialism. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34(1), 61–75.
go back to reference Tottle, D. (1987). Fraud, famine, and fascism: The Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard. Toronto: Progress Books. Tottle, D. (1987). Fraud, famine, and fascism: The Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard. Toronto: Progress Books.
go back to reference Vahula, M. E. (2010). Roman Shuhevich - vіjskovij і polіtichnij dіjach Ukraini: avtoref. dis ... kand. іst. nauk. Lvіv: Lvіv. nac. un-t іm. І.Franka. Vahula, M. E. (2010). Roman Shuhevich - vіjskovij і polіtichnij dіjach Ukraini: avtoref. dis ... kand. іst. nauk. Lvіv: Lvіv. nac. un-t іm. І.Franka.
go back to reference Vyatrovych, V. (2006). Stavlennja OUN do evreiv: formuvannja pozicіi na tlі katastrofi. Lvіv: MC. Vyatrovych, V. (2006). Stavlennja OUN do evreiv: formuvannja pozicіi na tlі katastrofi. Lvіv: MC.
go back to reference Vyatrovych, V (2011). Proti “oynivcko-cionictckoi spіvpracі”. Sprobi zagoctpennja ukpaincko-evpejskix ctocynkiv radjanskimi specsluzhbami. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 15, 251–261. Vyatrovych, V (2011). Proti “oynivcko-cionictckoi spіvpracі”. Sprobi zagoctpennja ukpaincko-evpejskix ctocynkiv radjanskimi specsluzhbami. Ukrainskij vizvolnij ruh, 15, 251–261.
go back to reference Woolford, A. (2006). Making genocide unthinkable: Three guidelines for a critical criminology of genocide. Critical Criminology, 14(1), 87–106. Woolford, A. (2006). Making genocide unthinkable: Three guidelines for a critical criminology of genocide. Critical Criminology, 14(1), 87–106.
go back to reference Woolford, A. (2013). The next generation: criminology, genocide studies and settler colonialism. Revista Crítica Penal y Poder, 5, 163–185. Woolford, A. (2013). The next generation: criminology, genocide studies and settler colonialism. Revista Crítica Penal y Poder, 5, 163–185.
go back to reference Zaytsev O. (2012). OUN і avtoritarno nacіonalіstichnі ruhi mіzhvoennoi Evropi, Ukrainskij іstorichnij zhurnal, 1, 89–101. Zaytsev O. (2012). OUN і avtoritarno nacіonalіstichnі ruhi mіzhvoennoi Evropi, Ukrainskij іstorichnij zhurnal, 1, 89–101.
go back to reference Zaytsev O. (2014) “Polske pitannja” u voenno-polіtichnіj strategіi OUN naperedodnі Drugoi svіtovoi vіjni. Vіjskovo-naukovij vіsnik, 21, 27–38. Zaytsev O. (2014) “Polske pitannja” u voenno-polіtichnіj strategіi OUN naperedodnі Drugoi svіtovoi vіjni. Vіjskovo-naukovij vіsnik, 21, 27–38.
Metadata
Title
Crime Policy in Ukraine: Toward Condemnation of Communism and Political Rehabilitation and Heroization of Nazism
Author
Leanid Kazyrytski
Publication date
17-10-2019
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Human Rights Review / Issue 4/2019
Print ISSN: 1524-8879
Electronic ISSN: 1874-6306
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-019-00567-9

Other articles of this Issue 4/2019

Human Rights Review 4/2019 Go to the issue