Introduction
Toward an Account of the Social Formation of Inequality Beliefs
Deliberative Focus Groups as a Window into People’s Discussion Networks
Studying the Social Formation of Inequality Beliefs: An Experimental Design
Overview
Pre- and Post-Focus Group Surveys
Baseline Deliberative Task
Manipulating Information about Inequality
Manipulating the Social Makeup of Focus Groups
Individual Condition
Deliberation in Action: Findings from a Proof-of-Concept Pilot Study in London
Situated Talk of Income and Wealth
Moderator: We’re going to start by thinking about what comes into your head when you hear the word “income”?M (Man participant): Money.M: Investments.W (Woman participant): Jobs.M: Whether it includes tax or not.W: The flow of something inward. Income, something coming in. It could be multiple, single.W: Feeling happy about the bank balance.M: Different sources, whether it’s a job or investments or partner, friends, family.M: Personal company income.M: In my position [this participant is a student], pressure, pressure on people like me, people my age, to find a job, get an income.W: Status, people’s reputation and status, your income can reflect that.M: Relativity, a high income in some positions is not actually that high compared to...(...)Moderator: Did pressure and status resonate with other people?M: Yes.M: Peer pressure, or where I stand with my friends, or even younger relatives. You always think, ‘Maybe they’re doing better than me.’ You always put yourself where you should be at this age, this point in life.(...)M: From personal experience, your income can be like a roller-coaster. One minute you can be very low, and then it can change, upwards and downwards. It’s not static or constant.(...)W: A lot of people assume that it’s going to be stable and it’s going to go on an upward trajectory. Then something happens, and all of a sudden, it’s ripped away from you. You can join a company, and if the policy changes from final salary to a new pension, just because of the day you’ve signed your contract.(Focus Group One)Moderator: A related word, what do you think of when you hear the word “wealth”?W: Generational.W: Assets.M: Preservation.M: People working less for it, it’s more something that people have.W: It’s something that is nurtured, and continues to build and grow, is passed down.W: You can build your wealth, so someone with the same income might end up with more or less, depending on how they spend it.(...)M: Wealth isn’t necessarily about financial value. You can have a wealth of knowledge or a wealth of experience. It might have some inherent value, but it’s just in terms of demands.W: Assets aren’t necessarily financial.(Focus Group One)
Moderator: I’d like to think about, when you hear the word “income,” what comes into your head?W: Salary.W: Everything that comes into your bank.M: Lifestyle.M: Disposable income.M: Taxes.W: What’s going to be left over once all my bills are paid out.W: As a student, I’d say bursary.(...)M: Balance, from the perspective of being a father. My older siblings were discussing with me how much disposable income they had before they became parents. Now we’re all, “Haven’t got the money for that anymore.” Life balance, but certainly the finance side as well, or lack of it.(Focus Group Three)
Deliberating Distributions
W: We went for “the wealth is concentrated in the top 10 percent” and we increased it, so we’ve made this 85 percent, so we had 15 percent [left] to share. We felt that the two bottom squares [i.e. deciles] were people who have no wealth, that if the washing machine broke down . . .M: They’re washing by hand.W: Yes but not a spare penny. (. . .) The folks in this bit [higher up] we’ve divided one brick between three of them [three deciles]. (. . .) Again it was all concentrated at this end.(Focus Group Two, Subgroup One)
M: We were debating that it was the whole UK population, not everybody earns income. It’s biased towards the top 10 percent of the population, and then it gradually tapers down. The wealth is biased [that is, more heavily biased] towards the 20 percent, 30 percent of the population. The middle, there’s income there. We did have a debate about income and wealth. If it was the wealth, it would look even more biased towards there [the top]. We suppressed it a bit, differentiated between income and wealth.(Focus Group One, Subgroup Two).
Heuristics of Distribution: Social Groupings, Imagined Lifestyles and Sensing
Moderator: We’re going to start thinking about income. What you have are 10 people arranged in a line. These 10 people represent the whole UK population. They’re arranged in order of income. You’re also going to have 100 Lego bricks, representing all of the income in the UK. What I’d like you to do is to allocate these bricks to these people in this line. Think in terms of percentages.M: If we’re talking about income, I would imagine 30 percent there.M: I think it will be heavily concentrated up there.W: Yes, I’m just thinking about the percentage.W: I don’t know, it’s quite hard to gauge.M: Most of it’s sitting . . . [gestures toward the top deciles](...)M: Shall we just have a lot on this side, the richest people there. What is the share of 100 that they get?M: If the definition of income was just based on what you get from work...M: These [gesturing toward the bottom deciles] are going to be the minimum wage.(...)M: There, you’re talking minimum wage, and then slightly up.M: Is what you’re saying that everyone here [in the bottom deciles] would just have one block?F: Yes.(Focus Group One, Subgroup One).
Moderator: And then this group over here, talk us through how you decided to arrange your bricks like that.W: I mean, initially, we said obviously the top 10 percent such as the CEOs, politicians, and footballers were all quite high. There’s not much of a difference between the top two [deciles] but then there is kind of a drop that goes down into more high earners that aren’t at the top of the game. We then had quite a bit of a dip between high earners and the working class. (. . .) And I think we said that the working class, because obviously there are different levels of the working class as well (. . .)Moderator: And you said you found it a bit more difficult to do? Was that because you disagreed?M: There’s just a lot to it to try and think about.M: You kind of already know about the high earners. Because that kind of statistics is always in the media that this percentage earns this amount in the country.Moderator: But what, further down it’s more difficult?M: Yes, that’s what we struggled with.(Focus Group Two, Subgroup Two).
W: As we got here [the sixth decile] we felt this was the 50 percent of the population who probably own their own house but probably because they’re of an age where they were able to get onto the property market, which now is much harder unless you have the bank of mum and dad to help you. We get these other ones [higher up], these represented people who had a house, a car and some savings. This [higher up again] was if you had a house, car, savings and shares, whether they’ve come to you via the company you work for and this one [higher still] was you had the house, the car, the savings, your stocks and shares, and maybe a bit of investment. Again, it was all concentrated at this end [the top decile].(Focus Group Two, Subgroup One).W: We started off by thinking of the unemployed, they definitely don’t have any wealth but it’s unlikely for them to have any assets, like cars and properties. The working class might have bought a car, they maybe have property. From there about six up we started saying, “Okay, people are more likely to have a car and maybe be on the property ladder.” As we get to the top end that’s when they have a lot more assets, the houses are expensive, they have more stocks, shares. It's bigger.(Focus Group Two, Subgroup Two).
W: I found [the task] quite difficult because it’s such a broad look at the UK. There are some demographics that I don’t come into contact with. (. . .) One thing I would do now, looking at the other guys’ graphs, is take this away [that is, bricks at the bottom of her subgroup’s distribution] because when you’re on the breadline, you don’t have anything. I don’t know much about benefits, but it’s nothing.(Focus Group One)