1 Introduction and Background
2 Study Area
Sl. no. | Name of the location | Details of the number of lanes and carriageway width | Nature of side friction | Mode-wise distribution of traffic |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mahatma Gandhi road, Hyderabad (NH 44) | 4-lane divided carriageway with 2 lanes of 7 m wide (3.5 m per lane) in each direction | On-street parking, pedestrian movement | |
2 | Old Neredmet road, Hyderabad | 4-lane undivided carriageway with 2 lanes of 6 m wide (3 m per lane) in each direction | Bus stop, on-street parking, pedestrian movement, wrong movement | |
3 | AS Rao Nagar road, Hyderabad | 4-lane divided carriageway with 2 lanes of 7 m wide (3.5 m per lane) in each direction | Bus stop, on-street parking, pedestrian movement | |
4 | Dharmaraja Kovil street, Vellore (NH 38) | 4-lane divided carriageway with 2 lanes of 7 m wide (3.5 m per lane) in each direction | Bus stop | |
5 | Officer’s Lane, Vellore (NH 38) | 6-lane divided carriageway with 3 lanes of 10.5 m wide (3.5 m per lane) in each direction | On-street parking |
3 Data Collection and Extraction
4 Methodology
4.1 Analysis of Vehicle Speeds with and Without Side Friction
4.2 Development of Regression Model and Multicollinearity Analysis
4.3 Side Friction Index (SFI)
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Descriptive Statistics
Variable | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Old Neredmet road, Hyderabad | ||||
\( x_{\text{FW}} \) | 5.938 | 1.698 | 3.539 | 8.732 |
\( x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 6.524 | 1.746 | 3.741 | 10.180 |
\( x_{\text{TW}} \) | 11.358 | 0.913 | 9.409 | 12.680 |
\( x_{\text{DT}} \) | 17.6 | 13.597 | 0 | 55.09 |
\( x_{\text{PV}} \) | 3.916 | 1.505 | 2 | 7 |
\( x_{\text{PED}} \) | 11 | 4.348 | 5 | 19 |
\( x_{\text{WD}} \) | 7.583 | 3.203 | 4 | 13 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 29.5 | 5.885 | 20 | 39 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 16 | 4.199 | 9 | 23 |
\( x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 151.75 | 21.751 | 111 | 178 |
(b) Mahatma Gandhi road, Hyderabad | ||||
\( x_{\text{FW}} \) | 14.574 | 2.210 | 11.322 | 19.345 |
\( x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 11.960 | 1.539 | 9.806 | 14.650 |
\( x_{\text{TW}} \) | 15.924 | 2.174 | 13.084 | 19.035 |
\( x_{\text{PV}} \) | 11.416 | 2.065 | 7 | 15 |
\( x_{\text{PED}} \) | 18.166 | 8.515 | 9 | 35 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 56.5 | 6.694 | 48 | 67 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 33.333 | 9.575 | 20 | 49 |
\( x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 202.416 | 16.395 | 174 | 225 |
(c) AS Rao Nagar road, Hyderabad | ||||
\( x_{\text{FW}} \) | 6.257 | 1.228 | 3.821 | 7.446 |
\( x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 6.457 | 1.841 | 3.356 | 8.952 |
\( x_{\text{TW}} \) | 10.881 | 0.992 | 8.644 | 12.091 |
\( x_{\text{DT}} \) | 15.584 | 6.225 | 0 | 26.67 |
\( x_{\text{PV}} \) | 9.833 | 2.367 | 7 | 13 |
\( x_{\text{PED}} \) | 25.916 | 6.141 | 19 | 38 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 87.75 | 13.260 | 69 | 109 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 23 | 4.512 | 16 | 31 |
\( x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 179.416 | 21.714 | 142 | 217 |
(d) Officer’s Lane, Vellore | ||||
\( x_{\text{FW}} \) | 24.753 | 3.992 | 18.108 | 35.748 |
\( x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 25.555 | 3.135 | 18.576 | 31.968 |
\( x_{\text{TW}} \) | 34.677 | 7.808 | 22.824 | 53.604 |
\( x_{\text{PV}} \) | 14.380 | 3.491 | 8 | 21 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 47.190 | 10.876 | 26 | 78 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 79.714 | 8.665 | 61 | 98 |
\( x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 266.619 | 35.019 | 201 | 344 |
(e) Dharmaraja Kovil street, Vellore | ||||
\( x_{\text{FW}} \) | 14.262 | 3.319 | 8.208 | 21.456 |
\( x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 11.689 | 2.937 | 7.02 | 17.856 |
\( x_{\text{TW}} \) | 15.487 | 2.280 | 11.304 | 20.808 |
\( x_{\text{DT}} \) | 72.936 | 30.817 | 13.79 | 147.25 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 29.452 | 4.061 | 23 | 38 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 69.571 | 8.299 | 54 | 94 |
\( x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 195.714 | 22.618 | 151 | 237 |
5.2 Results of t Test for Analysis of Vehicle Speeds with and Without Side Friction
Location | Mode | t-statistic |
---|---|---|
Mahatma Gandhi road, Hyderabad | Two-wheeler | 13.714 |
Three-wheeler | 10.841 | |
Four-wheeler | 7.485 | |
Old Neredmet road, Hyderabad | Two-wheeler | 14.848 |
Three-wheeler | 13.302 | |
Four-wheeler | 14.253 | |
AS Rao Nagar road, Hyderabad | Two-wheeler | 29.651 |
Three-wheeler | 15.699 | |
Four-wheeler | 24.430 |
5.3 Results of Regression Model Development and Multicollinearity Analysis
Name of the variable | Two-wheeler (R2 = 0.857) | Three-wheeler (R2 = 0.931) | Four-wheeler (R2 = 0.913) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | |
Intercept | − 11.846 | 0.004 | N/A | 4.409 | 0.037 | N/A | 5.827 | 0.008 | N/A |
\( x_{TW} \) | N/A* | N/A | N/A | 0.224 | 1.12E−06 | 5.651 | 0.118 | 0.019 | 6.676 |
\( x_{ThW} \) | 0.868 | 1.12E−06 | 11.731 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.493 | 2.13E−07 | 11.393 |
\( x_{FW} \) | 0.410 | 0.019 | 11.007 | 0.441 | 2.13E−07 | 9.047 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
\( x_{DT} \) | 0.026 | 0.274 | 5.404 | − 0.039 | 0.001 | 4.969 | − 0.040 | 0.001 | 4.982 |
\( x_{PV} \) | − 0.104 | 0.381 | 4.055 | 0.122 | 0.043 | 3.933 | − 0.060 | 0.348 | 4.050 |
\( x_{PED} \) | − 0.095 | 0.364 | 6.538 | − 0.149 | 0.004 | 6.118 | 0.143 | 0.009 | 6.198 |
\( x_{WD} \) | 0.507 | 0.054 | 2.662 | − 0.086 | 0.524 | 2.743 | − 0.388 | 0.005 | 2.568 |
\( x_{TW\_flow} \) | 0.064 | 5.74E−05 | 3.463 | − 0.006 | 0.438 | 3.993 | − 0.001 | 0.847 | 4.014 |
\( x_{ThW\_flow} \) | − 0.082 | 0.087 | 9.076 | 0.023 | 0.340 | 9.244 | 0.100 | 6.35E−05 | 8.055 |
\( x_{FW\_flow} \) | 0.096 | 0.019 | 3.950 | 0.004 | 0.814 | 4.149 | − 0.093 | 1.42E−05 | 3.495 |
Two-wheeler (R2 = 0.851) | Three-wheeler (R2 = 0.854) | Four-wheeler (R2 = 0.891) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name of the variable | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Name of the variable | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Name of the variable | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF |
Intercept | − 14.264 | 1.72E−06 | N/A | Intercept | 13.328 | 4.05E−06 | N/A | Intercept | 9.930 | 2.05E−06 | N/A |
\( x_{\text{FW}} + x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 0.634 | 6.14E−30 | 2.487 | \( x_{\text{FW}} - x_{\text{TW}} \) | − 0.164 | 0.007 | 1.681 | \( x_{\text{ThW}} + x_{\text{TW}} \) | 0.262 | 4.84E−23 | 2.793 |
\( \left( {x_{\text{DT}} + x_{\text{PV}} } \right) - x_{\text{PED}} \) | 0.039 | 0.019 | 2.341 | \( x_{\text{DT}} - x_{\text{PV}} \) | − 0.111 | 3.88E−22 | 1.891 | \( \left( {x_{\text{DT}} + x_{\text{PV}} } \right) + x_{\text{PED}} \) | − 0.056 | 6.72E−06 | 2.631 |
\( x_{\text{WD}} \) | 0.663 | 0.003 | 1.972 | \( x_{\text{PED}} \) | − 0.269 | 5.32E−05 | 4.592 | \( x_{\text{WD}} \) | − 0.650 | 1.59E−05 | 2.322 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 0.084 | 0.015 | 2.781 | \( x_{\text{WD}} \) | − 0.757 | 1.05E−05 | 1.969 | \( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | − 0.074 | 7.63E−05 | 2.240 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}_{\text{flow}} }} - x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | − 0.064 | 2.66E−05 | 1.918 | \( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | − 0.082 | 0.003 | 3.325 | \( x_{{{\text{ThW}}_{\text{flow}} }} /x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 10.518 | 0.008 | 3.151 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}_{\text{flow}} }} + x_{{{\text{TW}}_{{f{\text{low}}}} }} \) | 0.034 | 0.000 | 4.118 |
Two-wheeler (R2 = 0.834) | Three-wheeler (R2 = 0.872) | Four-wheeler (R2 = 0.880) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name of the variable | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Name of the variable | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Name of the variable | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF |
Intercept | − 14.914 | 6.51E−05 | N/A | Intercept | 13.837 | 4.08E−05 | N/A | Intercept | 9.867 | 0.000 | N/A |
\( x_{\text{FW}} + x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 0.667 | 5.83E−21 | 2.627 | \( x_{\text{FW}} - x_{\text{TW}} \) | − 0.208 | 0.001 | 1.560 | \( x_{\text{ThW}} + x_{\text{TW}} \) | 0.259 | 5.5E−17 | 2.647 |
\( \left( {x_{\text{DT}} + x_{\text{PV}} } \right) - x_{\text{PED}} \) | 0.044 | 0.036 | 2.277 | \( x_{\text{DT}} - x_{\text{PV}} \) | − 0.115 | 3.08E−17 | 2.039 | \( \left( {x_{\text{DT}} + x_{\text{PV}} } \right) + x_{\text{PED}} \) | − 0.058 | 0.000 | 2.432 |
\( x_{\text{WD}} \) | 0.754 | 0.012 | 1.897 | \( x_{\text{PED}} \) | − 0.242 | 0.000 | 4.342 | \( x_{\text{WD}} \) | − 0.662 | 0.000 | 2.384 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 0.107 | 0.011 | 2.497 | \( x_{\text{WD}} \) | − 0.746 | 2.19E−05 | 2.060 | \( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | − 0.072 | 0.002 | 2.142 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}_{\text{flow}} }} - x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | − 0.055 | 0.009 | 2.179 | \( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | − 0.104 | 0.000 | 3.015 | \( x_{{{\text{ThW}}_{\text{flow}} }} /x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 10.431 | 0.034 | 2.970 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}_{\text{flow}} }} + x_{{{\text{TW}}_{\text{flow}} }} \) | 0.035 | 0.000 | 4.358 |
Name of the variable | Two-wheeler (R2 = 0.836) | Three-wheeler (R2 = 0.921) | Four-wheeler (R2 = 0.894) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | Value of coeff. | p value | VIF | |
Intercept | − 9.408 | N/A | N/A | 4.167 | N/A | N/A | 7.047 | N/A | N/A |
\( x_{\text{TW}} \) | N/A* | N/A | N/A | 0.221 | 0.000 | 3.548 | 0.135 | 0.000 | 3.319 |
\( x_{\text{ThW}} \) | 0.684 | 0.000 | 4.24 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.416 | 0.000 | 4.197 |
\( x_{\text{FW}} \) | 0.399 | 0.000 | 3.929 | 0.401 | 0.000 | 4.435 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
\( x_{\text{DT}} \) | 0.002 | 0.889 | 2.916 | − 0.041 | 0.000 | 3.083 | − 0.041 | 0.000 | 2.751 |
\( x_{\text{PV}} \) | − 0.056 | 0.590 | 2.674 | 0.121 | 0.027 | 2.868 | − 0.023 | 0.680 | 2.674 |
\( x_{\text{PED}} \) | − 0.100 | 0.204 | 3.226 | − 0.132 | 0.002 | 3.644 | 0.074 | 0.092 | 3.300 |
\( x_{\text{WD}} \) | 0.437 | 0.058 | 1.767 | − 0.094 | 0.437 | 1.951 | − 0.438 | 0.000 | 1.688 |
\( x_{{{\text{TW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 0.061 | 0.000 | 2.456 | − 0.002 | 0.740 | 2.929 | − 0.0002 | 0.973 | 2.675 |
\( x_{{{\text{ThW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | − 0.040 | 0.228 | 3.966 | 0.030 | 0.098 | 4.610 | 0.084 | 0.000 | 3.753 |
\( x_{{{\text{FW}}\_{\text{flow}}}} \) | 0.078 | 0.024 | 2.436 | − 0.002 | 0.877 | 2.746 | − 0.085 | 0.000 | 2.327 |
Analysis ID | Side friction considered | Reduction in speed of four-wheelers in km/h | |
---|---|---|---|
From | To | ||
Analysis 1 | Only bus dwell time (increased from 30 to 150 s) | 17 | 10 |
Only on-street parking (increased from 4 to 20 vehicles) | 19 | 18 | |
Only pedestrian movement (increased from 8 to 40 persons) | 19 | 17 | |
Only wrong direction movement (increased from 3 to 15 vehicles) | 17 | 9 | |
Analysis 2 | Bus dwell time + on-street parking | 17 | 9 |
Bus dwell time + pedestrian movement | 17 | 8 | |
Bus dwell time + wrong direction | 15 | 0 | |
On-street parking + pedestrian movement | 18 | 16 | |
On-street parking + wrong direction | 17 | 8 | |
Pedestrian movement + wrong direction | 17 | 7 | |
Analysis 3 | Bus dwell time + on-street parking + pedestrian movement | 17 | 7 |
Bus dwell time + on-street parking + wrong direction | 15 | 0 | |
Bus dwell time + pedestrian movement + wrong direction | 15 | 0 | |
On-street parking + pedestrian movement + wrong direction | 16 | 6 | |
Analysis 4 | Bus dwell time + on-street parking + pedestrian movement + wrong direction | 15 | 0 |