Development and Application of a Watertable Model for the Assessment of Waterlogging in Irrigated Semi-arid Regions

Direct measurement of groundwater recharge is nearly impossible. So there are various direct and indirect methods and sophisticated models have been used for its estimation. However, the use of multiple approaches has been recommended to estimate the groundwater recharge since each individual approach is associated with some limitations. In many cases, different approaches complement each other and help refine the conceptual model of recharge processes. In this study, a simple watertable model, which is a combination of the groundwater budget and watertable fluctuation, was developed. The model is unique, simple, cost effective, and easy to apply. The model requires input parameters that are readily available or obtainable and which can be accurately measured. The model was applied to estimate the seasonal long–term (30 years, e.g., from 1981 to 2011) groundwater recharge of a canal command located in Jhajjar district of Haryana State (India), where watertable is rising. The results were analysed to provide an overview of the process dynamics that led to watertable rise in the command area. The calculated watertable depths reasonably matched with the observed ones for all the seasons which were confirmed by the high R–squared value of 0.963. The mean error and root mean squared error were low at –0.0068 and 0.2548 m, respectively, while the model efficiency was 0.83. Different water management alternatives were studied to examine the effect of variation in model parameters on its output. Among the alternatives studied, increased tubewell draft had a higher impact on the overall water balance followed by reduced rice area and canal lining, respectively.