Top

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery

Published in:

04-04-2023 | Original Article

Design and development of CuO-ZnO nanospheres decorated g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite with superior antimicrobial and anticancer activities

Authors: S. Kumaraguru, K. Gopinath, L. Ragunath, J. Suresh

Published in: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery | Issue 17/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

This work describes the fabrication of CuO-ZnO (CZO) and CuO-ZnO/g-C₃N₄ (CZO/GCN) nanocomposite via an expeditious and cost-effective co-precipitation approach. The prepared nanomaterials have been characterized with XPS, TEM, elemental mapping, SEM with EDX, XRD, and FT-IR. Morphological analysis proves that the synthesized CZO/GCN nanocomposite shows nanospheres decorated with a nanosheet-like structure. The antimicrobial ability of the CZO and CZO/GCN nanocomposite has been evaluated using the well-diffusion method. Compared to Gram-positive bacterial and fungal strains, excellent activity has been noted for Gram-negative bacterial strains. The synthesized CZO/GCN nanocomposite tested against MDA-MB-231 epithelial human breast cancer cell line at various concentrations. It shows cytotoxicity activity at an inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 124.4 μg/ml. The results prove that the synthesized CZO/GCN nanocomposite demonstrates a new and effective route for the development of biomedical applications.

Graphical Abstract

previous article Influence of feedstock mixtures on the fuel characteristics of blended cornhusk, cassava peels, and sawdust briquettes

next article Boosting protein yield from mustard (Brassica juncea) meal via microwave-assisted extraction and advanced optimization methods

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Vo NLU, Nguyen TTV, Nguyen T, Nguyen PA, Nguyen VM, Nguyen NH, Tran VL, Phan NA, Huynh KPH (2020) Antibacterial shoe insole-coated CuO-ZnO nanocomposite synthesized by the sol-gel technique. J Nanomater 2020:8825567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8825567CrossRef

Halfvarsson J, Heijne N, Ljungman P, Ham MN, Holmgren G, Tomson G (2000) Knowing when but not how! - mothers’ perceptions and use of antibiotics in a rural area of Vietnam. Tropical Doctor 30:6–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/004947550003000105CrossRef

Ambika S, Sundrarajan M (2015) Antibacterial behaviour of Vitex negundo extract assisted ZnO nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 146:52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.02.020CrossRef

Jan T, Azmat S, Mansoor Q, Waqas HM, Adil M, Ilyas SZ, Ahmad I, Ismail M (2019) Superior antibacterial activity of ZnO-CuO nanocomposite synthesized by a chemical co- precipitation approach. Microb Pathog 134:103579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103579CrossRef

Rojas-Andrade MD, Chata G, Rouholiman D, Liu J, Saltikov C, Chen S (2017) Antibacterial mechanisms of graphene-based composite nanomaterials. Nanoscale 9:994–1006. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR08733GCrossRef

Vidic J, Stankic S, Haque F, Ciric D, Le Goffic R, Vidy A, Jupille J, Delmas B (2013) Selective antibacterial effects of mixed ZnMgO nanoparticles. J Nanoparticle Res 15:1595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1595-4CrossRef

Joe A, Park SH, Shim KD, Kim DJ, Jhee KH, Lee HW, Heo CH, Kim HM, Jang ES (2017) Antibacterial mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles under dark conditions. J Ind Eng Chem 45:430–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.10.013CrossRef

Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, Hasan H, Mohamad D (2015) Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Lett 7:219–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-xCrossRef

Pal S, Tak YK, Song JM (2007) Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1712–1720. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02218-06CrossRef

10.

Sukhdev A, Challa M, Narayani L, Manjunatha AS, Deepthi PR, Angadi JV, Mohankumar P, Pasha M (2020) Synthesis, phase transformation, and morphology of hausmannite Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles: photocatalytic and antibacterial investigations. Heliyon 6:e03245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03245CrossRef

11.

Ohira T, Yamamoto O, Iida Y, Nakagawa ZE (2008) Antibacterial activity of ZnO powder with crystallographic orientation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:1407–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3246-8CrossRef

12.

Bayal N, Jeevanandam P (2012) Synthesis of NiO based bimetallic mixed metal oxide nanoparticles by Sol-Gel method. Adv Mater Res 585:164–168. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.585.164CrossRef

13.

Govindasamy GA, Mydin RBSMN, Sreekantan S, Harun NH (2021) Compositions and antimicrobial properties of binary ZnO-CuO nanocomposites encapsulated calcium and carbon from calotropis gigantea targeted for skin pathogens. Sci Rep 11:99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79547-wCrossRef

14.

Paul D, Neogi S (2019) Synthesis, characterization and a comparative antibacterial studyof CuO, NiO and CuO-NiO mixed metal oxide. Mater Res Express 6:055004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab003cCrossRef

15.

Gopinath K, Chinnadurai M, Devi NP, Bhakyaraj K, Kumaraguru S, Baranisri T, Sudha A, Zeeshan M, Arumugam A, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Benelli G (2017) One-pot synthesis of dysprosium oxide nanosheets: antimicrobial potential and cytotoxicity on A549 lung cancer cells. J Clust Sci 28:621–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-1150-4CrossRef

16.

Muzaffar T, Khosa RY, Iftikhar U, Obodo RM, Sajjad S, Usman M (2022) Synthesis and characterization of WO₃/GO nanocomposites for antimicrobial properties. J Clust Sci 33:1987–1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-021-02116-2CrossRef

17.

Kumaraguru S, Nivetha R, Gopinath K, Sundaravadivel E, Almutairi BO, Almutairi MH, Mahboob S, Kavipriya MR, Nicoletti M, Govindarajan M (2022) Synthesis of Cu-MOF/CeO₂ nanocomposite and their evaluation of hydrogen production and cytotoxic activity. J Mater Res Technol 18:1732–1745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.03.028CrossRef

18.

Naskar A, Shin J, Kim KS (2022) A MoS₂ based silver-doped ZnO nanocomposite and its antibacterial activity against β-lactamase expressing Escherichia coli. RSC Adv 12:7268–7275CrossRef

19.

Gopinath K, Kumaraguru S, Bhakyaraj K, Thirumal S, Arumugam A (2016) Eco-friendly synthesis of TiO₂, Au and Pt doped TiO₂ nanoparticles for dye sensitized solar cell applications and evaluation of toxicity. Superlattices Microstruct 92:100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2016.02.012CrossRef

20.

Rosi NL, Mirkin CA (2005) Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. Chem Rev 105:1547–1562. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030067fCrossRef

21.

Mary JA, Vijaya JJ, Kennedy LJ, Bououdina M (2016) Microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties of Ce–Cu dual doped ZnO nanostructures. Optik 127:2360–2365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.11.019CrossRef

22.

Saha S, Sarkar P (2014) Controlling the electronic energy levels of ZnO quantum dots using mixed capping ligands. RSC Adv 4:1640–1645. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA43399DCrossRef

23.

Wu JM, Tsay LY (2015) ZnO quantum dots–decorated ZnO nanowires for the enhancement of antibacterial and photocatalytic performances. Nanotechnology 26:395704. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/39/395704CrossRef

24.

Babayevska N, Przysiecka L, Latsunskyi I, Nowaczyk G, Jarek M, Janiszewska E, Jurga S (2022) ZnO size and shape effect on antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity profile. Sci Rep 12:8148. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12134-3CrossRef

25.

Applerot G, Lipovsky A, Dror R, Perkas N, Nitzan Y, Lubart R, Gedanken A (2009) Enhanced antibacterial activity of nanocrystalline ZnO due to increased ROS-mediated cell injury. Adv Funct Mater 19:842–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801081CrossRef

26.

Liu J, Rojas-Andrade MD, Chata G, Peng Y, Roseman G, Lu JE, Millhauser GL, Saltikov C, Chen S (2018) Photo-enhanced antibacterial activity of ZnO/graphene quantum dot nanocomposites. Nanoscale 10:158–166. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR07367DCrossRef

27.

Yoo R, Yoo S, Lee D, Kim J, Cho S, Lee W (2017) Highly selective detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) using CuO nanoparticles/ZnO flowers heterojunction. Sensor Actuator B Chem 240:1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.028CrossRef

28.

Ho YH, Huang WS, Chang HC, Wei PK, Sheen HJ, Tian WC (2015) Ultraviolet enhanced room-temperature gas sensing by using floccule-like zinc oxide nanostructures. Appl Phys Lett 106:183103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4919921CrossRef

29.

Thangavel P, Ha M, Kumaraguru S, Meena A, Singh AN, Harzandi AM, Kim KS (2020) Graphene-nanoplatelets-supported NiFe-MOF: high-efficiency and ultra-stable oxygen electrodes for sustained alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. Energy Environ Sci 13:3447–3458. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee00877jCrossRef

30.

Kumaraguru S, Yesuraj J, Mohan S (2020) Reduced graphene oxide-wrapped micro-rod like Ni/Co organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor. Composites Part B 185:107767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107767CrossRef

31.

Adhikari SP, Pant HR, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Park CH, Kim CS (2015) One pot synthesis and characterization of Ag-ZnO/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst with improved photoactivity and antibacterial properties. Colloids Surf A 482:477–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.07.003CrossRef

32.

Sun L, Du T, Hu C, Chen J, Lu J, Lu Z, Han H (2017) Antibacterial activity of graphene oxide/g-C₃N₄ composite through photocatalytic disinfection under visible light. ACS Sustainable chem Eng 5:8693–8701. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01431CrossRef

33.

Hu C, Chiu WL, Wang CY, Nguyen VH (2021) Freeze-dried dicyandiamide-derived g-C₃N₄ as an effective photocatalyst for H₂ generation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 129:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.09.032CrossRef

34.

Hong Y, Liu E, Shi J, Lin X, Sheng L, Zhang M, Wang L, Chen J (2019) A direct one-step synthesis of ultrathin g-C₃N₄ nanosheets from thiourea for boosting solar photocatalytic H₂ evolution. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:7194–7204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.274CrossRef

35.

Sun S, Gou X, Tao S, Cui J, Li J, Yang Q, Liang S, Yang Z (2019) Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets synthesized from carbonated beverage-reformed commercial melamine for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Mater Chem Front 3:597–605. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8QM00577JCrossRef

36.

Thurston JH, Hunter NM, Wayment LJ, Cornell KA (2017) Urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride (u-g-C₃N₄) films with highly enhanced antimicrobial and sporicidal activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 505:910–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.089CrossRef

37.

Qamar MA, Shahid S, Javed M, Iqbal S, Sher M, Akbar MB (2020) Highly efficient g-C₃N₄/Cr-ZnO nanocomposites with superior photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. J Photochem Photobiol A 401:112776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112776CrossRef

38.

Zhao SW, Zheng M, Sun HL, Li SJ, Pan QJ, GuO YR (2020) Construction of heterostructured g-C₃N₄/ZnO/cellulose and its antibacterial activity: experimental and theoretical investigations. Dalton Trans 49:3723–3734. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9DT03757HCrossRef

39.

Fang HB, Luo Y, Zheng YZ, Ma W, Tao X (2016) Facile large-scale synthesis of urea-derived porous graphitic carbon nitride with extraordinary visible-light spectrum photodegradation. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:4506–4514. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00041CrossRef

40.

Sisubalan N, Ramkumar VS, Pugazhendhi A, Karthikeyan C, Indira K, Gopinath K, Hameed ASH, Basha MHG (2018) ROS-mediated cytotoxic activity of ZnO and CeO₂ nanoparticles synthesized using the Rubia cordifolia L. leaf extract on MG-63 human osteosarcoma cell lines. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:10482–10492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0003-5CrossRef

41.

Kumaraguru S, Gnanamuthu RM (2021) An efficient corrosion protection activity of electrodeposited Ni/Ni-Co-Mn oxide composite for surface modification of steel. Mater Lett 295:129804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129804CrossRef

42.

Kumaraguru S, Mohan S (2018) Study of Ni-Bi₂O₃-CeO₂ composite coatings: hierarchical microstructure and augmented microhardness for surface engineering application. Surf Coat Technol 349:567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.038CrossRef

43.

Kumaraguru S, Sundaravadivel E (2022) Direct electro-synthesis of rationally designed, sturdy Ni-P-Bi₂O₃ nanocomposite coatings: tailoring the texture, microhardness, and corrosion prevention characteristics. Ceram Int 48:28864–28873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.283CrossRef

44.

Hanif MA, Akter J, Kim Y.-S, Kim HG, Hahn JR, Kwac LK (2022) Highly efficient and sustainable ZnO/CuO/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst for wastewater treatment under visible light through heterojunction development. Catalysts 12 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12020151

45.

Chen X, Weng M, Lan M, Weng Z, Wang J, Guo L, Lin Z, Qiu B (2021) Superior antibacterial activity of sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets dispersed by Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg's polysaccharides-3 solution. Int J Biol Macromol 168:453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.155CrossRef

46.

Alman V, Singh K, Bhat T, Sheikh A, Gokhale S (2020) Sunlight assisted improved photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B using Pd-loaded g-C₃N₄/WO₃ nanocomposite. Appl Phys A 126:724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03914-7CrossRef

47.

Wang W, Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang G, Sun C, Zhao H (2019) Potassium ion assisted regeneration of active cyano groups in carbon nitride nanoribbons: visible light driven photocatalytic nitrogen reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed 58:16644–16650. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908640CrossRef

48.

Gong S, Jiang Z, Zhu S, Fan J, Xu Q, Min Y (2018) The synthesis of graphene-TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ super-thin heterojunctions with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activities. J Nanopart Res 20:310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-018-4399-8CrossRef

49.

Kumaraguru S, Raghu S, Rajkumar P, Subadevi R, Sivakumar M, Lee CW, Gnanamuthu RM (2021) Improved tin oxide nanosphere material via co-precipitation method as an anode for energy storage application in Li-ion batteries. Ionics 27:1049–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-03901-9CrossRef

50.

Kumaraguru S, Raghu S, Subadevi R, Sivakumar M, Gnanamuthu RM (2021) Improved cycling performance of the micro-cubes like NiO-Co₃O₄-MnCo₂O₄ material as competent and durable anode material for energy storage and conversion in Li-ion batteries. Ionics 27:5043–5054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04155-1CrossRef

51.

Liu Y, Ma L, Zhang D, Han G, Chang Y (2017) A simple route to prepare a Cu₂O-CuO-GN nanohybrid for high-performance electrode materials. RSC Adv 7:12027–12032. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra26535aCrossRef

52.

Lv W, Li L, Meng Q, Zhang X (2020) Molybdenum-doped CuO nanosheets on Ni foams with extraordinary specific capacitance for advanced hybrid supercapacitors. J Mater Sci 55:2492–2502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04129-9CrossRef

53.

Stroyuk O, Raevskaya A, Selyshchev O, Dzhagan V, Gaponik N, Zahn DRT, Eychmüller A (2018) “Green” aqueous synthesis and advanced spectral characterization of size-selected Cu₂ZnSnS₄ nanocrystal inks. Sci Rep 8:13677. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32004-1CrossRef

54.

Bhide MA, Carmalt CJ, Knapp CE (2020) A novel precursor towards buffer layer materials: the first solution based CVD of zinc oxysulfide. J Mater Chem C 8:5501–5508. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC00840KCrossRef

55.

Sundaram IM, Kalimuthu S, Ponniah G (2017) Highly active ZnO modified g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite for dye degradation under UV and visible light with enhanced stability and antimicrobial activity. Compos Commun 5:64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2017.07.003CrossRef

56.

Meenakshisundaram I, Kalimuthu S, Priya PG, Karthikeyan S (2019) Facile green synthesis and antimicrobial performance of Cu₂O nanospheres decorated g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite. Mater Res Bull 112:331–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.12.030CrossRef

57.

Hakimi-Tehrani MJ, Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA, Koupaei N, Saffar-Teluri A, Rafiei M (2021) Facile thermal synthesis of g-C₃N₄/ZnO nanocomposite with antibacterial properties for photodegradation of methylene blue. Mater Res Express 8:125002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac3c71CrossRef

58.

Anto Godwin M, Mahithashri K, Jeba Shiney O, Bhagat M, Praseetha PK (2019) Metal incorporated g-C₃N₄ nanosheets as potential cytotoxic agents for promoting free radical scavenging in cancer cell lines. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 19:5448–5455. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16572CrossRef

59.

Wu B, Li Y, Su K, Tan L, Liu X, Cui Z, Yang X, Liang Y, Li Z, Zhu S, Yeung KWK, Wu S (2019) The enhanced photocatalytic properties of MnO₂/g-C₃N₄ heterostructure for rapid sterilization under visible light. J Hazard Mater 377:227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.074CrossRef

60.

Cheng HL, Guo HL, Xie AJ, Shen YH, Zhu MZ (2021) 4-in-1 Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄@PPy-DOX nanocomposites: Magnetic targeting guided trimode combinatorial chemotherapy/PDT/PTT for cancer. J Inorg Biochem 215:111329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111329CrossRef

61.

Rostami M, Nayebossadr S, Mozaffari S, Sobhani-Nasab A, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Ganjali MR, Bardajee GR, Badiei A (2021) Heterojunction of N/B/RGO and g-C₃N₄ anchored magnetic ZnFe₂O₄@ZnO for promoting UV/Vis-induced photo-catalysis and in vitro toxicity studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:11430–11443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10572-yCrossRef

62.

Rostami M, Sharafi P, Mozaffari S, Adib K, Sobhani-Nasab A, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Ganjali MR, Badiei A (2021) A facile preparation of ZnFe₂O₄–CuO-N/B/RGO and ZnFe₂O₄–CuO–C₃N₄ ternary heterojunction nanophotocatalyst: characterization, biocompatibility, photo-Fenton-like degradation of MO and magnetic properties. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 32:5457–5472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05268-zCrossRef

Title: Design and development of CuO-ZnO nanospheres decorated g-C3N4 nanocomposite with superior antimicrobial and anticancer activities
Authors: S. Kumaraguru
K. Gopinath
L. Ragunath
J. Suresh
Publication date: 04-04-2023
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery / Issue 17/2023
Print ISSN: 2190-6815
Electronic ISSN: 2190-6823
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04151-7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 17/2023

Integration of dual fluidized bed steam gasification into the pulp and paper industry

Bioconversion of waste glycerol for enhanced lipid accumulation in Trichosporon shinodae

Biochar derived from mild temperature carbonization of alkali-treated sugarcane bagasse for efficient adsorption to organic and metallic pollutants in water

Provisional investigation of biomass pyrolysis in CSTR using Simulink® and Aspen Plus®

Influence of feedstock mixtures on the fuel characteristics of blended cornhusk, cassava peels, and sawdust briquettes

Biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Satureja sahendica Bornm: its characterization and antimicrobial features